Elementary Zoology, Second Edition

by Vernon L. Kellogg

---

[INDEX]

☞Illustrations are indicated by an asterisk

Acanthia lectularia, *[188].
Acarina, [230].
Acmara spectorum, *[248].
Actinozoa, [97], [102].
Adaptation, [407].
Adder, spreading, [321].
Ægialitis vocifera, [349].
Agalenidæ, [235].
Agkistrodon piscivorous, [323].
Aix sponsa, [347].
Albatross, [346].
Alca impennis, [345].
Alce americana, *[385], [396].
Alligator, [326].
Alligator mississippensis, [326].
Alternation of generations, [96].
Amblophtes rupestris, [282].
Amblystoma, [297], [298].
Amblystoma maculatum, [299].
Ameiurus, [282].
Amœba, *[32];
structure and life of, [31].
Amphioxus, [278].
Anaconda, [324].
Anas boschas, [347].
Anatomy defined, [3].
Anguilla, [284].
Anguillula, [140].
Anolis principalis, [319].
Anosia plexippus, anatomy of larva of, [177];
external structure of, [171], *[172];
life of, [175];
mimicked by Basilarchia archippus, *[433].
Anseres, [347].
Ant, little black, *[224];
little brown, [223].
Antelope, *[395], [396].
Antenna of carrion beetle, *[184].
Antilocapra americana, *[395], [396].
Antrostomus vociferus, [356].
Ant, [212], [218], [223].
Anura, [299].
Ape, [401].
Aphidiæ, [200].
Apis florea, comb of, *[222].
Apis mellifica, *[218].
Appearance, terrifying, [430].
Aquarium, [457].
Aquarium, battery-jar, *[461].
Aquila chrysætos, [342].
Arachnida, [144], [229].
Arctomys monax, [391].
Ardea herodias, [358].
Ardea virescens, [347].
Argiope sp., *[236].
Argonaut, [257].
Argonauta argo, [257].
Ariolimax californica, *[252].
Arthogastra, [230].
Arthropoda, [144].
Ascidian, [259], *[261].
Aspidiotus aurantii, *[198].
Asterias sp., structure and life of, [108].
Asterias, *[109];
cross-section of, *[112].
Asterias ocracia, *[122].
Asterina mineata, *[122].
Asteroidea, [120], [121].
Attidæ, [235].
Auk, great, [345].
Aves, [327].
Aythya vallisneria, [347].
Ayu, [283].
Back-swimmer, [197], [199].
Balanus, *[153].
Balæna glacialis, [393].
Balæna mysticetus, [393].
Barbadoes earth, [82].
Barnacle, *[153], [155];
sessile, [155];
stalked, [155].
Barn-owl, [353].
Bartramia longicauda, [349].
Bascanium constrictor, [321].
Bass, [282].
Bat, hoary, *[392].
Batrachia, [291].
Batrachians, [291];
body form and structure of, [292];
classification of, [295];
life-history and habits of, [295];
structure of, [292].
Bat, [391].
Bead-snake, [322].
Bear, [398].
Beaver, [391].
Bed-bug, *[188].
Bee, [212];
solitary, [216].
Beetle, great water-scavenger, [163];
external structure, *[164];
internal structure, *[167];
antenna of carrion, *[184];
Colorado potato, [209].
Beetle, [206];
carrion, [209];
whirligig, [206].
Bell-animalcule, structure and life of, [75].
Bills of birds, [362].
Bipinnaria, [119].
Bird, frigate, [346];
man-of-war, [346];
outline of body showing external regions, *[330];
ruby-throat humming, nest and eggs of, *[357].
Bird-louse, *[194].
Birds, [327];
bills and feet of, [362];
body form and structure of, [336];
care of young, [366];
classification of, [340];
collecting, [466];
determining, [359];
development and life-history of, [339];
feeding habits of, [370];
flight and songs of, [364];
migration of, [367];
molting of, [361];
nesting of, [366];
protection of, [370].
Bird-skins, making, [466].
Bison bison, [396], *[397].
Bittern, [348].
Blacksnake, [321].
Blissus leucopterus, [198].
Blood, circulation of, in mammal, *[376].
Blood of toad, structure of, [40].
Blow-fly, [201], [202];
section through compound eye of, *[185].
"Bob Jordan" (monkey), *[400].
Bobwhite, [350].
Bombus, [216].
Bombyx mori, anatomy of larva of, *[178].
Bonasa umbellus, [350].
Books, reference, [454].
Borer, peach-tree, *[210].
Botaurus lentiginosus, [348].
Box tortoise, [315].
Brachynotus nudus, *[153].
Brains of vertebrates, *[378].
Branch, defined, [73].
