FIG. 1.--SCRIVANOW'S CHLORIDE OF SILVER PILE.
In our opinion, Mr. Scrivanow's pile is not adapted for industrial use because of the expense of the silver and the frequent manipulations it requires, but it has the advantage, however, of possessing, along with its small size and little weight, a disposable energy of from 150,000 to 200,000 kilogrammeters utilizable at the will of the consumer and securing to him a certain number of applications, either for lighting or the production of power. It appears to us to be specially destined to become a rival to the bichromate of potash pile for actuating electric motors applied to the directing of balloons.--Revue Industrielle.
ON THE LUMINOSITY OF FLAME.
The light emitted from burning gases which burn with bright flame is known to be a secondary phenomenon. It is the solid, or even liquid, constituents separated out by the high temperature of combustion, and rendered incandescent, that emit the light rays. Gases, on the other hand, which produce no glowing solid or liquid particles during combustion burn throughout with a weakly luminous flame of bluish or other color, according to the kind of gas. Now, it is common to say, merely, in explanation of this luminosity, that the gas highly heated in combustion is self-incandescent. This explanation, however, has not been experimentally confirmed. Dr Werner Siemens was, therefore, led recently to investigate whether highly-heated pure gases really emit light.
The temperature employed in such experiments should, to be decisive, be higher than those produced by luminous combustion. The author had recourse to the regenerative furnace used by his brother, Friedrich, in Dresden, in manufacture of hard glass. This stands in a separate room which at night can be made perfectly dark. The furnace has, in the middle of its longer sides, two opposite apertures, allowing free vision through. It can be easily heated to the melting temperature of steel, which is between 1,500° and 2,000° C. Before the furnace apertures were placed a series of smoke blackened screens with central openings, which enabled one to look through without receiving, on the eye, rays from the furnace walls. If, now, all air exchange was prevented in the furnace, and all light excluded from the room, it was found that not the least light came to the eye from the highly-heated air in the furnace. For success of the experiment, it was necessary to avoid any combustion in the furnace, and to wait until the furnace-air was as free from dust as possible. Any flame in the furnace (even when it did not reach into the line of sight), and the least quantity of dust in it, illuminated the field of vision.
As a result of these experiments, Dr. Siemens considers that the view hitherto held, that highly-heated gases are self-luminous, is not correct. In the furnace were the products of the previous combustion and atmospheric air: consequently oxygen, nitrogen, carbonic acid, and aqueous vapor. If even one of these gases was self-luminous, the field of vision must have been always illuminated. The weak light given by the flame of burning gases that separate out no solid nor liquid constituents cannot, therefore, be explained as a phenomenon of glow of the gaseous products.
It appealed to the author probable, that heated gases did not, either, emit heat rays; and he set himself to test this idea, experimenting, in company with Herr Fröhlich, in Dresden. They first convinced themselves in this case that the light emission of pure heated gases sunk to zero, even when the field of vision was not always quite dark, and it was only possible to observe this a short time; but the repeatedly observed perfect darkness of the field of vision was demonstrative. On the other hand, experiments made with sensitive thermopiles, in order to settle the question of emission of heat-rays from highly-heated gases, failed.
Afterward, however, Dr. Siemens was convinced, by a quite simple experiment of a different kind, that his supposition was erroneous. An ordinary lamp, with circular wick, and short glass cylinder, was wholly screened with a board, and a thermopile was so placed that its axis lay somewhat higher than the edge of the board. As the room-walls had pretty much a uniform temperature, the deflection of the galvanometer was but slight, when the tube-axis of the thermopile was directed anywhere outside of the hot-air current rising from the flame. When, however, the axis was directed to this current, a deflection occurred, which was as great as that from the luminous flame itself. That the heat radiation from hot gases is but very small in comparison with that from equally hot solid bodies, was shown by the large deflection produced when a piece of fine wire was held in the hot-air current. On the other hand, however, it was far too considerable to admit of being attributed to dust particles suspended in the air current.