From the new edition of syntheses of world history congresses and different works and files of this nature, by Henry Berr, I have concluded: “History has begun because it is life, life is a continuing history. In reality, the past and the present are indissoluble”. “Man will never understand well his present but through his past, his past and then his present”. “The work of the historian is to unite more closely to the past, the future to the present; he should live from his time, he should remember and study the past in order to search a better and more fertile future”.

[ANNEX NO. 1]

FIRST CYCLE	SECOND CYCLE
1^st Great demographic fractionation wave.	2^nd Great demographic fractionation wave.
900 B.C.	17 Centuries later. 800 A.D.
Power is in the hands of the sacerdotal aristocracy. Priests govern the cities. The Autochthonous population is in a régime based on clientele régime. Cultural inactivity.	Power is in the hands of the feudal aristocracy. Bishops are the ones who govern. The population is under the serfdom régime. Cultural inactivity.
From 900 to 500 B.C.	17 Centuries later. 800 to 1200 A.D.
The clientele gradually improves its condition and goes on to constitute in its majority a middle class, a minority becomes rich with the development of commerce and industry and constitutes a new class: the rich aristocracy.	The serfs of the soil gradually improve their condition and go on to constitute, in their majority, a middle class, a minority becomes rich with commerce and industry and constitutes a new class: the aristocracy of the rich.
From 500 to 250 B.C.	17 Centuries later. 1200 to 1400 A.D.
Power goes to the hands of the aristocracy of the rich or high bourgeoisie, and afterwards to the middle class or petit bourgeoisie (democracy).	Power goes to the hands of the high bourgeoisie and forthwith, to the middle class (democracy).

THE TWO IMPERIALIST WAVES

With the two imperial waves we reach our time. In order to know with more detail the events that came about, we are going to follow the same parallel but stopping at each one of the nations.

1^st Wave.	2^nd Wave.
450 B.C.	17 Centuries later. 1250 A.D.
The Cities of Ionia fall under the hegemony of the Persian Empire.	The Cities of Ionia fall under the hegemony of the Turkish Empire.

G R E E C E

350 B.C.	1350 A.D.
The Macedonian Empire extends its hegemony over Greece.	The Turkish Empire extends its hegemony over Greece.
270 y 230 B.C.	17 Centuries later. 1430 and 1470 A.D.
The Empires of Rome and Carthage establish their hegemony over the Italian and Iberian Peninsulas.	The Austrian and Spanish Empires establish their hegemony over the Italian and Iberian Peninsulas.

We observe this interesting event: in the first Imperial process, the unifying wave advances thanks to the appearance of four different Empires of Persia, Macedonia, Carthaginian and Rome, and end with one sole empire, the Roman. But in the second wave the contrary occurs, the unifying process starts only with the Turkish Empire and ends with the four Empires of Austria, Spain, France and England. In the Germanic zone a similar phenomenon is produced; in principle, the unifying process of the first cycle is carried out thanks to the Visigoth and French Empires, by one only Empire: that of Prussia.

123 B.C.	17 Centuries later. 1577 A.D.
The Cities of Gaul fall under the hegemony of Rome.	The Cities of Gaul fall under the hegemony of the new imperial nucleus of the Island of France.
54 B.C.	17 Centuries later, 1646 A.D.
The Roman Empire extends its hegemony over the British Isles.	The English Empire extends its hegemony over the British Isles.
29 B.C.	17 Centuries later, 1671
Limits in the Rhine.	Limits in the Rhine (Kingdom of Luis XIV).
From 29 B.C. to 9 A.D.	1671 - 1709
Tentative of expansion of the Empire on the Germanic people and failure (the Battle of Teutoberg).	Tentative of expansion of the Austrian Empire on the Germanic people and failure (Thirty Years War).
From 98 to 117 A.D.	17 Centuries later, 1798 - 1817
With Trajan, the Mediterranean and Atlantic zones made up of the British Isles, reach their maximum expansion.	With Napoleon and Austria, the Mediterranean and Atlantic zones reach their maximum points.