Branta canadensis, [347].
Breeding cage, [458], [459].
Brittle-stars, [120], [121], [122].
Bubo virginianus, [353].
Buffalo, [396], *[397].
Bufo lentiginosus, [301];
dissection of, [5].
Bullfrog, [299].
Bumblebee, [216].
Bunodes californica, [103].
Buteo, [353].
Butterfly, external structure of, [171], *[172];
life of, [175];
monarch, anatomy of larva of, [177];
dead leaf, *[429];
mimicked by viceroy, *[433].
Butterflies, [205];
setting-board for, *[466], [467].
Buzzard, turkey, [352].
Cachalot, [393].
Cage, lamp-chimney and flower-pot breeding, *[459];
soap-box breeding, *[458].
Cake-urchin, [124].
Calcarea, [91].
Calliphora vomitoria, [202];
section through compound eye of, *[185].
Callorhinus alascanus, *[399].
Callorhinus ursinus, parasitized, *[422].
Cambarus sp., dissection of, [18];
life of, [146].
Camphephilus principalis, [355].
Cancer productus, *[153].
Canis familiaris, [398].
Canis latrans, [398].
Canis nubilus, [398].
Canvas-back, [347].
Carcharodon, [280].
Caribou, [396].
Cassowary, [343].
Castor canadensis, [391].
Caterpillar, apple tent, [208];
forest tent, [209].
Catfish, [282].
Cathartes aura, [352].
Cavia, [390].
Cell, defined, [37].
Cell differentiation, degrees of, [54].
Cell products, [38].
Cell wall, [38].
Centiped, *[228], [229];
skein, *[228].
Centipeds, [226].
Centrocercus urophasianus, [350].
Centrurus sp., *[236].
Cephalpoda, [246].
Cercopithicus, *[400].
Cervus canadensis, *[394], [395].
Ceryle alcyon, [354].
Cete, [393].
Cetorhinus, [270], [280].
Chætura pelagica, [356].
Chain-snake, [320].
Chalk, [81].
Chameleon, green, [318].
Chelonia, [313], [314].
Chelonia mydas, [315].
Chelydra serpentina, [314].
Chen hyperborea, [247].
Chicken-hawk, [353].
Chimney-swift, [356].
Chinch bug, [198].
Chipmunk, [391].
Chiroptera, [391].
Chitin, [145], [158].
Chlorostomum funebrale, *[248].
Chordata, [259];
classification of, [260].
Chordeiles virginianus, [356].
Chromatophore, [256].
Chub, [282].
Chrysemys, [314].
Cicada, [199];
seventeen-year, *[200];
septendecim, *[200], [197].
Circulation of blood in mammal, *[376].
Circus hudsonius, [352].
Cistudo carolina, [314].
Clams, [246];
hard shell, [247];
soft-shell, [247].
Class, defined, [73].
Classification, basis and signification of, [65];
defined, [3];
example of, [68].
Clisiocampa americana, larvæ, *[208].
Clisiocampa disstria, caterpillars, *[209];
life-history of, [207].
Clupea harengus, [284].
Cobra-da-capello, [324].
Coccidæ, [198].
Coccyges, [354].
Coccyzus, [354].
Cock, chapparal, [354].
Cockroach, [192].
Codfish, [284].
Cœcilians, [302].
Cœlenterata, [92];
classification of, [96];
development and life-history of, [95];
form of, [93];
skeleton of, [95];
structure of, [94].
Colaptes auratus, *[355].
Colaptes cafer, [355].
Coleoptera, [206].
Colinus virginianus, [350].
Collections, making, [461].
Color, use of, [424].
Colors, warning, [430].
Colubridæ, [319].
Columba fasciata, [351].
Columba livia, [351].
Columbæ, [351].
Colymbus auritus, [343].
Comb-building of honey-bee, *[221].
Comb of East Indian honey-bee, *[222].
Commensalism, [155], [413].
Communal life, [411].
Condor, California, [352].
Condylura cristata, [391].
Conjugation, [35], [60].
Conotrachelus cratægi, *[212], [213].
Conotrachelus nenuphar, *[214].
Constrictor, boa, [324].
Conurus carolinensis, [353].
Coot, American, [349].
Copperhead, [322].
Coral, [95];
branching, *[104];
red, [106].
Coral islands, [104], [106].
Coral polyps, [104].
Coral reefs, [106].
Corals, [92], [102], [104].
Coregonus, [283].
Corisa, [197].
Corisa sp., *[199].
Cormorant, [346].
Cornea of eye of horse-fly, *[186].
Cottontail, [390].
Coyote, [398].
Crab, [151], [152];
soft-shelled, [154].
Crabs, *[153].
