A Study of Pueblo Architecture: Tusayan and Cibola / Eighth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1886-1887, Government Printing Office, Washington, 1891, pages 3-228

by Victor Mindeleff; Cosmos Mindeleff

[INDEX]

A
Acoma, arrival of the Asanyumu at	[30]
direction of kivas of	[116]
kiva trap-doors at	[207]
Adobe, use in Tusayan	[54], [78]
use in Zuñi attributed to foreign influence	[139]
necessity for protecting against rain	[156]
used in Spanish churches	[224]
Adobe balls used in garden walls	[146]
Adobe bricks, in Hawikut church	[81]
use modern in Zuñi	[138]
Adobe mortar, in Tâaaiyalana structures	[90]
Cibola and Tusayan use of, compared	[137]
Adobe walls on stone foundation at Moenkopi	[78]
Áikoka. See Acoma	[30]
Aiyáhokwi, the descendants of the Asa at Zuñi	[30]
Alleyway, Hawikuh	[81]
Altar, conformity of, to direction of kiva	[116]
Andiron, Shumopavi	[176]
Annular doorway	[192], [193]
Apache, inroads upon Tusayan by the	[25], [26], [35]
exposure of southern Cibola to the	[96]
Architectural nomenclature	[220], [223]
Architecture, comparison of constructional details of Tusayan andCibola	[100]-[223]
adaption to defense	[226], [227]
adaption to environment	[225], [226], [227], [228]
Art, textile and fictile, degree of Pueblo advancement in	[227]
Arts of Cibola and Tusayan closely related	[224]
Asa, migrations of the	[30], [31]
language of the	[37]
houses of, Hano	[61]
Asanyumu. See Asa.
Awatubi, survey of	[14]
Spanish mission established at	[22]
when and by whom built	[29]
settlement of the Asa at	[30]
attacked by the Walpi	[34]
description of ruins of	[49], [50]
possession of sheep by the	[50]
clay tubes used as roof drains at	[155]
fragments of passage wall at	[181]
Aztecs, ruined structures attributed to the	[225]
B
Badger people leave Walpi	[31]
Baho, use of, in kiva consecratory ceremonies	[119]-[120], [129], [130]
Balcony, notched and terraced	[187]
Banded masonry	[145]
Bandelier, A.F., description of chimney	[173]
explorations of	[197]
on ancient stone inclosures	[216]
Bat house, description of ruin of	[52]
Bátni, the first pueblo of the Snake people of Tusayan	[18]
Bedsteads not used by Pueblos	[214]
Beams, Tusayan kivas, taken from Spanish church at Shumopavi	[76]
for supporting upper walls	[144]
modern finish of	[149]
construction of steps upon	[162]
for supporting passageway wall	[181]
Chaco pueblos, how squared	[184]
Bear people, settlement in Tusayan of the	[20], [26]
removal to Walpi of the	[21], [27]
movements of	[27], [30], [31], [38]
Bear-skin-rope people, settlement in Tusayan of the	[26], [27]
Benches or ledges of masonry, Zuñi rooms	[110]
Tusayan kivas	[121], [123], [125]
Mashongnavi mungkiva	[127]
around rooms of pueblo houses	[213]
Bins for storage in Tusayan rooms	[109], [209], [210]
Blankets formerly used to cover doorways	[182], [188], [189], [194]
Blue Jay people, settlement in Tusayan of the	[26], [27]
Bond stones used in pueblo walls	[144], [198]
Boss, or andiron, Shumopavi	[176]
Boundary line, Hano and Sichumovi	[36]
Boundary mark, Shumopavi and Oraibi	[28]
Boxes for plumes	[210]
Bricks of adobe modern in Zuñi	[138]
Brush, use of, in roof construction	[150]
Brush shelters	[217]-[219]
Burial custom of K’iakima natives	[86]
Burial inclosures at K’iakima	[147]
Burial place of Zuñi	[148]
Burrowing Owl people, settlement in Tusayan of the	[26]
Buttress, formerly of Halona, existing in Zuñi	[88], [89]
Buttress projections, Zuñi	[111]
Tusayan rooms	[109], [110]
girders supported by	[144]
chimney supported by	[172], [173]
support of passageway roofs by	[181]
C
Cages for eagles at Zuñi	[214]
Canyon de Chelly, proposed study of ruins of	[14]
Tusayan, tradition concerning villages of	[19]
early occupancy of, by the Bear people at Tusayan	[20]
occupied by the Asa	[30]
use of whitewash in cliff houses of	[74], [145]
circular kivas of	[117], [133]
finish of roofs of houses of	[150], [151]
doorway described and figured	[190]
cliff dwellings of	[217]
Casa Blanca, traces of whitewashing at	[145]
Castañeda’s account of Cibolan milling	[211], [212]
Cattle introduced into Tusayan	[22]
Cave lodges occupied in historic times	[225]
Cave used by inhabitants of Kwaituki	[57]
Ceiling plan of Shupaulovi kiva	[123], [125], [126]
Ceilings, retention of original appearance of rooms throughnonrenovation of	[89]
Cellars not used in Tusayan and Cibola	[143]
Ceremonial chamber. See Kiva.
