[6] lo que, trans., as: As he sees his sons renewing the old splendor of the Fatherland. Vide Bello-Cuervo, Gramática, §§ 976, 977; and Cuervo, Apuntaciones críticas, § 337.
[7] se sienten, are heard. The student should exercise special care in noting the difference between the use of the reflexive as a substitute for the passive voice and the true use of the reflexive; the first use is confined almost entirely to the third person, singular and plural.
[8] Méjico. From 1810 to 1820 the Mexicans fought bravely, but with scant success, to free themselves from the Spanish yoke. During that period three great leaders of Mexican independence were captured and shot by the Spaniards: the priest Miguel Hidalgo, in 1811; the priest Morelos, in 1815; and Francisco Xavier Mina, in 1817. Under the leadership of Santa Ana, in 1823, the Mexicans were finally successful in driving out the Spaniards and establishing a republican form of government.
[9] Quito. Until the beginning of the sixteenth century the present republic of Ecuador was the kingdom of Quito, ruled over by the Incas. After Pizarro’s conquest in 1533 it became the Audiencia of Quito, subject to the rule of the Viceroy of Peru. Ecuador was the last South American country to obtain its independence from Spain. From 1810 to 1822, when the Spaniards were defeated at the battle of Pichincha, it was the scene of much ruthless and fierce fighting.
[10] cuál, trans., how.
[11] Potosí, Cochabama, la Paz, cities in Bolivia. Most of the fighting against the Spaniards in Bolivia took place in the triangle formed by those three cities. V. map.
[12] Caracas, capital of Venezuela, the first South American country to declare its independence from Spain, in 1811. About that time the terrors of an earthquake, which destroyed the greater part of the city, were added to those of war.
[13] cual, trans., like.
[14] a, trans., against.
[15] vencedor, trans., as a conqueror; note absolute construction.