Crane, sand-hill, [348];
whooping, [348].
Crayfish, dissection of, [18], *[18], [22];
life of, [146].
Cricket, house, *[193].
Cricket, [192].
Crinoid, *[126].
Crinoidea, [121], [125].
Crocodile, [326].
Crocodilea, [313], [325].
Crocodilus americanus, [326].
Crotalus, [322].
Crustacea, [144], [146];
form and structure of, [147].
Cryptobranchus, [298].
Ctenophora, [97], [107].
Cuckoos, [354].
Cucumaria, [124].
Cucumber-beetles, [209].
Culex sp., [204], *[205].
Curculio plum, *[214].
Curculio quince, *[212], [213].
Curlew, long-billed, [350].
Cuttlefishes, [255].
Cyclas, [247].
Cyclophis æstivus, [320].
Cyclops, [148], *[149].
Cyclostomata, [278].
Cytoplasm, [38].
Dabchick, [343].
Dactylus sp., *[249].
Damp bug, *[151].
Darters, [282].
Dasyatis, [281].
Decapoda, [151].
Decapods, [256].
Deer, [396].
Degeneration, [417].
Dendrostomium cronjhelmi, *[134].
Development, defined, [3];
embryonic, defined, [62];
post-embryonic, defined, [62];
simplest, [59].
Diapheromera femorata, *[427].
Diaspis rosæ, *[198].
Dictynidæ, [235].
Didelphis virginiana, [390].
Diemystylus torosus, *[299].
Diemystylus viridescens, [297].
Dimorphism, [96].
Diptera, [201].

Distribution, barriers to, [437];
geographical,435;
laws of, [436];
local, of birds, [367];
modes of, [437].
Diver, great northern, [343].
Dolphins, [393].
Doris tuberculata, *[254].
Draco, [319].
Dragon-flies, [294].
Dragon-fly, *[196].
Dragon, flying, [318].
Drawings, [447].
Dryobates pubescens, [355].
Dryobates villosus, [355].
Duck, ruddy, [347].
Dyticus sp., [210].
Dytiscidæ, [207].
Eagle, bald, [352];
golden, [352].
Ear of locust, *[187].
Earthworm, anatomy of, *[126];
alimentary canal of, *[126];
cross-section of, *[131];
reproductive organs of, *[130];
structure and life of, [127].
Earthworms, [136].
Echinoderm, development of, [119];
structure of, [117];
shape of, [116].
Echinodermata, [108];
classification of, [120].
Echinodoris sp., *[254].
Echinoidea, [121], [122], [123].
Eciton, [225].
Ecology, animal, [403].
Ectopistes migratorius, [351].
Eel, [284].
Eft, green, [297];
western brown, *[299].
Eggs of birds, collecting, [469].
Eider, [347].
Elasmobranchii, [279].
Elassoma, [271].
Elk, *[394], [396].
Epeiridæ, [236].
Ephemerida, [194].
Epialtus productus, *[153].
Equipment of laboratory, [450].
Equipment of pupil, [447].
Erethizon dorsatus, [391].
Erethizon epixanthus, [391].
Eretmochelys imbricata, [215].
Erismatura rubida, [347].
Eumeces skeltonianus, *[316].
Eupomotic gibbosuc, dissection of, (facing) *[263];
life of, [270];
structure of, [263].
Exocætus, [285].
Eye, cornea of compound, of horse-fly, *[186];
section through compound, of blow-fly, *[185].
Eye of vertebrate, *[378].
Falco sparverius, [353].
Family, defined, [72].
Fauna, [440].
Feather-stars, [121], [125], *[126].
Feet of birds, [362].
Felis concolor, [398].
Feræ, [397].
Fever, yellow, and mosquitoes, [205].
Fiber zibethicus, [391].
Fire-flies, [209].
Fishes, [263];
body form and structure of, [271];
classification of, [277];
development and life-history of, [276];
habits and adaptations of, [285].
Fish-hatcheries, [288].
Flat-worms, [137].
Flea, house, *[204].
Flickers, [355].
Flies, [201];
chalcid, [214];
ichneumon, [212].
Flight of birds, [366].
Flying fishes, [285].
Food-fishes, [288].
Food of birds, [370].
Foraminifera, [80].
Fox, [398].
Fregata aquila, [346].
Frogs, [299].
Fulica americana, [349].
Fulmars, [345].
Function, defined, [14].
Functions, essential, [15].
Fur-seals, [398], *[399].
Fur-seals, parasitized, *[422].
Gadus callarias, [284].
Galley-worm, *[227].
Gall-flies, [214].
Gallinæ, [350].
Gastropoda, [246].
Gavia imber, [347].
Gavial, [326].
