Britain herself, not untaught by the breach with America, has learned to establish responsible government in her Colonies, making them virtually free states; and among those states the idea of federation has taken root and is bearing fruit. In India, challenged by one native race after another, she has extended her sway over the whole peninsula, and has abolished the anomaly of governing her great dependency through a trading company. In the West her kinsmen have raised the United States into a mighty nation.

In Europe France has passed through monarchy and republic and second empire into a stable republic; Italy has revolted against foreign rulers, and become a united nation; the small peoples of the Balkan Peninsula have now achieved by arms their liberty from Turkish rule. Prussia has won the hegemony of the German states, and established a new German Empire. Russia, the bogey of the West, and of Britain in particular, has shown her weakness in collision with the sudden development of Japan.

Finally, the Dark Continent has been explored and partitioned: in the south, after a sharp conflict, British and Dutch are on the way to become a united people; in the north, Egypt has been reorganised under British administration. We end, as we began, with the land of the Pyramids.

ARTHUR D. INNES.

TIME-TABLE OF THE WORLD: A.D. 1700 to 1914

Struggle for Colonial Supremacy. French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars. Growth of Democracy and Consolidation of European States. Colonial Extension of Responsible Government

A.D.
1700

Asia, Africa, and Australasia

Europe and America

A.D.
1700

War of Spanish Succession, 1702–13. Bourbons established in Spain.
Career of Charles XII. of Sweden, 1697–1718.
GREAT BRITAIN: Incorporating union of England and Scotland, 1707.
Turkish advance decisively stopped by Eugene, 1717.
Alliance of France and Great Britain.

1720

1720

Anglo-Spanish War, combined with War of the Austrian Succession, 1739–48.
Development of Prussian military power under Frederick William.

1740

1740

Struggle between British and French in Southern India, 1746–61.

Clive conquers Bengal; beginning of British territorial power in India, 1757.

GREAT BRITAIN: End of Jacobitism (the Forty-five) consolidates the union.
Seven Years’ War (1756–63): Prussia and Great Britain against France, Austria, and Russia.
Achievements of Frederick. Overthrow of France at sea, and in Canada and India.

1760

1760

British dominion receives Mogul’s sanction.

Haidar Ali in Mysore.
Governor-Generalship of Warren Hastings (1774–85), establishes the British power.

Treaties of Paris and Hubertsburg exclude France from America and India, and confirm the position of Prussia.
Partition of Poland.
GREAT BRITAIN: Quarrel with Colonies; leading to War of American Independence, 1775–83.

1780

1780

Dual control in India by East India Company and Parliamentary Board of Control set up by Pitt’s India Act.
Administration of British India systematised.
Overthrow of Mysore, and institution of subsidiary alliances by Lord Wellesley.

British recovery of naval predominance.
UNITED STATES: Independence established 1783.
FRANCE: French Revolution, 1789.
War between European Coalitions and French Republic, 1792–1802. Rise of Bonaparte. Triumphs of French Army and British Navy.
GREAT BRITAIN: Legislative Union with Ireland.
Kant and Goethe.

1800

1800

Overthrow of Mahratta power by Lord Hastings (1819): extensive annexations.
Acquisition of Cape Colony from Holland by Great Britain.
Gradual planting of Australasian Colonies.

War renewed (1803) between European Coalitions and Emperor Napoleon (1804).
Trafalgar and Austerlitz, 1805. Peninsula War, 1808–13. Moscow Campaign, 1812. Waterloo Campaign, 1815.
European reconstruction. Absolutist reaction: the Holy alliance.

1820

1820

Aggressive Eastward movement of Persia checked at Herat.
First Afghan Wars, 1839–42.
CHINA: First collision with Europe.

Independence of South and Central American States.
Greek War of Independence, 1822–29.
FRANCE: Constitutional Monarchy under Louis Philippe, 1830–48.
GREAT BRITAIN: Parliamentary Reform and manufacturing development. Railways.

1840

1840

Sikh Wars, 1845–49.
Annexations under Dalhousie.
Indian Mutiny, 1857. Transfer of Indian Government to British Crown, 1858.
JAPAN: Admission of foreign traders.

Charles Darwin.
Revolutionary movements in Europe.
FRANCE: Republic (1849) passing to Empire of Napoleon III. (1852).
Crimean War, 1854–56.
Establishment of responsible government in British Colonies.

1860

1860

JAPAN: Revived power of the Mikado.
Advance of Russia in Central Asia towards India.

Second Afghan War, 1878–80.

American Civil War, 1861–65. Abolition of Slavery.
Independence of United Italy under Victor Emmanuel.
Prussia acquires leadership of German States 1866.
Franco-Prussian War, 1870–71. New German Empire, and new French Republic.
Russo-Turkish War, 1877–78.

1880

1880

Mahdism in the Eastern Sudan; ended at Omdurman in 1898. British control established.
Partition of Africa into “Spheres of Influence.”
War between China and Japan.
Annexation of Philippines by United States.
South African War (1899–1902) and incorporation of Dutch States into British Empire.
Federation of Australian Colonies, 1901.
War between Russia and Japan, 1904–5.

British control established in Egypt.
Repeated disturbances in the Balkan States established by the Russo-Turkish War.

First Peace Conference of European powers at the Hague, 1899.

Norway separates from Sweden and elects King Haakon, 1905.

Second Peace Conference at the Hague, 1907.

1910

1910

A.D.

CHINA: Revolution: Manchu dynasty displaced by Republic, 1912.
Tripoli annexed by Italy from Ottoman Empire, 1912.

Allied Balkan States defeat Turkey, 1912.
Creation of Albania as independent state, 1914.
Revolution in Mexico, 1913–14.

A.D.

A TIME-TABLE OF THE NATIONS OF THE WORLD

FROM THE BEGINNING OF HISTORY TO THE PRESENT DAY

Showing at a glance the fate of all nations, their rise, their sway, their decline, and their successors

On this double-page are shown the empires of the ancient world to the rise of Rome, and on the succeeding double-page the ruling powers from Rome until the present day. The chronology is in divisions of a hundred years, except the first four, which, for convenience of space, are shown in longer periods