[319] 20 October 1827.—T.
[320] An ordinance creating seventy-six new peers was issued simultaneously with that dissolving the Chamber of Deputies.—B.
[321] Jacques Laffitte (1767-1844), the banker and statesman, Governor of the Bank of France (1814), Minister of Finance and Premier (1830-1831).—T.
[322] Casimir Périer (1777-1832) was elected President of the Chamber of Deputies, after the Revolution of 1830, and succeeded Laffitte as Prime Minister in 1831. He was the grandfather of M. Jean Paul Pierre Casimir-Périer, who was President of the French Republic from June 1894 to January 1895.—T.
[323] M. de Villèle resigned office on the 2nd of December 1827.
[324] Joseph Marie Comte Portalis (1778-1858), a count of the Empire (1810), peer of France (1819), Keeper of the Seals (1828), Minister of Foreign Affairs (1829), First President of the Court of Appeal (1829-1852).—B.
[325] Lieutenant-general Louis Victor Vicomte de Caux (1775-circa 1845), raised to the peerage by Louis-Philippe in 1832.—T.
[326] Antoine Comte Roy (1764-1847) was three times Minister of Finance (1818, 1819-1821 and 1828-1829). In 1798, the Duc de Bouillon made over the greater part of his property to M. Roy, in return for an annuity of 300,000 francs; the duke died a few months later, and M. Roy found himself one of the richest landed proprietors in France.—B.
[327] Jean Baptiste Silvère Gaye, Vicomte de Martignac (1776-1832), the well-meaning but unfortunate minister. He defended the Prince de Polignac on his trial in 1831 and died within the following year.—T.
[328] Charles François Riffardeau, Duc de Rivière (1763-1828). As a personal friend of the Comte d'Artois and his aide-de-camp during the Emigration, he was implicated in the trial of Georges Cadoudal, in 1804, and sentenced to death. The Empress Joséphine's intervention caused this penalty to be commuted, and he was imprisoned for four years in the fortress of Joux and subsequently transported. Louis XVIII. made him a peer of France and Ambassador to Constantinople. Charles X. created him an hereditary duke (1825) and, in 1826, made him governor to the Duc de Bordeaux. In 1822, the Duc de Rivière presented Louis XVIII. with the Venus of Milo, which he had discovered during his embassy to the Sultan.—B.