Generation, spontaneous, [58].
Genmules, [85].
Genus, defined, [70].
Geococcyx californianus, [354].
Gephyrean, *[134].
Girdler, currant stem, *[215].
Glass-snake, [317].
Glires, [391].
Goat, Rocky Mt., [397].
Gonionema vertens, *[101].
Goose, Canada, [347].
Gophers, pocket, [391].
Gordius, [140].
Grantia, *[47].
Grantia sp., [85].
Grayling, [284].
Grebe,
horned, [343];
pied-billed, [343].
Green, methyl, [351].
Greensnake, [320].
Gregariousness, [410].
Grouse, ruffed, [350].
Grus americana, [348].
Grus mexicana, [348].
Guillemot, [345].
Guinea-pig, [391].
Guinea-worm, [140].
Gull, great black-backed, [345].
Gulls, [345].
Gymnophiona, [302].
Gyrinidæ, [206].
Habitat, [441].
Hag-fishes, [279].
Hair-worms, [140].
Haliætus leucocephalus, [352].
Halictus, [216].
Harporhynchus redivivus, *[371].
Hatteria, [312].
Hawk, marsh, [352].
Helmet shells, [255].
Heloderma horridum, *[317].
Hemiptera, [197].
Hermit-crab, [154], *[153].
Herodiones, [347].
Heron,
great blue, [348];
green, [347].
Herring, [284].
Heteredon platirhinos, [321].
Hippocampus hippocampus, *[285].
Holothuroidea, [121], [124].
Homo sapiens, [398].
Honey-bee, *[218];
brood-cells of, *[219];
building comb, *[221];
comb of East Indian, *[222];
cross-section of body of pupa of, *[191].
Honey-bees, [212].
Honey-dew, food of ants, [223].
Hornets, [217].
Horse-fly, cornea of eye of, *[186].
House-fly, [202].
Humming-birds, [356].
Hydra, *[47];
structure and life of, [46].
Hydrozoa, [96], [97].
Hydrophilidæ, [207].
Hydrophilus sp.,
external structure of, *[164];
internal structure of, *[167].
Hygrotrechus, [198], *[199].
Hyla pickeringii, [300].
Hyla versicolor, [300].
Hymenoptera, [212].
Hyptiotes sp., and web, *[238].
Iguana, [318].
Imago, [190].
Injecting-masses, [451].
Insect, pinned, *[465];
twig, *[427];
wingless, *[181].
Insecta, [157].
Insectivora, [391].
Insects, classification of, [191];
collecting, [463];
communal, [215];
development and life-history of, [188];
form and structure of, [181];
killing-bottle for, *[463];
social, [215].
Invertebrate, defined, [30].
Islands, coral, [104], [106].
Isopod, *[151].
Isopoda, [150].
Jack rabbit, [390].
Janus integer, *[215].
Jellyfish, *[101].
Jellyfishes, [92];
colonial, [97].
Joint-snake, [318].
Julus, *[327].
June-beetle, [212].
June beetles, [206].
Kallima, *[429].
Kangaroo, [389].
Katydids, [192].
Kelp-crab, *[152].
Kill-deer, [349].
Killing-bottle for insects, *[463].
Kingfisher, belted, [354].
Laboratory, equipment of, [450].
Lachnosterna, [212].
Lady-birds, [209].
Lagopus, [350].
Lake-lamprey, [279].
Lampetra wilderi, [279].
Lamprey, *[278];
brook, [279].
Lampropeltis boylii, *[321].
Lampropeltis getulus, [320].
Lancelet, [278].
Larks, horned, *[358].
Larus marinus, [345].
Larva, [189];
of Monarch butterfly, anatomy of, [177];
parasitized, *[420].
Lasiurus borealis, [392].
Lasiurus cinereus, *[392].
Lasius flavus, [223].
Leeches, [136].
Lemurs, [401].
Leucania unipuncta, *[211].
Lepidocyrtus americanus, *[181].
Lepidoptera, [205].
Leptocardii, [277].
Leptoplana californica, *[138].
Lepus campestris, [390].
Lepus nuttali, [390].
Life-history, defined, [62].
Life-processes, essential, [15].
Limicolæ, [349].
Limpets, [255], *[248].
Littorina scutulata, *[248].
Live cages, [457].
Liver of toad, structure of, [41].
Lizard, *[309].
Lizards, [316].
Lobster, [151], [152].
Locust, differential, [156];
ear of, *[187];
red-legged, [156], *[157];
Rocky Mt., [156];
structure and life of, [156];
two-striped, [156].
Locusts, [192].
Loligo, [257].
Longipennes, [345].
Loon, [343].