Ceremonial paraphernalia of Tusayan taken by the Navajo	[50]
Ceremonies connected with Tusayan house-building	[100]-[104], [168]
Ceremonies accompanying kiva construction	[115], [118]
Ceremonies performed at placing of Zuñi ladders	[160]
Chaco ruins, character of	[14], [70]
compared with Kin-tiel	[92]
finish of masonry of	[140], [226]
upper story partitions of, supported by beams	[144]
finish of woodwork of	[149], [184]
symmetry of arrangement of outer openings of	[195]
loop-holes in walls of	[198]
Chairs, lack of in Pueblo houses	[212]
Chalowe, description of	[83]
Charred roof timbers of Tusayan kiva	[120]
Chimney. See Fireplace.
Chimney-hoods, how constructed	[169]-[175]
Chimneys, traces of in K’iakima	[85]
remains of, at Matsaki	[86]
Tusayan	[102]
Zuñi	[111]
described and figured	[167]-[180]
Chukubi pueblo, built by the Squash people	[25]
description	[58], [59]
fragments of passage wall at	[181]
Church, Shumopavi, established by Spanish monks	[75], [76]
Hawikuh	[81], [138]
Ketchipauan, remains of	[81], [82]
in court of Zuñi	[98], [138], [148]
See Mission.
Churches established in Zuñi and Tusayan	[224]
Cibola, ruins and inhabited villages of	[80]-[99]
architecture of compared with that of Tusayan	[100]-[223]
See Zuñi.
Circular doorway of Kin-tiel described	[192]
Circular kivas, antiquity of	[116]
traditional references to	[135]
absent in Cibolan pueblos	[224]
Circular room at Oraibi Wash	[54]-[55]
Circular rooms at Kin-tiel	[93]
Circular wall of kiva near Sikyatki	[117]
Clay surface of pueblo roofs	[151]
Clay tubes used as roof drains	[155]
Cliff dwellings, Moen-kopi	[54]
use of whitewash in	[74]
absence of chimneys in	[168]
developed from temporary shelters	[217]
occupied in historic times	[225]
Climatic conditions, effect of, upon pueblo architecture	[140], [227]
Clustering of Tâaaiyalana ruins	[89]-[90]
Cochití claimed to be a former Tewa pueblo	[37]
Communal village, development of pueblo architecture from conical lodgeto	[226]
Consecration of kivas	[129]
Contours represented on plans, interval of	[45]
Cooking, pueblo method of	[164]
Cooking pits and ovens described	[162]-[166], [176]-[177]
Cooking stones of Tusayan, flames of	[104]
Copings of walls described	[151]-[152]
Coping of hatchways	[203]
Coping. See Roof-coping.
Cords, used for suspending chimney	[170]
Corner stones of Tusayan kivas	[119]
Corrals, Payupki	[59]
Sichumovi	[62]-[63]
Hawikuh	[81]
Ketchipauan	[81]
modern, at K’iakima	[85]
how constructed	[146]
described in detail	[214]-[217]
Cotton cultivated by the Tusayan	[33]
Courts, Mishiptonga	[52]
Kwaituki	[56]
Chukubi	[59]
Sichumovi	[62]
Walpi	[63]
Mashongnavi	[68]
Shupaulovi	[71]
Shumopavi	[74]
Hawikuh	[81]
Ketchipauan	[81]
Matsaki	[86]
Tâaaiyalana	[90]
Kin-tiel	[92]
Pescado	[95]
Zuñi	[98]
Covered way, how developed	[76]
Covered passages and gateways described	[180]-[182]
Coyote people, settlement in Tusayan of the	[26]
Coyote kiva, direction of the	[116]
Crossbars used in fastening wooden doors	[183]
Crosspieces of ladders	[159]
Cruzate, visit to Awatubi of	[49]
Culture of pueblo tribes, degree of	[227]
Cushing, Frank H., identifies K’iakima as scene of death ofEstevanico	[86]
excavations at Halona	[88], [193]
opinion concerning western wall of Halona	[89]
opinion concerning distribution of Tâaaiyalana ruins	[89]-[90]
on the former occupancy of Kin-tiel	[92]
Haloua identified as one of the Seven Cities of Cibola	[97]
on Zuñi tradition concerning stone-close	[192]
D
Dais of kivas	[121], [122], [123]
Dance ceremony in kiva consecration	[130]
Dance rock, Tusayan, reference to snake dance of	[65]
Débris, how indicated in plans of ruins	[45]
an indication of original height of walls	[90]
Decoration, house openings	[145]-[146]
Kiva roof timbers	[119], [120]
ladder crosspieces	[159]
roof beams	[123], [124]
wall of Mashongnavi house	[146]
wooden chair	[213]
Zuñi window sashes	[196]
Deer horns used as pegs in Zuñi	[111]
Defense, wall for, at Bat House	[52]
a motive for selection of dwelling site	[56]
architecture relied upon for	[58]
method of, of Payupki	[59], [60]
not a factor in selection of Mashongnavi site	[67]
features of, at Ojo Calient	[69]
wall for, at Pueblo Bonito	[70]
features of, at Tusayan and Zuñi compared	[76]
sites chosen for, inconvenient to sources of subsistence	[77]
use of Kelchipauan church for, by natives	[82]
the motive of occupation of Tâaaiyalana mesa	[90]
provision for, at Kin-tie	[92], [93]
provisions for, in Ketchipauan church	[96]
motive for, dying out in Zuñi	[96]-[97]
efficiency of, at Zuñi	[97]
not a motive in selection of site of Zuñi	[97]
gateways arranged for	[180], [182]
loopholes for	[198]
adaptation of architecture to	[225]
Doors to ground floor rooms of Zuñi	[143]
Doors of various lands described	[183]-[194]
Doorway, Walpi kiva, closed with cottonwood slab	[64]
Kin-tiel	[93]
position of, in Tusayan	[103]
stepped form in Tusayan	[109]
how sealed against intrusion	[110]
window and chimney in one	[121]
annular	[193]
Doorways, closed with masonry	[183], [187], [188], [189]
why made small	[197]
Drainage of roof, relations of certain roof openings to	[203]-[204]
Drains of roofs described	[153]-[156]
Drains. See roof drains.
