f, retains its German sound; also for ph, but the latter will not be used.
c, always soft (as z). For the sound of k, c is not to be used.
j [with umlaut], for the English j (dj).
q, will not be used; it is replaced by k; respectively by ku.
ch, as tsch.
sh, as sch.
y, is only used for the consonantal sound, not for i.
gh, oriental guttural sound (Dagh, Ghazi).
kh, oriental guttural sound (Khan).
v, is always soft; not to be used to give the sound of f.