Lumbricus sp., alimentary canal of, *[131];
cross-section of, *[132];
structure and life of, [127].
Lung-fish, [285].
Lycena, scales of wings of, *[206].
Lycosidæ, [235].
Lynx rufus, [398].
Macrocheira, [154].
Madrepora cervicornis, *[105].
Malaclemmys palustris, [314].
Malaria and mosquitoes, [205].
Mallard, [347].
Mammal, circulation of blood in, *[376].
Mammalia, [373].
Mammals, [373];
body form and structure of, [381];
classification of, [389];
development and life-history of, [388];
habits, instinct and reason of, [388];
making skins of, [470].
Man, [398].
Man-of-war, Portuguese, [98], *[97].
Marsupialia, [389].
Martesia xylophaga, *[251].
Massasauga, [32].
May-flies, [194].
May-fly, nymph of, *[197].
Medusa, *[101].
Megalobatrachus, [298].
Megascops asio, *[352], [353].
Melanerpes erythrocephalus, [355].
Melanerpes formicivorus, [356].
Melanoplus sp., ear of, *[187];
structure and life-history of, [157].
Melanoplus vibittatus, [157].
Melanoplus differentialis, [157].
Melanoplus femur-rubrum, [157], *[158].
Melanoplus spretus, [157].
Meleagrina margaritifera, [250].
Merula migratoria propinqua, *[368].
Metamorphosis, complete, [171], [188], [189];
incomplete, [171], [189].
Metazoa, defined, [43].
Mice, [391].
Micropterus dolomien, [282].
Micropterus salmoides, [282].
Migration of birds, [367].
Mimicry, [430].
Millipeds, [226].
Mite, cheese, *[230].
Mites, [229].
Modifications of structure and function, [29].
Moles, [391].
Mollusca, [239].
Molluscs, [239];
classification of, [246];
development of, [246];
form and structure of, [245].
Molting, [361];
of birds, [361].
Monitor, [318].
Monkey, *[400].
Momomerium minutum, *[224].
Monster, Gila, *[317].
Moose, *[385], [396].
Morphology, defined, [3].
Mosquito, [202], *[203].
Mosquitoes, [201];
and malaria, [205];
and yellow fever, [205].
Moth, forest tent-caterpillar, life-history of, *[207].
Moths, [205].
Mourning dove, [351].
Mouse, life-history and habits of, [379];
structure of, [373].
Mud-eel, [297].
Mud-hen, [349].
Mud-puppies, [297].
Mud-turtle, [313].
Multiplication of one-celled animals, [59];
of many-celled animals, [61].
Murres, *[344].
Muscles of toad, structure of, [41].
Mus decumanus, [391].
Mus musculus, structure of, [373].
Mus rattus, [391].
Musk-rat, [391].
Mussel, fresh-water, life-history and habits of, [243];
structure of, [239].
Mya arenaria, [247].
Myotis subulatus, [392].
Myriapoda, [144], [226].
Mytilus californianus, *[248].
Myxine, [279].
Names, scientific, [68].
Narcobatis, [281].
Natrix sipedon, [320].
Nautilus, [255];
pearly, [258].
Nautilus pompilius, [258].
Necturus, [297], [298].
Nemathelminthes, [140].
Neotoma pennsylvanica, [391].
Nereid, *[134].
Nereis sp., *[134].
Nesting of birds, [366].
Nest of oriole, *

[365].
Nettion carolinense, [347].
Night-hawk, [356].
Night-heron, [348].
Nirmus præstans, *[194].
Non-calcarea, [91].
Notes, [447], [448].
Notochord, [259].
Notonecta, [197], [199].
Nucleus, [38].
Nudibranchs, [252], *[254].
Numenius longirostris, [350].
Nyctea nyctea, [353].
Nycticorax, [348].
Octopi, [255].
Octopods, [256].
Odocoileus americanus, [396].
Odonata, [194].
Oligochætæ, [136].
Olor, [347].
Ommatostrephes californica, *[257].
Oncorhynchus tschawtscha, [283].
One-celled animals, multiplication of, [57].
Ooze, foraminifera, [81];
radiolaria, [81].
Opheosaurus ventralis, [317].
Ophiuroidea, [121], [122].
Opossum, [389].
Order, defined, [72].
Oreamnos montanus, [397].
Organ, defined, [14].
Orthoptera, [192];
sound-making of, [193].
Orb-web of Epeiridæ, [236].
Ostrea virginiana, [248].
Ostriches, [341], *[342].
Otocoris alpestris, *[358].
Ovis canadensis, *[383], [396].
Owl, burrowing, [353];
great gray, [353];
great horned, [353];
snowy, [353].
Oyster, [248].
Oyster-crab, [154].
