On the other hand, in justice to the “Fathers,” it should be stated that the several States expended large sums on their individual accounts, for sustaining the common cause against Great Britain, aggregating, it was estimated, about $25,000,000; $18,271,786,47 of which Congress assumed in 1790, after the States had surrendered to the Federal Government the right to levy and collect all tariffs on foreign imports. The indebtedness incurred by the States for the Revolutionary cause and thus assumed by the United States is shown in the following table:
| New Hampshire | $282,595.51 |
| Rhode Island | 200,000.00 |
| Massachusetts | 3,981,733.05 |
| Connecticut | 1,600,000.00 |
| New York | 1,183,716.69 |
| New Jersey | 695,202.70 |
| Pennsylvania | 777,983.48 |
| Delaware | 59,161.65 |
| Maryland | 517,491.08 |
| Virginia, including Kentucky | 2,934,416.00 |
| North Carolina | 1,793,803.85 |
| South Carolina | 3,999,651.73 |
| Georgia | 246,030.73 |
| $18,271,786.47 |
The foreign loans made by the United States during the revolutionary war pledged the faith of all the States. These amounted in toto to $150,000 from the Spanish Government; about 8,000,000 guilders by subscription in Holland, and 18,000,000 livres from the French Government, besides the free gifts of the French King, “forming an object,” wrote Franklin, “of at least 12,000,000 livres, from which no returns but that of gratitude and friendship are expected. These, I hope, may be everlasting.”
ORIGIN OF JOURNALISM.
Paris, Texas.
1. Were any newspapers or periodicals published before the invention of printing? 2. Give a short sketch of the advancement of journalism.
Frank Lee.
Answer.—1. At a very early period daily news letters were circulated, concerning public and official acts, in Rome, Venice, and China. 2. The first printed newspaper was the Gazette, published in Nuremberg in 1457, and the oldest paper extant is the Neue Zeitung aus Hispanien und Italien, printed in the same city in 1534. Other countries followed Germany in issuing printed newspapers in the following order: England in 1622; France, 1631; Sweden, 1644; Holland, 1656; Russia, 1703; Turkey, 1827. The progress of journalism has been most rapid in America. The first American newspaper consisting of three pages of two columns each and a blank page, was published in Boston, Sept. 25, 1690, under the name of “Publick Occurences, both Foreign and Domestic,” but it was immediately suppressed. In 1704 the Boston News Letter appeared, printed on one sheet of foolscap paper. It flourished for seventy-two years. The following data will show the advancement in the United States:
First printing office in 1639.
First newspaper in 1690.
First political newspaper in 1733.
First daily paper in 1784.
First penny paper in 1833.
First illustrated paper in 1853.