E
Eagle cages of Zuñi	[214]
Eagle people, migration legend of the	[28]
Earth used in pueblo roof construction	[150]
Eaves, lack of, in Tusayan houses	[102]
Echo Cave fireplace described	[168]
Entrances, uniformity of direction of, in Zuñi kivas	[116]
Environment, adaptation, of architecture to	[225], [226], [227], [228]
Estevanico’s death, at K’iakima	[86]
Estufa. See Kiva.
F
Families occupying Oraibi	[105]-[108]
Farming outlook, Matsaki used as	[86]
near Kin-tiel	[93]
Farming pueblos, Cibola	[14]
Moen-kopi	[77]
Nutria	[94], [95]
Pescado	[95]-[96]
Ojo Caliente	[96]
Zuñi	[198]
Fastenings of doors	[186]
Feathers, use of, in house-building ceremonies	[101], [102]
Feather wand or baho used in kiva-building ceremonials	[119], [120], [129], [130]
Fences of corrals and gardens	[215], [217]
Fetiches, where placed during kiva ceremonial	[122]
Tusayan kivas	[130], [131]
Fire gens, Tebugkihu constructed by the	[57]
Fire-house or Tebugkihu, Tusayan	[20], [57], [100], [142], [224]
Fire people of Tusayan, migration of the	[20]
Fireplaces	[102], [109], [121], [125], [163], [167]-[180]
Floor, Mashongnavi house	[109]
stone flags, Tusayan kiva	[121]
sandstone slabs, Shupaulovi kiva	[123]
Floors in pueblo buildings, various kinds described	[121], [135], [148]-[151]
Folk-tale of the Zuñi, describing stone-close	[193]
Food sacrifices in Tusayan house building	[101], [102]
Fortress houses the highest type of Pueblo construction	[77]
Frames of trap-doors, method of making	[206]
Framing of windows, method of	[196]-[198]
Fuel, how stored in Tusayan	[103]
Fuel used in kivas	[121]
Fuel of kivas, where stored	[124]
Furniture of the Pueblos described	[208]-[214]
G
Gardens and corrals of the Pueblos	[214]-[217]
Gardens and garden walls	[215]-[217]
Garden walls, how constructed	[146]
Gateway at Awatubi	[49]
Gateway jambs at Kin-tiel, finish of	[181]
Gateways, probable existence in Kin-tiel of	[93]
Gateways and covered passages described	[180]-[182]
Gateways of corrals	[214]
Genesis myth of the Tusayan	[16]
Gentes of Tusayan, grouping of houses by	[24]
land apportionment by	[29]
list of traditionary	[38]
localization of	[104]-[108]
Girders supporting upper walls	[144]
Tusayan houses supported by piers	[151]
Glass used in modern Pueblo windows	[193]
Glazing of Pueblo windows	[196], [197]
Goat kiva of Walpi, height of	[119]
Gourd used as roof drain	[154], [155]
Grass, use of, in roof construction	[150]
Graves, probable existence of, in Kin-tiel	[93]
Gravestones at K’iakima	[85], [86], [147]
Greasewood, the ordinary kiva fuel	[121]
Grinding stones. See Metate; Milling.