Oyster-drills, [255].
Oysters, [246];
"seed" of, [249];
"spat" of, [249].
Pagurus samuelis, *[153].
Paludicolæ, [348].
Panther, [398].
Paramœcium, *[35];
multiplication of, [60];
structure and life of, [34].
Parasitism, [415].
Paroquet, Carolina, [353].
Parrots, [353].
Passer domesticus, dissection of, (facing) *[327];
life-history and habits of, [335];
structure of, [327].
Passeres, [357].
Pearl-oyster, *[249].
Pelecanus californicus, [346].
Pelecanus erythrorhynchus, [346].
Pelecanus fuscus, [346].
Pelecypoda, [246].
Pelican, brown, [346];
white, [346].
Pentacrinus sp., *[126].
Pentacta frondosa, *[125].
Peripatus eiseni, *[226].
Perla sp., *[182].
Petrels, [345].
Petromyzon marinus, *[278].
Phalacrocorax, [346].
Pheasants, [350].
Phoca vitulina, [397].
Phœbe, black, nest and eggs of, *[340].
Pholas sp., *[250].
Phrynosoma, [318].
Phylloxera, grape, [198], [201].
Phylloxera vastatrix, [198], [201].
Phylum, defined, [73].
Physalia sp., *[97].
Physeter macrocephalus, [393].
Physiology, defined, [3].
Pici, [354].
Pickerel-frog, [300].
Pigeon, band-tailed, [351];
passenger, [351].
Pinnotheres, [154].
Pipe-fish, [285].
Pisces, [263].
Pituophis bellona, *[323].
Planaria sp., *[138].
Planarian, fresh-water, *[138];
marine, *[138].
Planarians, [137].
Plant-lice, [197], [200].
Planula, [96]
Platyhelminthes, [137].
Plectrophenax nivalis, *[358].
Plethodon, [297].
Plover, field, [349].
Pluteus, [119].
Podilymbus podiceps, [343].
Poison-fangs of rattlesnake, *[324].
Pollicipes polymenus, *[153].
Polymorphism, [96].
Polynœ brevisetosa, *[134].
Polyps, [92], [97].
Pomoxis annularis, [282].
Pomoxis separoides, [282].
Pond-snails, [252].
Porcupine, [390].
Porcupine-fish, [285].
Porifera, [84].
Porpoises, [393].
Porzana carolina, [349].
Prairie-chicken, [350].
Prawns, [152].
Preparations, preserving anatomical, [452].
Primates, [398].
Pristis pectinatis, [281].
Protophyta, [82].
Protoplasm, described, [39].
Protopterus, [288].
Protozoa, defined, [43], [75];
form of, [78];
marine, [80].
Pseudemys, [313].
Pseudogryphus californianus, [352].
Psittaci, [353].
Ptarmigan, [356].
Puff-adder, [325].
Puffins, [345].
Pulex irritans, *[204].
Pulmonata, [253].
Puma, [398].
Pumpkin seed, life of, [270];
structure of, [263].
Pupa, [189];
cross-section of body of, honey-bee, *[191].
Pupation, [189].
Purpura saxicola, *[248].
Pygopodes, [343].
Python, [324].
Quail, [350].
Querquedula discors, [347].
Rabbits, [390].
Radiolaria, [80].
Rail, Carolina, [349].
Raja erinacea, [280], *[281].
Raja lævis, [281].
Rana catesbiana, [299].
Rana palustris, [300].
Rana sylvatica, [300].
Rangifer caribou, [396].
Raptores, [351].
Ratitæ, [341].
Rats, [391].
Rattlesnake poison-fangs, *[324].
Rattlesnakes, [321].
Rattles of rattlesnake, *[223].
Reefs, coral, [106].
Reindeer, [396].
Remora, *[287].
Remoropsis brachyptera, *[287].
Root-cage, [460].
Reptiles, body form and organization of, [309];
classification of, [312];
life-history of, [312];
structure of, [310].
Reptilia, [303].
Resemblance, protective, [326].
Rheas, [343].
Road-runner, [354].
Robber-ant, [225].
Robin, Western, *[368].
Rock-bass, [282].
Rock-crab, *[153].
Rock-dove, [351].
Rodents, [390].
Rosalina varians, *[81].
Rotifer sp., *[143].
Round worms, [140].
Ruminants, [395].
Sacculina, [67], *[418].
Sage-hen, [350].
Salamander, red-backed, [297];
tiger, *[292].
Salamanders, [297].
Salmo irideus, *[283].
Salmon, king, [284].
Sand-dollar, [124].
Sand-pipers, [345].
Sanninoidea existiosa, *[212].
Sap-sucker, downy, [355];
hairy, [355].
