I have found that the magnetic molecules also possess inertia, that they are capable of acquiring momentum, and that their rotation continues for a considerable time after the exciting cause of their rotation has ceased.
These facts may be proved in a very evident manner, inasmuch as induced electric currents are generated by this after rotation, which may be made to light incandescent lamps.
In this case the magnetic rotations are produced in an electro magnet by means of alternate currents supplied by alternating Gramme machine.
In order to better explain the action, it will be necessary to refer to a new electro-motor, which was the subject of an article in the Electrical Review of February 19 last. It is of that type of motor in which the field magnet and armature poles are alternately arranged, and which requires a periodical reversibility of magnetism in the armature to cause the latter to revolve, as in the Griscom motor. The insulating strips in the commutator are sufficiently wide to demagnetize the whole of the machine before reversibility in the armature takes place, and this demagnetization sets up a direct induced current, which is caught in a shunt circuit by the aid of a second commutator, which only comes into action when the first commutator goes out.
When this motor is supplied by a continuous current, it is easy to understand that the induced current which passes through the shunt circuit, and which is caused by the demagnetization, is proportional to the mass of iron and wire of which the machine is composed, or proportional to its inductive capacity. This current is purely a secondary effect, of short duration, and only occurs once at each break of the commutator.
The motor is of such a size that when supplied with a continuous current of proper strength the induced electrical effect in the shunt circuit will light one incandescent lamp. If, however, it is supplied with an alternating current of the same power, it will light eight lamps, and the mechanical power given off is even more than with a continuous current, provided that the alternations from the dynamo do not exceed 6,000 a minute.
At first I was considerably puzzled by this great difference, because in both cases it is impossible for the lamp circuit to be acted upon by the main current. It occurred to me, however, that the rapid alternations of the exciting current from the dynamo, and the consequent speed of magnetic molecular rotation, gave the latter a certain momentum, and that by widening the insulating strips of the first or main current commutator, and proportionately increasing the width of conducting surface in the shunt commutator up to certain limits, this effect would be increased. I found such to be the case, from which I inferred that the increase of induced current in the shunt circuit was on account of its longer duration, by reason of the acquired momentum of the magnetic molecular rotations after the alternating exciting current had ceased.
Those who have facilities for carrying out experiments may prove it in the following manner:
E, in the inclosed drawing, is an electro-magnet whose brushes press on two metallic bands, B and B¹, fixed to but insulated from the spindle, A. The band, B, is in electrical circuit with the shunt commutator, S, and the main commutator, M; while the band, B¹, is in contact with shunt commutator, S¹, and main commutator, M¹. This contact is made by conducting rods, as indicated. The commutators, as regards their brushes, are so arranged that when M and M¹ are in action, S and S¹ are out of action, and vice versa. The spindle and commutators are rotated by the pulley, P. L is an incandescent lamp in the shunt circuit.