Ground plan, Mashongnavi room	[108]
Shupaulovi kiva	[125]
Ground plans of Zuñi and Tusayan compared	[76]
of mesa villages influenced by prevailing winds	[182]
Guyave or piki oven	[173], [175]
Gyarzobi or Paroquet kiva, roof timbers of	[120]
Gypsum used as whitewash	[73], [74], [172]
H
Hairdressing among the Tusayan	[37]
Halona, description of	[88], [89]
remains of the nucleus of Zuñi	[97], [98]
walls of the nucleus of modern Zuñi	[138]
stone-close at, described	[193]
“Halving” of timbers in kiva trap-frames	[206]
Hampassawan, description of	[83]-[85]
Hand-holds cut in faces of cliffs	[191]
Hand-holds in frames of trap-doors	[192]
Hano, Asa group occupy site of	[30]
description of	[61], [62]
direction of kivas of	[115]
kiva, ownership of	[134]
kivas, list of	[136]
rude transom over roof beam in	[187]
sealed openings in	[199]
Hano people, length of time spent in Tusayan by the	[35]
received by the Tusayan	[36]
trouble between the Walpi and	[37]
Hanomuh, the inhabitants of Hano	[17]
definition of	[36]
Hano traditions regarding settlement in Tusayan	[35]
Harvest time, how determined in Zuñi	[148]
Hatchways to pueblo houses	[110], [120], [121], [124], [127]
Hawikuh, description of	[80], [81]
Hawikuh church, durability of masonry of	[138]
Hemenway Southwestern Archeological Expedition, excavations atHalona	[193]
High-house people, a Navajo clan	[30]
Hinged sashes not in use in Zuñi	[196]
Hinges of Pueblo doors	[184]
Hodge, F. Webb, on stone-close of Halona	[193]
Holmes, William H., on ruins of the San Juan	[147]
Homólobi, the early home of the Sun and Water peoples	[29]
legend of Water people concerning	[31]
Hopituh, the native name of the Tusayan	[17]
Hopituh marriage within phratries and gentes	[24]
Horn House, description of ruin of	[50], [51]
Horn people migration legend	[18]
early settlement in Tusayan of the	[19]
House-building rites of Tusayan	[100]-[104]
House clusters in Zuñi, arrangement of	[98]
Hungo Pavie, finish of roofs in	[150]
I
Interior arrangement of pueblos	[108]-[111]
Interior of Zuñi house described	[110]
Irrigation of gardens near Walpi	[217]
J
Jackson, W. H., on ruins of the San Juan	[147]
photographs of pueblo ruins by	[147]
describes fireplace of Echo Cave	[168]
Jar of large size used for storage	[210]
Jars used in chimney construction	[180]
Jeditoh group of ruins	[52], [53]
Jemez oven-opening described	[165]
K
Kaékibi, an ancient pueblo	[30]
Kaiwáika. See Laguna	[30]
Kápung. See Santa Clara	[37]
Katchina kiva of Oraibi	[135]
Katchina people depart from Oraibi for eastern Tusayan villages	[26], [27]
Katchinkihu, occurrence of, in ruined kiva near Sikyatki	[117]
described	[121], [123]
Shupaulovi kiva	[126]
Mashonguavi mungkiva	[127]
Kótite. See Cochití.
Ketchipauan church built of stone	[224]
Ketchipauan, description of	[81]-[83]
Kiáini. See High-house people	[30]
K’iakima, description of	[85], [86]
upright stone slabs at	[147]
Kikoli rooms occupied in winter	[103], [104], [131]
Kin-tiel, description of	[91]-[94]
compared with Nutria	[94]
compared with Pescado	[96]
plan of, prearranged	[100]
compared with Oraibi	[114]
occurrence of upright stone slab at	[147]-[148]
beams of ruins of	[149]
upper room of, paved with stone	[151]
fireplace in room of	[163], [168]
defensive gateway at	[181]
Kin-tiel, finish of gateway jambs at	[181]
circular doorway at, described	[192], [193]
openings at, of uniform height	[194]
site of	[224]
Kisákobi, description of pueblo of	[21]
Kishoni, or uncovered shade	[217]-[218]
“Kisi” construction	[217]-[219]
Kitdauwi—the house song of Tusayan	[118]-[119]
Kiva, study of construction of	[14]
remains of, at Payupki	[60]
Mashongnavi	[66]
of Moen-kopi	[78]
origin of the name	[111]
ancient form of	[116], [117]
native explanation of position of	[118]
duties of mungwi, or chief of the	[133]
ownership of	[133]-[134]
motive for building	[134]-[135]
significance of structural plan of	[135]
measurements of	[136]
hatchways of	[201]-[202], [205]-[207]
openings of, at Acoma	[207]
See Mungkiva.