Saw-fish, [281].
Sayornis nigricans, nest and eggs of, *[340].
Scale insect, red-orange, *[198].
Scale insects, [198].
Scale rose, *[198].
Scales of wings of Lycæna, *[206];
wing of Monarch butterfly, *[174].
Scallops, [246].
Scalops aquaticus, [391].
Scaphiopus, [300].
Sceloporus, [317].
Sciuropterus volans, [391].
Sciurus carolinensis, [391].
Sciurus hudsonicus, [391].
Sciurus ludovicianus, [391].
Scolopendra sp., [228], [229].
Scorpion, *[230].
Scorpions, [229].
Scotiaptex cinera, [353].
Screech-owl, *[352], [353].
Scutigera forceps, *[228].
Scyphozoa, [97], [101].
Sea anemones, [92], [102], *[103].
Sea cucumber, *[125].
Sea-cucumbers, [108], [121], [124].
Sea-fan, [107].
Sea-feather, [106].
Sea-horse, *[285].
Sea-lamprey, [279].
Sea-lily, [118].
Sea-pen, [106].
Sea-shells, [252].
Sea-slugs, [255].
Sea-snakes, [325].
Sea-squirt, *[261].
Sea-turtles, [315].
Sea-urchin, *[114];
structure of, [113].
Sea-urchins, [108], [121], [123].
Seals, [397].
Selection, artificial, [409];
natural, [406].
Sembling of insects, [176].
Sepias, [256].
Setting-board for butterflies, *[466], [467].
Shark, basking, [270], [280];
hammer-headed, [280];
man-eating, [280].
Sharks, [280].
Shearwaters, [345].
Sheep-fluke, [138].
Sheep, Rocky Mt., *[383], [397].
Shipworm, [251].
Shoveller, [347].
Shrews, [391].
Shrimp, [151], [152].
Silk-worm, anatomy of, *[178].
Siphonophore, [98].
Siren, [297], [298].
Sistrurus, [322].
Skate, barn-door, [281];
common, [280], *[281].
Skates, [280].
Skeleton of coral, [105].
Skeletons, preparing, [452].
Skink, blue tailed, *[317].
Skin of toad, structure of, [40].
Slipper-animalcule, *[35];
structure and life of, [34].
Slug, giant yellow, *[252].
Slugs, [252], [253].
Snake coral, [321].
Snake, garter, *[320];
life of, [307];
structure of, [303];
gopher, *[322].
Snake king, *[321].
Snakes, [316].
Snails, [252], [253].
Snapping-turtle, [314].
Snipes, [349].
Snowflakes, *[358].
Snow-goose, [347].
Social life, [410].
Somateria, [347].
Songs of birds, [364].
Sora, [349].
Sound making of orthoptera, [193].
Spadefoot, [300].
Sparrow, English, dissection of, (facing), *[327];
life-history and habits of, [335];
structure of, [327];
western chipping, *[360].
Sparrow-hawk, [353].
Spatula clypeata, [347].
Species, defined, [69].
Species-extinguishing, [442].
Species-forming, [408], [442].
Speotyto cunicularia, [353].
Sphinx chersis larva, *[431].
Sphinx-moth, pen-marked, larva, *[431]
Sphyma, [280].
Spicules, sponge, [85].
Spider and web, *[237].
Spider, crab, *[235];
jumping, *[235];
long-legged, *[233];
running, *[234];
running with egg-sac, *[234];
triangle, and web, *[238].
Spider-crab, [154].
Spiders, [229];
hunting, [233];
sedentary, [233];
trap-door, [233];
wandering 233;
web weaving, [233].
Spinnerets of spider, *[233].
Spizella socialis arizonæ, *[360].
Sponge, commercial, [86];
fresh-water, [84];
glass, *[87];
skeleton of, [88];
structure of, [88].
Sponges, [84];
calcareous ocean, [85];
classification of, [91];
development and life-history of, [89];
feeding habits of, [88];
form and size of, [87];
of commerce, [90].
Spongin, [86].
Spongilla sp., [84].
Springtail, American, *[181].
Squamata, [312], [316].
Squid, great, *[257].
Squids, [255], [257].
Squirrels, [391].
Starfish, *[109];
cross-section of, *[112].
Starfishes, [108], [121].
Stentor sp., *[79].
Sterna, [345].
Sterna maxima, [194].
Sting-ray, [281].
Stone-fly, *[182].
Strix pratincola, [353].
Strongylocentrotus sp., structure of, [113].
Strongylocentrotus franciscanus, *[115], [122];
structure of, [115].
Struggle for existence, [406].
Struthio camelus, [342].
Sub-species, [69].
Suckers, [283].
Sucking-bugs, [197].
