The above caution is necessary, as a bare statement that there is no danger may cause persons to handle the siphons without reasonable care. The risk is precisely analogous to that attending the use and handling of bottles containing ordinary aerated waters, only the irritating nature of the sulphurous acid must be taken into account. Instances have occurred in which serious injury has resulted from the bursting of a bottle of soda water; but few, if any, are deterred from the use of soda water or lemonade on this account.
DETERMINATION OF TANNIN.
By E. Johanson.
The precipitation of tannin by a solution of gelatin is effected more completely and in a better condition for filtration if, besides ammonium chloride, as proposed by Schulze and Lehmann, there is also added a small quantity of chromium sulphate or of chrome-alum. The author proceeds in the same manner as Lehmann, but he adds to 100 c.c. of the solution containing sal-ammoniac from 5 to 8 drops of a solution containing 1 part chromium sulphate in 25 parts of water. In order to ascertain the end of the reaction, he filters small quantities into two test glasses of equal width, adds to the one a few drops of a solution of gelatin, observing if the two liquids, when held up against a sheet of black glazed paper, appear opaque or transparent. As long as a precipitate is formed, these portions and the washings of the little filters are poured back to the main quantity. If acetic or tartaric acid is present, the liquid should be neutralized before proceeding to the determination. Johanson points out that, though this method gives good results with the tannin of galls and of oak-bark, an extract of coffee gives no precipitate with solution of gelatin, so that caffeo-tannic acid cannot be determined in this manner. This shows that only quantities of tannin of one and the same kind can be compared with each other.
THE INCOMPLETE COMBUSTION OF GASES.
By Harold B. Dixon, M.A.
[Abstract of a paper read before the Chemistry Section of the British Association at Montreal.]
The author gave a resume of the work he had done in continuation of the researches of Bunsen, E. von Meyer, Horstmann, and other chemists, on the division of oxygen when exploded with excess of hydrogen and carbonic oxide. The following are the general conclusions arrived at:
1. No alteration per saltum occurs in the ratio of the products of combustion. The experiments made completely confirm Horstmann's conclusion; Bunsen's earlier experiments being vitiated by the presence of aqueous vapor in the eudiometer.
2. A dry mixture of carbonic oxide and oxygen does not explode when an electric spark is passed through it. The union of carbonic oxide is effected indirectly by steam. A mere trace of steam renders the admixture of carbonic oxide and oxygen explosive. The steam undergoes a series of alternate reductions and oxidations, acting as a "carrier of oxygen" to the carbonic oxide. With a very small quantity of steam the oxidation of carbonic oxide takes place slowly; as the quantity of steam is increased, the rapidity of explosion increases.