Kivas, excavated, at Awatubi	[50]
Hano	[61]
Sichumovi	[62]
Walpi	[63], [64], [65]
Shupaulovi	[72]
Shumopavi	[74]
Kin-tiel and Cibola compared	[93]
Zuñi, where located during Spanish occupancy	[99]
in Tusayan	[111]-[137]
typical plans of	[118]-[129]
dimensions of	[118], [136]
of, measurements of	[118], [136]
annually repaired by women	[129]
uses of	[130]
nomenclature of	[130], [223]-[223]
Tusayan, list of	[136]
nonuse of chimneys in	[178]
Zuñi, stone window-frames of	[197]
Kwaituki, description of ruin of	[56]-[57]
Kwálakwai, Hano tradition related by	[35]
Kwetcap tutwi, the second pueblo of the snake people of Tusayan	[18]
L
Ladders, arrangement in Tusayan kiva	[121]
withdrawal of rungs to prevent use of	[113]
significance of position of, in kivas	[135]
described	[156]-[162]
second-story terrace of Tusayan reached principally by	[182]
openings for, in roofs	[205]
Laguna, arrival of the Asanyumu at	[30]
Lalénkobáki, a female society of Tusayan	[134]
Land apportionment by gentes in Tusayan	[29]
Language of the Asa and Hano of Tusayan	[37]
Languages of Tusayan, tradition regarding difference in	[36]
Las Animas ruins, trap-door frames in	[206]
Latches of doors	[186]-[187]
Latch strings used on Zuñi doors	[183]
Lathing or wattling of kiva walls	[126]
Ledges of masonry in kivas	[121]
Ledges or benches around rooms	[213]
Lenbaki, society of Tusayan	[18]
Light, method of introducing, in inner rooms	[207]
Lighting, method of, in crowded portions of Zuñi	[99]
Lintels of old windows embedded in masonry	[200]
Lizard people move from Walpi	[31], [38]
Lock and key of wood, how made	[187]
Loom appurtenances	[212]
Loom posts of kivas	[128]-[129], [132]
Loophole-like openings in pueblo buildings	[127], [198]
M
Mamzrántiki, an Oraibi society of women	[134]
Mandan ladder described and figured	[158]
Maricopa, myth of the Water people of Tusayan concerning the	[32]
Marriage of the Hopituh within phratries and gentes	[24]
Mashongnavi, origin of name of	[26]
settlement of Paroquet and Katchina peoples in	[27]
settlementof the Water people at	[32]
description of ruins of	[48]
age of masonry at	[66]
description of	[66]-[70]
ground plan of room of	[108]
direction of kivas of	[115]
description of dais of kiva at	[122]
list of kivas at	[136]
wall decoration at	[146]
notched ladder of	[157]-[158]
pi-gummi ovens at	[163]-[164]
shrines of	[167]
chimney hoods of	[170]-[171]
second-story fireplace at	[174]
doorway with transom at	[190]
corrals of rude stonework at	[214]
See Old Mashongnavi.
Masonry, ancient, at Nutria	[94]
Ojo Caliente carelessly constructed	[96]
exterior, of kivas	[114]
Masonry of Pueblo Bonito, skill shown in	[195]
Mat close for kiva hatchways	[127], [128]
Matsaki, description of	[86]
sun symbol at	[148]
Meal, votive, used in pueblo house-building	[101]
Mealing trough. See Milling.
Metate used as roof-drain	[154], [155]
Metates, or grinding stones, how arranged in pueblo houses	[109], [110], [210], [211]
Migration, effect of, upon pueblo architecture	[15]
Migration of the Tusayan	[17]
Migration of Tusayan Water people	[31], [32]
Migration of the Horn people	[18], [19]
Migration of the Bear people of Tusayan	[20]
Migration of the Asanynmu of Tusayan	[30]
Milling troughs of Pueblo households	[109], [210], [212]
Mindeleff, Cosmos, acknowledgments to	[14], [15]
on traditional history of Tusayan	[16]-[41]
Mindeleff, Victor, paper on pueblo architecture	[3]-[228]
Mishiptonga, description of ruin of	[52]-[53]
Mission buildings of Shumopavi	[27], [75]-[76]
Mission house at Walpi, timbers of, used in Walpi kiva	[119]
Missions of Tusayan	[22], [49]
Moen-kopi surveyed and studied	[14]
description of ruins of	[53]-[54]
description of village of	[77]
Mole people, settlement in Tusayan of the	[27]
Montezuma Canyon ruins, use of large stone blocks in	[147]
Monument marking boundary of Oraibi and Shumopavi	[28]
Morgan, L.H., Mandan ladder described by	[158]
on. trap-door frames in Las Animas ruins	[205]
Mormon and Pueblo building compared	[148]
Mormons, effect of the, upon development of Moen-kopi	[77]
establishment of woolen mill at Moen-kopi by the	[78]
fort built by, at Moen-kopi	[184]
lock and key contrivance of	[187]
Mortar of adobe mud	[137]
Mortars used in Pueblo households	[212]
Mortised door in Zuñi house	[110], [186]
Mummy cave, Arizona, ruin in	[64]
finish of roofs in ruins of	[150]
Mungkiva, Mashongnavi	[127]
of Shupaulovi	[113], [122]
Tusayan	[134]
N
Nambé, Tewa pueblo	[37]
Navajo, Asa of Tusayan live among	[30]
huts of, closed with blankets	[189]
method of sheep-herding compared with Pueblo	[214]
Nelson, E.W., graves unearthed by	[86]
collection of stone-closes by	[193]
Niches, use of, in kivas	[121], [122]
Niches formed in old window openings	[110], [200], [208]-[209]
Nomenclature of Tusayan structural details	[220]-[223]
Númi. See Nambé.
Notched logs used as ladders	[157]-[158]
Nutria, compared with Kin-tiel	[91]
description of	[91]-[95]
Nuvayauma, old Mashongnavi tradition related by	[47]-[48]
Nuvwatikyuobi kiva	[120]
O
Oak mound kiva, Tusayan, decadence of membership of	[135]
Ohke. See San Juan.
