FIG. 4.
The spiral, s m b, is movable, and the core, N o s, is kept in a position of equilibrium by virtue of its weight, and is provided with rollers. For the sake of greater clearness, the front part of the armature is supposed to be removed. The current does not circulate in the spirals to the right of the diameter, W O, which latter is not absolutely vertical. The position of the rubbers and armature is regulated once for all. We do not know just what were the means devised by Kravogl to suppress the current in the spheres to the right. At all events, it is probable that the system has grown old since Gramme invented his collector. In the application of the Kravogl motor to the generation of continuous currents, Professor Pfaundler now proposes to ingeniously utilize the Gramme collector. In such a case the arrangement shown in Fig. 5 would be adopted. Let us suppose an ordinary collector having as many plates as there are sections in the ring, these plates being connected as usual with the entrance and exit wires of the sections. The diametrically opposite touches that are in the line, W O, are divided, and one of the halves is connected at the entrance, c a' (Fig. 4), with the corresponding section, while the other communicates with the exit, c' a, of the neighboring section. Each of these halves is prolonged by a piece of metal bent into the form of an arc of a circle and embracing a little less than a semi-circumference. Between these prolongations there is an insulating part. In the rotary motion of the spiral, at least one of the touches is always outside of the arc comprised between the brushes, R. In order to secure a continuity of the circuit in the effective arc, W S o, it is only necessary to arrange a rubber, M, in such a way as to establish a communication between the two parts of the divided touch as soon as this latter enters the arc under consideration.
In order to produce a current in the direction of the arrows shown in Fig. 4, the spiral and axle must revolve from right to left. In this case the rubber, M, occupies the position shown in the same figure, the brushes embracing an arc of a little less than 180°. As soon as the lower touch comes in contact with the brush, R, when the revolution is being effected from left to right, the rubber, M, establishes a communication between the two halves that have until now been isolated, and the current is no longer interrupted. The second touch during this time is at any point whatever of the arc, W N o, and the spirals corresponding to the latter arc outside of the circuit. In short, thanks to the rubber, M, we have an ordinary Gramme collector in that portion of the circuit comprised between the brushes, and a collector with a breakage of the circuit in the portion to the right.
FIG. 5.
This type of machine is entirely theoretical. In the apparatus used for Prof. Pfaundler's experiments in 1870, the armature revolved with the solenoid. The core and armature were of soft iron, and the core was arranged in a manner analogous to the preceding, and remained in place under the action of its weight, and the shell, forming a complete circle, revolved with poles fixed in space.
Practically, the machine that we have just described would prove inconvenient to realize, and would present serious inconveniences. In the first place, it seems to us quite difficult to transmit the motion of the solenoid to the axle, supposing the former to revolve within the armature. In the second place, considerable friction would surely occur between the spirals and core, and the axle, being submitted to a lateral stress, would be placed in a poor condition for work. It is even allowable to doubt whether such a type could be practically got up. At all events, no trial has as yet been made of it.
Compared with the Gramme machine, from an absolutely theoretical point of view, the Pfaundler apparatus presents undoubted advantages. A theoretically perfect dynamo electric machine would be one in which there was a complete reciprocity between the magnetizing action of the current and the inductive action of the magnetic field. Now, such is not the case in the Gramme machine. In this apparatus the soft iron core is at the same time a magnet through favorable induction and a disadvantageous electro-magnet. This double polarization is only remedied to a certain extent by the adjustment of the brushes. In the Pfaundler machine, on the contrary, the electro-magnetism and magnetism through induction act in the same direction, and concur in effecting a polarization that favors the production of the current. Looked at it in this light, the latter machine more nearly approaches the type of perfection than does that of Gramme.
But we must not forget that such qualities are purely theoretical. In practice the best machine is that in which the copper is best utilized, that is to say, that which with a given weight of this metal furnishes the most work. Now, this is certainly not the case in the Pfaundler machine, for here half or more than half of the ring is inert—a defect which is apparent at first sight. It results from this that as soon as we propose to obtain an electromotive force, however slight it be, we must get it with machines of large dimensions. Now, it is permissible to believe that under such circumstances (taking into consideration the complication of mechanical means that the construction of such apparatus necessitates, and the great friction that occurs) it would be impossible to obtain practical rotary velocities. Comparing his machine with Gramme's, Prof. Pfaundler expresses the idea that between them there is the same analogy as there is between a constant pressure and an expansion engine. With cylinders of equal diameters the work performed by the former of these is greater than that done by the second, but in the latter the expansive force of the steam is better utilized. This comparison seems to us to be more ingenious than exact. Would it not be coming nearer to the truth if we were to suppose a case of a hydraulic motor whose performance continued diminishing with the height of the fall, and would it not be advantageous under such circumstances to utilize only a portion of the fall for the purpose of increasing the motor's performance?