The operation of removing the rectum is now almost two centuries old. Faget performed it in 1739, but Listfrane first successfully extirpated the rectum for cancer in 1826. The results of the operation in nine cases were embodied in a thesis by one of his students (Penault, Thesis, Paris, 1829), and in 1833 the great surgeon himself gave to the world a complete account of his operation and method, thus establishing the procedure as a surgical measure. The results in these cases were not calculated to create any great enthusiasm, for the mortality was high owing to the lack of aseptic technique. The methods described in older books give us five varieties of operation for extirpation--the perineal, the sacral, the vaginal, the abdominal and the combined. In this paper I shall only endeavor to describe briefly the two methods used by Dr. Tuttle. Before describing these methods in detail it may be well to consider the preparation of the patient, which is practically the same in each. In order to obtain the best results, it is necessary to increase the patient's strength as far as possible by forced feeding for a time, to empty the intestinal tract of all hard and putrifying faecal masses, to establish as far as we may intestinal antisepsis and to check, in a measure, the purulent secretion from the growth. It requires from 7 to 10 days, or longer, to properly prepare a patient for this operation. The diet best calculated to obtain a proper condition of the intestinal tract is generally conceded to be a nitrogenous one. The absolute milk diet is not so satisfactory as a mixed diet composed of meat, strong broth, milk and a small quantity of bread and refined cereals. The patient should be fed at frequent intervals, and as much as he can digest. Along with this forced feeding one should administer daily a saline laxative which will produce two or three thin movements, and to disinfect the intestinal canal one should give through the stomach three or four times a day sulpho-carbolate of zinc, grs. iiss., in form of an enteric pill. On the day previous to the operation the perinaeum, sacral region and pubis should be shaved, dressed with a soap poultice for two hours, then washed and dressed with bichloride dressing, which should be retained until patient is anesthetized. Notwithstanding all of these preparations, it is impossible to obtain absolute asepsis of the affected area, and so many fatalities occur from infection that it is deemed wise by many surgeons to make an artificial inguinal anus as a preliminary procedure in all extirpations of the rectum.
PERINEAL METHOD.
Under this method may be included certain operations for small epitheliomas low down in the rectum done through the anus. The patient having been properly prepared, the sphincter is thoroughly dilated; a circular incision through the entire wall of the gut is made, and the segment is caught with traction forceps and dragged by an assistant while the operator frees, by scissors and blunt dissection, to a point at least one-half inch above the cancer. The free end of the gut is then tied with strong tape, as the temptation is very great to put your finger in the bowel as a guide, and thereby invite infection. A deep dorsal incision is then made, going down to the right of the coccyx through the post-rectal tissue. The hand is then placed in the sacral fossa and the structures lifted out into the pelvis, after which this space is thoroughly packed with gauze to control the bleeding and hold the structures out of the fossa. The edges of the wound, including each half of the sphincter which has been cut posteriorly, are held by flat retractors, while the operator proceeds to dissect the anterior portion of the rectum loose from its attachments. A sound should be held in the urethra in men and an assistant's finger in the vagina in women to prevent wounding these organs. After the gut has been dissected out well above the tumor, it is caught by clamps and cut off below these. Bleeding is controlled by ligatures and equal parts of hot water and alcohol. This newly-exposed gut is then sterilized by pure carbolic acid and alcohol, or may be seared with cautery. Sometimes the peritoneum can be stripped off from the rectum and its cavity need not be opened; it is better, however, to open the cavity at once when the growth extends above this point. The peritoneum is incised, cut loose from its attachments close to the rectum, back to the mesorectum, which should be cut close to the sacrum, in order to avoid the inferior mesenteric artery. When the gut has been loosened sufficiently above the tumor, it may be still fastened by two lateral peritoneal reflections, which are the lateral rectal ligaments, and should be cut at once. The gut is then brought down and sutured to the anus, and the operator should proceed to close the peritoneum and restore the planes of the pelvic floor down to the levator ani by fine catgut sutures. After this has been accomplished, the anus, which is now well outside the operative field, should be reopened, the gauze removed, and the gut flushed with a solution of bichloride or peroxide of hydrogen. Quenu advises that in amputating each layer should be cut separately, in order to avoid hemorrhage, but there appears to be no advantage in this; in fact, we are more likely to meet with deficient blood supply, causing subsequent sloughing of the gut, than with hemorrhage. The posterior and anterior portions of the perineal wound are packed with gauze and left open to assure drainage, and the parts are covered with aseptic pads, held in position by a well-fitting "T" bandage. A large drainage tube is passed well up into the rectum, its lower end extending outside of the dressings, in order to convey the discharges and gases beyond the operative wound.