Ojo Caliente, a modern village	[54], [96]-[97]
chinked walls of	[142]
Old Mashongnavi, tradition concerning occupation of	[47]-[48]
Openings, splayed, in Ketchipauan church	[82]
walls of Tâaaiyalana structures	[90]
Kin-tiel walls	[92], [93]
oblique Zuñi	[98], [207]-[208]
to kivas	[113]-[114]
in wall of Zuñi kiva	[114]
in lee walls	[182]
Openings of Pueblo houses banded with whitewash	[145]-[146]
Oraibi, retirement of Sikyátki inhabitants to	[24]
departure of Ketchina and Paroquet peoples from	[27]
settlement by the Bears of	[27]
traditions regarding first settlement of	[27]
settlement of the Water people at	[33]
affray between the Walpi and	[35]
description of	[76]-[77]
families occupying	[105]-[108]
direction of kivas of	[115]-[116]
rare use of plastering on outer walls of	[144]
Oraibi, notched ladders described and figured	[157]-[158]
stone steps at, figured	[161]
corral walls at, laid without mortar	[147]
distribution of gentes of	[104]-[105]
kiva for women	[134]
list of kivas of	[137]
kiva, hatchway of	[201]
corrals at, large size of	[214]
Oraibi-Shumopavi boundary stone	[28]
Oraibi wash, ruins on the	[54]-[56]
Orientation of kivas	[115]-[116]
Ovens at Pescado	[95]
upon roofs	[151]
various kinds described	[162]-[166]
in Zuñi	[164]-[165]
Oven-shaped structures described and figured	[167]
Oven-surface imbedded with pottery scales	[139]
P
Paintings on kiva walls	[131]
Palát Kivabi, the pristine habitat of the Squash and Sun people ofTusayan	[25], [29]
Paneled doors in modern pueblos	[184]-[186]
Parallelogramic form of Tusayan buildings	[102]-[118]
Paroquet people, settlement in Shumopavi of the	[37]
Partitions in Ketchipauan church	[82]
Partitions of upper story supported by beams	[144]
Passageways, Shupaulovi	[72]
Shumopavi	[74]
rarity of, at Oraibi	[76]
description of	[180]-[182]
Paving Shupaulovi kiva	[126]
Paving stones of kiva floor, how finished	[125]
Payupki, tradition concerning pueblo of	[40]
migration legend	[40]
description of	[59]-[60]
finish of masonry of	[143]
fragments of passage wall at	[181]
Peaches planted by the Asa people	[30]
Pegs, deer horns used as, in Zuñi	[111]
Pegs for suspending kiva fuel	[121]
Peña Blanca formerly inhabited by the Hano	[35]
Peñasco Blanco, occurrence of upright stone slab at	[148]
method of roof construction at	[150]
Pescado compared with Kin-tiel	[91]
description of	[95]-[96]
corral walls at, how constructed	[147]
outside steps at	[160]
ovens at, described and figured	[165]-[166]
fragment of stone close in steps of	[193]
stone inclosure in court of	[214]
Pestles or crushers used with Pueblo mortars	[212]
Petroglyph, or sun-symbol at Matsaki	[86]
Ketchipauan church	[82]
legend of the Tusayan concerning	[32]
Phratries, Tusayan	[24], [38]
Pictograph on Oraibi-Shumopavi boundary monument	[28]
Piers of masonry for supporting girders	[151]
Piers. See Buttresses.
Pi-gummi ovens of Mashongnavi	[163]
Piki or guyave oven	[173]-[175]
Piki stone, process of making	[175]
Pima, myth of the Water people of Tusayan concerning the	[32]
opinion of the, as to ancient stone inclosures	[216]
Pinawa, description of	[86], [88]
Pine invariably used for kiva ladders	[135]
Pink clay used in house decorations	[146]
Pits for cooking	[163]
Plan of villages, traditional mention of	[104]
Plans and descriptions, Tusayan ruins	[45]-[60]
inhabited villages	[61]-[79]
Cibolan ruins	[80]
Zuñi villages	[94]-[99]
Plan of pueblo houses not usually prearranged	[100]-[162]
Planting time, how determined in Zuñi	[148]
Plaster, frequent renewal of, at Shumopavi	[73]
Plastering, renovation of rooms by frequent	[89]
on outer walls in Ojo Caliente	[96]
custom formerly observed in	[102]
on floor in Mashongnavi	[109]
kiva walls	[115]
Shupaulovi kiva, condition of	[124]-[125]
Shupaulovi kiva	[126]
on walls	[140]
on masonry	[144]
chimney hoods	[169], [172]
side hole of door for fastening	[183]-[184]
Platform in floor of Tusayan kiva	[121]
Platform at head of steps	[161]-[162]
Plaza. See Court.
