| Albert Parry: Abram Hannibal, the Favorite of Peter the Great | [359] |
| Alrutheus A. Taylor: The Movement of the Negroes from the East to the Gulf States from 1830 to 1850 | [367] |
| Elizabeth Ross Haynes: Negroes in Domestic Service in the United States | [384] |
| Documents: | [443] |
| Documents and Comments on Benefit of Clergy as applied to Slaves, by Wm. K. Boyd. | |
| Communications: | [448] |
A Letter from A. P. Vrede giving an Account of the Achievements of the Rev. Cornelius Winst Blyd of Dutch Guiana. A Letter from Captain T. G. Steward throwing Light on various Phases of Negro History. | |
| Book Reviews: | [455] |
| Frobenius's Das Unbekannte Africa; Oberholtzer's History of the United States since the Civil War; Lucas's Partition of Africa; Jackson's Boy's Life of Booker T. Washington. | |
| Notes: | [465] |
| Annual Report of the Director for the Year 1922-23 | [466] |
THE JOURNAL
OF
NEGRO HISTORY
Vol. VIII., No. 1 January, 1923.
THE EDUCATIONAL EFFORTS OF THE FREEDMEN'S BUREAU AND FREEDMEN'S AID SOCIETIES IN SOUTH CAROLINA, 1862-1872[1]
Introduction
Slavery in the United States was abolished by force of circumstances. The appeal to arms in April, 1861, was made by the North for the purpose of saving the Union, but only within a few months after the breaking out of hostilities "what shall we do with the slaves within our lines" was the cry heard from all sections of the invaded territory. Deserted by their masters or endeavoring to obtain freedom, the Negroes came into the Union camps in such large numbers that humanitarian as well as military reasons demanded that something be done to change their status and alleviate their physical suffering.[2] In the absence of a uniform national policy on the matter, the several commanding generals settled the question according to their own notions. Butler, at Fortress Monroe, for example, refused to return the group of fugitive slaves and cleverly styled them "contraband of war."