In conclusion, let us meet an objection that might be made to the accuracy of the hypotheses that serve as a base to the preceding calculations, in cases where ground plates for lightning rods and not for telegraphs are concerned. Between the two ground plates of a telegraph line there is generally a distance such that the curves of the current undergo no deviation in the vicinity of one of the electrodes (the only part important for integrations) through the influence of the other. But it might be admitted that such would prove the case with a lightning rod in a storm, at the time of the passage of the fluid into the earth. The ground plate here is one of the electrodes, and the other is replaced by the surface of the earth strongly charged to a great distance under the storm clouds. If we suppose (what may be admitted in a good lightning rod) that there no longer occurs any spark from the point downward, the curves of the current, in starting perpendicularly from the ground plate, would be obliged to leave their rectilinear trajectory and strike the surface of the earth at right angles. When the electricity flows through a plane surface into an infinite body, it is only when such surface presents a very great development that the respective potentials decrease very slowly in the vicinity of the said surface. No notable modification occurs, then, in the curves of equal potential, in the vicinity of the ground plate through the action of this extended charge, nor consequently any modification in the curves of the current; but the electricity which spreads has but a short distance to travel in order to overcome the most important resistances.
The calculations of resistances given above have, then, the same value for discharges of atmospheric electricity.—Bull. du Musee de l'Industrie.
ON ELECTROLYSIS.
By H. SCHUCHT.
Concerning the separations which take place at the positive pole, the composition of the peroxides, and the manner of their determination, relatively little has been done.
If solutions of the salts of lead, thallium, silver, bismuth, nickel, and cobalt are decomposed by the current between platinum electrodes, metal is deposited at the negative, and oxide at the positive electrode. Manganese is precipitated only as peroxide. The formation of peroxide is, of course, effected by the ozone found in the electrolytic oxygen at the positive pole; the oxide existing in solution is brought to a higher degree of oxidation, and is separated out. Its formation may be decreased or entirely prevented by the addition of readily oxidizible bodies, such as organic acids, lactose, glycerine, and preferably by an excess of oxalic acid; but only until the organic matter is transformed into carbonic acid. In this manner Classen separates other metals from manganese in order to prevent the saline solutions from being retained by the peroxide.
With solutions of silver, bismuth, nickel, and cobalt, it is often practicable to prevent the separation of oxide by giving the current a greater resistance—increasing the distance between the electrodes.
The proportion between the quantities of metal and of peroxide deposited is not constant, and even if we disregard the concentration of the solution, the strength of the current and secondary influences (action of nascent hydrogen) is different in acid and in alkaline solutions. In acid solutions much peroxide is formed; in alkaline liquids, little or none. The reason of the difference is that ozone is evolved principally in acid solutions, but appears in small quantities only in alkaline liquids, or under certain circumstances not at all. The quantity of peroxide deposited depends also on the temperature of the saline solution; at ordinary temperatures the author obtained more peroxide—the solution, the time, and the strength of current being equal—than from a heated liquid. The cause is that ozone is destroyed by heat and converted into ordinary oxygen. With the exception of lead and thallium the quantity of metal deposited from an acid solution is always greater than that of the peroxide.
Lead.—Luckow has shown that from acid solutions—no matter what may be the acid—lead is deposited at the anode as a mixture of anhydrous and hydrated peroxide of variable composition. Only very strongly acid solutions let all their lead fall down as peroxide; the precipitation is rapid immediately on closing the circuit, and complete separation is effected only in presence of at least 10 per cent. of free nitric acid. As the current becomes stronger with the increase of free acid, there is deposited upon the first compact layer a new stratum of loosely adhering peroxide.