TUTTLE'S BONE FLAP OPERATION.
"The Kraske Operation" is applied to various methods in which access to the rectum is obtained by removing the coccyx or cutting off certain portions of the lower end of the sacrum. They are all modifications of Kraske's original method, with which we are all familiar. Dr. Tuttle has modified this plan, as it furnishes a rapid and adequate approach to the rectum; it facilitates the control of hemorrhage and restores the bony floor of pelvis and attachment of the anal muscles, and involves injury of the sacral nerves and lateral sacral arteries on one side only. The technique which he employs is as follows:
The patient is previously prepared as heretofore described, and an artificial anus established or not, as the conditions indicate; before the final scrubbing the sphincter should be dilated and the rectum irrigated with bichloride 1-2000 or hydrogen peroxide. It should then be packed with absorbent gauze, so that the finger cannot be introduced. The patient is then placed in the prone position on the left side, with the hips elevated on a hard pillow or sandbag; an oblique incision is made from the level of the third foramen on right side of sacrum down to the tip of the coccyx, and extending half-way between this point and the posterior margin of the anus.
This incision should be made boldly with one stroke through the skin, muscles and ligaments into the cellular tissue posterior to the rectum; the rectum is then rapidly separated by the fingers from the sacrum, and the space thus formed and the wound should be firmly packed with sterile gauze. A transverse incision down to the bone is then made at a level of the 4th sacral foramen, the bone is rapidly chiseled off in this line, and the triangular flap is pulled down to the left side and held by retractor. At this point it is usually necessary to catch and tie the right lateral and middle sacral arteries. Frequently these are the only vessels that need to be tied during the entire operation, although if one cuts too far away from the sacrum, the right sciatic may be severed. The first step in the actual extirpation of the rectum consists in isolating the organ below the level of the resected sacrum, so that a ligature can be thrown around it, or a long clamp applied to control any bleeding from its walls. If the neoplasm extends above this level and it is necessary to open the peritoneal cavity to extirpate it, one should do this at once, as it will be found much easier to dissect the rectum out by following the course of the peritoneal folds. By opening the peritoneum and incising its lateral folds close to the rectum, the danger of wounding the ureters is greatly decreased and the gut is much more easily dragged down.
When the posterior peritoneal folds or meso-rectum is reached, the incision should be carried as far away from the rectum, or, rather, as close to the sacrum, as possible in order to avoid wounding the superior hemorrhoids artery, and to remove all the sacral glands. The gut should be loosened and dragged down until its healthy portion easily reaches the anus or healthy segment below the growth. A strong clamp should then be placed upon the intestine about one inch above the neoplasm, but should never be placed in the area involved by it; for in so doing the friable walls may rupture and the contents of the intestine be poured out into the wound. As soon as the gut has been sufficiently liberated and dragged down, the peritoneal cavity should be cleansed by wiping with dry sterilized gauze and closed by sutures which attach the membrane to the gut. By this procedure the entire intraperitoneal part of the operation is completed and this cavity closed before the intestine is incised. After this is done the gut should be cut across between two clamps or ligatures above the tumor, the ends being cauterized with carbolic acid and covered with rubber protective tissue. The lower segment containing the neoplasm may then be dissected from above downward in an almost bloodless manner until the lowest portion is reached. It is much more easily removed in this direction than from below upward, and there is less danger of wounding the other pelvic organs. If the neoplasm extends within one inch of the anus, it will be necessary to remove the entire lower portion of the rectum. If, however, more than one inch of perfectly healthy tissue remains below, this should always be preserved. Having removed the neoplasm, if one inch or more of healthy gut remains above anus, one should unite the proximal and distal ends either by Murphy button or end-to-end suture.
All oozing is checked by hot compresses, and the concavity of the sacrum is packed with a large mass of sterilized gauze, the end of which protrudes from the lower angle of the wound. This serves to check the oozing, and also furnishes a support to the bone-flap after it has been restored to position. Finally the flap is fastened in its original position by silk-worm gut sutures, which pass deeply through the skin and periosternum on each side of the transverse incision. Suturing the bone itself is not necessary. The lateral portion of the wound is closed by similar sutures down to the level of the sacro-coccygeal articulation; below this it is left open for drainage (Tuttle, Diseases of Rectum, Page 829-1903).