Plume boxes	[210]
Plume stick, baho, or feather wand, used in Kiva consecratoryceremonials	[119]-[120], [129], [130]
Plume-stick shrines at Mashongnavi	[167]
Pojoaque, a Tewa pueblo	[37]
Pokwádi. See Pojoaque	[37]
Polaka, Hano tradition given by	[35]
Poles for suspension of blankets, etc.	[110], [189], [208], [214]
Ponobi kiva of Oraibi, wall lathing of	[126]
Population, enlargement of pueblos necessitated by increase of	[70]
Porch posts	[81], [82]
Posówe, a former Tewa pueblo	[37]
Posts of porch, remains of, at Hawikuh and Ketchipauan	[81], [82]
Posts sunk in floor forming part of loom	[212]
Pots used in chimney construction	[179]-[180]
Pottery fragments, Horn House ruin	[51]
Kwaituki	[57]
ruin on Oraibi wash	[55]
used in mud-plastered walls	[139]
Pottery of Payupki, character of	[60]
Poultry house of Sichumovi	[167]
Prayer plume, or baho, used in kiva consecratory ceremonials	[119], [120], [129], [130]
Props used for fastening wooden doors	[183]
Pueblo architecture, study of, by Victor Mindeleff	[8]-[228]
Pueblo Bonito, additions to	[70]
the largest yet examined	[92]
finish of roof of	[150]
stairway described	[160]
symmetry of arrangement of outer openings of	[195]
skill shown in masonry of	[195]
Pueblo buildings, mode of additions to	[70], [97], [98], [102], [148]-[149]
Pueblo construction in Tusayan and Cibola, details of	[137]-[223]
Pueblo Grande. See Kin-tiel.
Pueblo openings, carelessness in placing	[196]
Pueblo remains, area occupied by	[13]
Pueblo revolt of 1680	[89]
Pueblos of Tusayan and Cibola compared	[80]
Pueblos, inhabited	[61]-[79], [94]-[99]
Pyramidal form of pueblo house rows	[61]
R
Rabbit-skin robes used to cover doorways	[182], [194]
Racks for suspending clothes	[208], [214]
Rawhide thong used in pueblo construction to fasten lock	[186], [187], [214]
Rectangular kivas, antiquity of	[116]
Rectangular rooms, how developed	[226]
Rectangular type of architecture	[72]
Reeds used for kiva lathing	[126]
Repair of houses infrequent in Tusayan	[73]
Reservoirs, pueblo	[82]-[83], [91], [92], [97]
Reservoir site as affecting selection of dwelling site	[51]-[52]
Revolt of the Pueblos in 1680	[23]
Rites and methods of Tusayan kiva building	[118]-[137]
Rites of house-building at Tusayan	[100]-[104]
Rito de los Frijoles, chimney of, described	[173]
Roof construction, pueblo buildings	[120], [149]
Roof-coping of Tusayan houses	[102]
Roof-drains, pueblo buildings	[102], [153]-[156]
Roof-openings, pueblo buildings	[61], [63], [77], [98], [169], [178], [201]-[208]
Roofs, pueblo buildings	[63], [102], [119], [148]-[151]
Roof timbers of kivas	[119]
Rooms, arrangement of, into rows in Tusayan	[49]
confused arrangement of, in Walpi	[63]
Tâaaiyalana ruins, arrangement of	[90]
circular, at Kin-tiel	[93]
Tusayan, smaller than in Zuñi	[108]
names of, in Tusayan	[223]
Rows of houses forming Shumopavi	[74]
Ruins, method of survey of	[45]
Ruins, Tusayan	[45]-[60]
between Horn House and Bat House	[51]
Oraibi wash	[54]-[56]
Cibola	[80]
Tâaaiyalana	[89]
Rungs of ladders, how attached	[158], [159]
S
Sacrifices of food in Tusayan house-building	[101], [102]
Sandals of yucca found in Canyon de Chelly	[133]
Sandstone used in pueblo construction, how quarried	[225]
San Felipe, return of Payupki to	[41]
San Juan, a Tewa pueblo	[37]
Santa Clara doubtfully identified with Kápung	[37]
Santo Domingo, settlement of the Asanyumu	[30]
Sash of rude construction in window openings	[196]
Sealing of doorways of pueblo buildings	[110], [183]-[184], [198]-[201]
Seats of stone in Tusayan kivas	[132]
Selenite used in pueblo windows	[196], [197]
Semisubterranean kivas of Tusayan	[113]
Seven cities of Cibola. See Cibola.