Sun animalcule, *[78].
Sunfish, dwarf, [271];
golden, dissection of, (facing) *[263];
life of, [270];
structure of, [263].
Supplies, obtaining laboratory, [453].
Swans, [347].
Swarming of honey-bee, [219].
Swell-fish, [285].
Swift, common, [316].
Sword-fish, [285].

Symbiosis, [155], [413].
Symmetry, bilateral, [5];
radial, [108].
Sympetrum illotum, *[196].
Syngnathus fuscum, [285].
Tadpole, [55].
Tadpoles, *[296].
Tænia solium, [139].
Tapeworm, [139].
Teal, blue-winged, [347];
green-winged, [347].
Teleostomi, [282].
Tell-tale, [349].
Teredo, [251].
Tern, [194].
Terns, [345].
Terrapin, diamond-back, [314];
red-bellied, [314];
yellow-bellied, [314].
Testudo sp., *[315].
Tetragnatha sp., *[233].
Thalarctos maritimus, [398].
Thamnophis sp., life of, [307];
structure of, [303].
Thamnophis parietalis, *[320].
Theridiæ, [235].
Therioplectes sp., cornea of compound eye of, *[186].
Thomisidæ, [235].
Thrasher, sickle-billed, *[371].
Thrush, russet-backed, *[363].
Thymallus signifer, [284].
Ticks, [229].
Tiger-beetles, [209].
Toad, cellular structure of, [40];
development of, [55];
garden, dissection of, [5];
horned, [317];
skeleton of, *[11].
Toads, [299], [300].
Torpedo, [281].
Tortoise, Galapagos giant, *[315].
Tortoises, [313].
Tortoise-shell, [315].
Totanus melanoleucus, [349].
Trachea, *[184].
Tree-frogs, [300].
Tree-toads, [300].
Trepang, [124].
Trichina, [140].
Trichina spiralis, [141], *[141].
Trichinosis, [141].
Triopha modesta, *[254].
Tripoli rock, [82].
Triton, green, [297].
Trochilus colubris, [356];
nest and eggs of, *[357].
Trout, rainbow, *[283].
Tumble bugs, [209].
Turdus ustulaius, *[363].
Turkeys, wild, [350].
Turtle, green, [315];
hawk-bill, [315];
logger-head, [315].
Turtle-dove, [351].
Turtles, [313].
Tympanuchus americanus, [350].
Tyroglyphus siro, *[230].
Ungulata, [393].
Unio sp., life-history and habits of, [243];
structure of, [239].
Uria troile californica, *[344].
Ursus americanus, [398].
Ursus horribilis, [398].
Varanus niloticus, [318].
Variation, [406].
Variety, [69].
Venation of wings of insects, [174];
of wings of Monarch butterfly, *[175].
Venus mercenaria, [247].
Vermes, [127];
life-history and habits of, [132];
classification of, [135].
Vertebrate, defined, [30];
brains of, [376];
eye of, *[379].
Vertebrates, [259];
structure of, [259].
Vespidæ, [217].
Vinegar-eel, [140], *[140].
Viper, [324];
blowing, [321].
Vipera cerasta, [324].
Vorticella sp., *[76].
Vorticella, structure and life of, [75].
Vulpes pennsylvanicus, [398].
Walking-stick, [193], [194].
Wapiti, *[394].
Wasps, [212];
digger, [217];
solitary, [217].
Water-beetle, predaceous, [210].
Water-beetles, [206].
Water-boatman, *[199].
Water-boatmen, [197].
Water-flea, [148], *[149].
Water-dog, [298].
Water-snake, [320].
Water-strider, [197], [199], *[199].
Water tiger, [212], *[214].
Weevils, [209].
Whalebone, [393].
Whales, [393].
Wheel-animalcule, *[143].
Whip-poor-will, [356].
Whitefish, [284].
Wild-cat, [398].
Wings of Monarch butterfly showing venation, *[175].
Wolf, [398].
Woodchuck, [391].
Wood-duck, [347].
Wood-frog, [300].
Wood-lice, [150].
Woodpecker, California, [356];
ivory-billed, [355];
red-headed, [355].
Woodpeckers, [354].
Wood-rat, [391].
Worm, army, *[211].
Worms, [127];
life-history and habits of, [133];
classification of, [135];
marine, *[134].
Xiphias gladius, [285].
Yellow-hammer, *[355].
Yellow-jackets, [217].
Yellow-shank, [349].
Zenaidura macroura, [351].
Zoogeography, [436].
Zooids, [98].
Zoology, a first course in, [3];
defined, [3];
divisions of, [2];
systematic, defined, [3].
Zoophytes, [92].

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[FOOTNOTES:]