(5) The lack of rich burials in the proto-historic (Oneota) period and their presence in the historic suggests a process of social stratification may be occurring because of new wealth. But this may be more apparent than real, if the “trophy” material at the Utlaut site was the proto-historic means of marking status to be replaced in the historic period by trade goods. If that is so, then it would suggest some social stratification in Oneota continuing through to the known historic Missouri chiefs.
Acknowledgments. The senior author is pleased to acknowledge the support of Kansas State University’s Bureau of General Research for a 1970 Summer Fellowship. The fellowship made possible this research. The cooperation of Robert T. Bray, Director, Lyman Archaeological Research Center, University of Missouri, is gratefully acknowledged for his help and many kindnesses throughout this work. To him, and my other colleagues: Alfred E. Johnson and W. Raymond Wood, who all helped to run the joint Midwestern Archaeological Field School in the summer of 1970 go my thanks. William M. Bass kindly loaned me the Myers and Bass manuscript which was most appreciated as it was essential for this analysis. Finally, thanks are due to the students of the field school who excavated these materials: Mike Gilman, Tom Green, Kevin Hart, Ann Hirsh and Donna Roper, for without their good spirits and effort the work could not have been done.
REFERENCES CITED
ANDERSON, J. E. 1969 The Human Skeleton: A Manual for Archaeologists. National Museum of Canada, Ottawa. BASS, WILLIAM M. 1971 Personal Communication. BASS, WILLIAM M. 1961 1960 Excavations at the Leary Site, Richardson County, Nebraska 25RH1. Plains Anthropologist, 6: 31, 201-202. BRAY, ROBERT T. 1961a The Missouri Indian Tribe in Archaeology and History. Missouri Historical Review, LV: 3, 213-225. Columbia. 1961b The Flynn Cemetery: An Orr Focus Oneota Burial Site in Allamakee County, Iowa. Journal of the Iowa Archaeological Society, 10: 4, 15-25. BROTHWELL, DON R. 1963 Digging Up Bones. British Museum, London. HENNING, DALE R. 1970 Development and Interrelationships of Oneota Culture in the Lower Missouri River Valley. The Missouri Archaeologist, Vol. 32, Whole Volume. Columbia. KROGMAN, WILTON M. 1962 The Human Skeleton in Forensic Medicine. Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, Illinois. MCKERN, THOMAS W. AND T. D. STEWART 1957 Skeletal Age Changes in Young American Males. Technical Report EP-45, Quartermaster Research and Development Center, U.S. Army, Natick, Massachusetts. MORSE, DAN 1969 Ancient Disease in the Midwest. Reports of Investigations No. 15, Illinois State Museum. MYERS, JUDY A. AND WILLIAM M. BASS n.d. An Analysis of the Human Skeletal Material from Some Oneota Sites. Unpublished Manuscript. TROTTER, MILDRED AND GOLDEN C. GLESER 1958 A Re-evaluation of Estimation of Stature Based on Measurements of Stature During Life and of Long Bones After Death. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 16: 1, 79-124. Philadelphia. PHILLIPS, P., J. A. FORD AND J. B. GRIFFIN 1951 Archaeological Survey in the Lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley, 1940-1947. Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, Vol. XXV. Cambridge. RADIN, PAUL 1923 The Winnebago Tribe. Thirty-seventh Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, Smithsonian Institution.
APPENDIX I
SKELETAL REMAINS FROM THE UTLAUT SITE
by
Kevin Hart and Clark Larsen
The following paper reports the osteological data on the burials from the Utlaut site. The authors are indebted to Dr. William M. Bass, formerly of the University of Kansas, now Chairman, Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, for his encouragement and criticisms on this paper, and especially for his training while Visiting Professor of Anthropology at Kansas State University in the Spring, 1971. He is, of course, not responsible for any errors on our part.
Burial 1 Sex: Male Age: 35⁺ Stature: 5′8″ ± 1.28″ (173.46 cm ± 3.24 cm)
Burial One is a middle aged male in good condition, represented by an almost complete skeleton. Of the major bones, only the left radius, right ulna and left clavicle are absent, along with the second cervical, four thoracic and one lumbar vertebra. Except for eight phalanges of the hand, all of the hand and feet bones are also missing.
The sex of the individual is based on several factors. First, the width of the femur head is 46 mm., within the male range according to Krogman (1962:143-146). The skull is characterized by heavy brow ridges, blunt upper edges of the eye orbits, and a general overall ruggedness indicating a male. The pelvis, however, does have a wider than usual sciatic notch for a male.