Group of Pear-encrinites, much reduced, on left, and part of a Pear-encrinite, reduced, on right.

En´crinite, or Crinoidea (Gr. krinon, lily, and eidos, form), a name often applied to all the marine animals of the class Crinoidea or stone-lilies, phylum Echinodermata, except feather-stars; but more specifically restricted to the genera having rounded, smooth stems attached to the bottom, and supporting the body of the animal, which has numerous jointed arms radiating from a central disc, in which the mouth is situated. Encrinites were exceedingly numerous in past ages of the world's history; of those still existing our knowledge has been greatly increased of recent years through deep-sea dredging. Some

of these forms are very graceful and interesting. See Crinoidea; Echinodermata.

Ency´clical, a sort of circular letter or manifesto issued by a pope, and directed to the Roman Catholic clergy generally or to those of a certain country or area, giving instructions as to conduct to be observed at certain conjunctures, condemning erroneous doctrines, &c. The encyclical, which is a somewhat less formal document than a bull, was especially favoured by Pope Pius IX and Leo XIII. Pope Pius IX issued one in 1864, wherein he condemned eighty alleged errors in modern ideas of religion and civilization, and Pius X issued another in 1907, wherein he condemned modernism. A number of encyclicals was issued by Pope Leo XIII on Bible Study, Socialism, Capital and Labour.

Encyclopedia (Gr. en, in, kyklos, a circle, and paideia, instruction), a systematic view of the whole extent of human knowledge or of particular departments of it, with the subjects arranged generally in alphabetic order. Varro and Pliny the elder, among the Romans, attempted works of an encyclopedic nature, the latter in his well-known Historia Naturalis, or Natural History. Other ancient encyclopedic works were those of Stobæus and Suidas, and especially of Marcianus Capella. In the thirteenth century a work on a regular plan was compiled by the Dominican Vincent of Beauvais (died 1264), in which was exhibited the whole sum of the knowledge of the Middle Ages. His work was entitled Speculum Historiale, Naturale, Doctrinale, to which an anonymous author added, some years later, a Speculum Morale. Roger Bacon's Opus Majus also belonged to the encyclopedic class. An exceedingly popular work was the De Proprietatibus Rerum of Bartholomeus de Glanvilla, an English Franciscan friar, which maintained its reputation from 1360 to the middle of the sixteenth century. In the seventeenth century various encyclopedic works were compiled, such as the Latin one of Johann Heinrich Alsted (in 7 vols., Herborn, 1620). In 1674 appeared the first edition of Moreri's Le Grand Dictionnaire Historique; in 1677 Johann Jacob Hoffmann published at Basel his Lexicon Universale; and in 1697 appeared Bayle's famous Dictionnaire Historique et Critique, which is still of great value. The first English alphabetical encyclopædia was the Lexicon Technicum, published in 1704. Among the chief English works of this kind are: 1. Ephraim Chambers's Cyclopædia, or A Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences, published in 1728 in 2 vols. folio. 2. The Encyclopædia Britannica, published in Edinburgh, in nine editions—the first in 1788, the ninth in 1875-88 (24 vols. 4to, with supplement, 11 vols., 1902-3). The tenth edition was published in 1902, and the eleventh issued in 1910-11 by the University Press, Cambridge. 3. Rees' Cyclopædia, 39 vols. 4to, illustrated, 1802-20. 4. Edinburgh Encyclopædia, 1810-30, 18 vols. 4to, conducted by Sir David (then Dr.) Brewster. 5. Encyclopædia Metropolitana, London, 29 vols. 4to, and containing some valuable complete treatises. 6. The London Encyclopædia, by Thomas Curtis, 22 vols. 4to; London, 1829. 7. The Penny Cyclopædia, in 28 vols. small folio, 1833-43; since recast under the name of the English Cyclopædia. 8. Chambers's Encyclopædia, in 10 vols. 9. The Popular Encyclopædia, issued in 14 vols. 10. Harmsworth's Universal Encyclopedia. 11. Nelson's The New Age Encyclopædia. 12. The New Gresham Encyclopedia, 12 vols. (one being index). The chief American encyclopædias are the Encyclopædia Americana, in 13 vols.; the New American Cyclopædia, in 16 vols.; Johnson's Universal Cyclopedia, 8 vols.; The New International Encyclopædia, 25 vols. Of the French cyclopædias the most famous is the great Dictionnaire Encyclopédique, by Diderot and D'Alembert (see next article); the Encyclopédie Méthodique, ou par Ordre des Matières, Paris, 1781-1832, in 201 vols. 4to, of which 47 are plates; the Encyclopédie Moderne, 1824-32, 26 vols.; the Encyclopédie des Gens du Monde, 1835-44, 22 vols.; the Dictionnaire de la Conversation et de la Lecture, 1851-58; the excellent Grande Encyclopédie, 31 vols.; and the large and valuable Grand Dictionnaire Universel du XIXe Siècle, published by Larousse, 16 vols. folio (with supplementary vols.); The Nouveau Larousse Illustré, 7 vols. Numerous works of this kind have been published in Germany, the most popular being the Conversations-Lexikon of Brockhaus; Meyer's Konversations-Lexicon; Pierer's Konversations-Lexikon; and that issued by Spamer. The most comprehensive is the Allgemeine Encyklopädie, originally edited by

Professors Ersch and Gruber, begun in 1818, and not yet completed. The Rousskiy Entsiklopeditsheskiy Slovarj, the best Russian encyclopedia, in 43 vols, was published between 1905 and 1908.

Encyclopédie (a˙n-sik-lo-pā-dē), The French, one of the most important literary enterprises of the eighteenth century, originated in a French translation of Ephraim Chambers's Cyclopædia. Diderot was appointed to edit it, and enlisted the ablest men of the time as contributors. D'Alembert (who wrote the famous Discours préliminaire) edited the mathematics; Rousseau wrote the musical articles; Daubenton, those connected with natural history; the Abbé Yvon, those on logic, metaphysics, and ethics; Toussaint, those on jurisprudence; Buffon contributed the article Nature; and Montesquieu, Voltaire, Euler, Marmontel, D'Holbach, Turgot, Grimm, and Condorcet took some share in the great work. Diderot himself was a prolific contributor on a wide variety of topics. The prospectus appeared in Nov., 1750, and the first volume in 1751, the whole being completed, despite fierce opposition, in 1765. The contributors to the Encyclopédie, the majority of whom held unorthodox views on religious, political, and social subjects, are known as the Encyclopédistes.

Endem´ic (Gr. en and demos, people) is a term applied to diseases peculiar to people of a particular district or of a nation or country. The cause of this may be due to the physical characters of the place, or to the mode of living, habits, &c., of the people. Diseases endemic in one region may appear elsewhere when similar influences arise.

En´derby Land, an island in the Antarctic Ocean, long. 50° E., crossed by the Antarctic Circle. It was discovered by John Biscoe in 1831.