For a same range of temperature between the boiler and the refrigerator, the weight of alcohol which distills in an hour is constant. By the operation of the valve, D, it becomes easy to allow all the liquid condensed in the first refrigerator to pass into the second boiler; and thus the second rectification, which is effected in a more perfect vacuum, is supplied with exactness. The object of this valve, then, is to allow the liquid to pass, and yet to cut off the pressure in such a way as to have a double fall of temperature throughout the whole apparatus; from 60° to 20° in the first operation, and from 0° to -40° in the second. We may add that the regulation of the valve is extremely easy, because of the screw which actuates it.
To sum up the commercial advantages that our process procures, we may say that it realizes the following desiderata: 1. With the cost of a single distillation we have, at once, distillation and rectification, or a single expense for two results. 2. With one operation at a low temperature we obtain products which are almost impossible to get even by an indefinite number of rectifications at a high temperature, the temperature having an intrinsic value in the operation. 3. The alcohols obtained are wholesome, and can be put on the market without danger. 4. Their superior quality gives these alcohols an extra value difficult to calculate, but which is very notable. 5. The whole operation being performed in closed vessels, there is absolutely no waste. 6. For the same reason there is scarcely any danger of fire. 7. The management of the works and the service are performed by the pressure of the gases entirely; there are only a few cocks to be turned to perform all the interior maneuvers, empty and fill the vessels, etc. Hence economy in personnel.
ELECTROLYTIC DETERMINATIONS AND SEPARATIONS.
[Footnote: NOTE.--Each of these determinations was accompanied by a series of results in which the practical determinations obtained from the method described were compared with the theoretical contents of the solutions of the various elements. These, however, would take up too much room for insertion in these columns.]
By ALEX. CLASSEN and M.A. VON REIS; translated by M. BENJAMIN, Ph.B., F.C.S.
Ever since the electrolytic method for the estimation of copper came into general use, numerous chemists have endeavored to adapt this peculiarly simple and elegant method to the determination of other metals. According to the experiments which have been made up to the present time, it has been found that the separation of copper is best effected in a nitric acid solution, while that of nickel and cobalt takes place most readily in an ammoniacal solution, and for the precipitation of zinc and cadmium a potassium cyanide solution is the best. The accuracy of the results depend chiefly upon the following of certain fixed rules, such as, for instance, that the precipitation of copper only takes place when there is a definite amount of nitric acid in the solution; that of cobalt and nickel when a certain quantity of ammonium hydrate and ammonium sulphate is present. The electrolytic decomposition of the chlorides has not yet been successfully accomplished, so that prior to the operation it is necessary to convert them into sulphates. The experiments which have been made for the purpose of investigating the application of the electric current in quantitative analyses are very few, about the only exception being the separation of copper from the metals which are not precipitated from a nitric acid solution, or which are deposited as peroxides at the other electrode. We shall endeavor to show in that which follows, that copper, zinc, nickel, and cobalt, and even iron, manganese, cadmium, bismuth, and tin, whether they be present as sulphates, chlorides, or nitrates, may be precipitated and separated from each other by electrolytic methods much more rapidly than by any previously known process.
DETERMINATION OF COBALT.
Neutral potassium oxalate is added in excess to the solution of a cobalt salt, and the clear solution of cobalt potassium oxalate submitted to electrolysis. The intense red color of this solution is soon changed into a dark green; the latter diminishing in intensity as the metal is deposited at the negative electrode. The electric current decomposes the potassium oxalate into the carbonate, so that a precipitate of cobalt carbonate is simultaneously formed with the separation of the metallic cobalt. This precipitate may be dissolved by adding oxalic acid or dilute sulphuric acid; the further action of the current will change the solution to an alkaline reaction, upon which the treatment with acid is repeated until all the cobalt has been separated out in its metallic condition. The electrolytic separation of cobalt is much more easily and rapidly effected when the potassium oxalate is substituted by the corresponding ammonium salt, as the latter forms a soluble double salt with the cobalt compounds. If the ammonium oxalate added is just sufficient to form the double salt, a red cobalt oxalate (which is only slowly reduced by the current) will separate out in addition to the cobalt. In order to obviate this difficulty, the solution to which the ammonium oxalate had been added in excess is heated, and then three or four grammes more of solid ammonium oxalate are added. The hot solution, when exposed to the action of the current, deposits the cobalt as a closely adhering gray film. By the aid of two Bunsen's elements, 0.2 gramme cobalt can be separated in an hour's time. When the reduction has been completed, and this is best determined by testing a small sample (removed by a pipette) with ammonium sulphide, the positive electrode[1] is removed from the solution, and the liquid poured off. The dish is immediately rinsed several times with water, and the excess of water removed at first with alcohol, and then with absolute ether. The cobalt in the dish is dried in the air bath at 100° C., and in the course of a few minutes a constant weight is obtained.