Sheep, introduced into Tusayan	[22]
possessed by the Awatubi	[50]
introduction of, among the Pueblos	[214]
Shitáimu pueblo	[28], [48], [49]
Shelters in pueblo fields	[60], [198], [217]-[219]
Shelves, pueblo buildings	[109], [173], [209]
Shrine, Matsaki	[86]
court of Shupaulovi	[71]
court of Shumopavi	[75]
Tâaaiyalana	[90]
Shrines, pueblo	[72], [148], [167]
Shumopavi, Spanish mission established at	[22]
by whom built	[27]
removal of portion of Bear people from	[27]
description of	[73]-[76]
kivas of	[113], [114], [137]
primitive andiron at	[176]
piki stone at	[176]
fireplace and chimney of	[176], [177]
ground cooking-pit of	[178]
Shumopavi-Oraibi boundary stone	[28]
Shumopavi people, removal of, to mesa site	[23]
Shupaulovi, settlement of Paroquet and Ketchina peoples in	[27]
when established	[29]
settlement of Bear people at	[30]
settlement of the water people at	[32]
description of	[71]-[73]
mungkiva of, described	[113]
direction of kivas of	[115]
description of dais of kiva of	[123]
ground and ceiling plans of kiva of	[125]
list of kivas of	[136]
description of chimney-hood at	[171], [172]
passageway at, described	[181]
Sichumovi, settled by peoples from Walpi	[31]
derivation of term	[38]
description of	[62], [63]
direction of kivas of	[115]
ownership of kiva of	[134]
list of kivas of	[136]
poultry-house of	[167]
fireplace and mantel of	[173]
piki stone at	[175]
Sikyatki, ruin of	[20], [21]
pueblo of	[24]
ancient kiva near	[117]
Sikyátki people dispute with the Walpi	[24]
slaughtered by the Walpi	[25]
Sills of doors	[110], [186], [194]
Sióki. See Zuñi	[30]
Sipapuh, Tusayan kivas	[117], [121], [122], [123], [126], [130], [131], [135]
Sites of pueblo buildings, why selected	[63], [66], [90], [97], [112], [223]
Slabs of stone in pueblo architecture	[147]
Slavery among the Tusayan	[41]
Smallpox prevalent in Tusayan	[38], [134]
Smoke escape through roof-opening and transoms	[189], [204], [206], [207]
Snake dance, relation of dance-rock to	[65]
Snake people, the first occupants of the Tusayan region	[17]
construction of modern Walpi by the	[23]
Snow, use of, as water supply by the Zuñi	[91]
Spaniards, early visit of, to Tusayan	[21], [22]
Spanish authority, effect of, upon purity of Zuñi kiva type	[112]
Spanish beams in Tusayan kivas	[119], [123], [124], [125], [126]
Spanish churches at pueblos, Hawikuk	[81], [82], [138]
Spanish influence in Zuñi and Tusayan	[169], [180], [196], [213], [224]
Spanish missions established in Tusayan	[22]
Spider people, settlement in Tusayan of the	[27]
Splash-stones described and figured	[155], [156]
Splayed openings in Ketchipauan church	[82]
Squash people, settlement in Tusayan of the	[25]
Stakes used in construction of stone walls	[147]
Stephen, A. M., material on traditional history of Tusayan collectedby	[16]-[41]
opinion on Walpi architectural features	[72]
acknowledgments to	[100]
on distribution of Oraibi gentes	[104], [105]
on orientation of Tusayan kivas	[115]
discovery of ancient kiva type near Sikyatki	[117]
typical kiva measurements by	[122]
on wattling or lathing of kiva walls	[126]
on significance of structural plan of kiva	[135]
collection of primitive andirons or bosses by	[176]
Steps and ladders described	[156]-[162]
Steps cut in faces of cliffs	[191]
Steps or foot-holes of Walpi trail	[65]
Steps to kivas	[114]
Stone, size, character, and finish of, in pueblo ruins	[55], [58], [60], [138]
means of obtaining, in Zuñi	[139]
effect of use of, in chimney hoods	[172]
corrals	[214]
flags used to floor Tusayan kiva	[121]
inclosures in Southern Arizona	[216]
roof drains, curious forms of	[154]
shelters, possible remains of, at Payupki	[60]
slabs formerly used to close doorways	[188]
Stone-close anciently used	[192], [193]
Stone wedges used in pueblo wall finish	[140], [142]
Stonework, Shumopavi	[75]
at Oraibi	[144]
Mormon and Pueblos compared	[148]
Stone steps, Pescado	[95]
Tusayan	[157]
Stools used by the Pueblos	[212], [213]
Storage facilities of pueblo dwellings	[57], [62], [103], [109], [143], [144], [182], [209]
Straw adobe made by Spaniards	[138], [224]
Structural features of kivas similar	[129]
Subterranean character of kivas	[63], [72], [112], [113]
Sullivan, Jeremiah, Payupki tradition obtained by	[40]
Sunflower stalks used in chimney construction	[170]
Sun people of Tusayan	[29]
Supplies, how taken to Walpi mesa	[65]
Survey of Tusayan and Cibola, methods of	[44]-[45]
T
Tâaaiyalana,relation of K’iakima to	[85]
stone inclosures at base of	[85]
description of ruins of	[89]-[91]
flight of Zuñis to, during Pueblo revolt	[89]
mesa of, temporarily occupied	[223]
Tables not used in Pueblo houses	[212], [214]
Talla Hogan. See Awatubi	[49]-[50]
Taos formerly partly inhabited by the Tewa	[37]
Tceewáge. See Peña Blanca.
Tcosobi or Jay kiva, roof timbers of	[120]
Tebowúki, an early pueblo of the fire people of Tusayan	[20]
Tebugkihu or fire-house, description of	[57]
fragments of passage-wall at	[181]
Terraced doorways	[190]-[191]
Terraced gardens	[217]
Terraced roofs of Tusayan, names of	[104]
Terrace cooking-pits and fireplaces	[174]-[177]
Terrace rooms, half open, not seen in ancient pueblos	[187]
Terraces, Sichumovi form of	[62]
Oraibi, formed by natural causes	[76]
Zuñi	[97], [98], [144]
ancient pueblos, how reached	[156]
Tusayan names of	[223]
Tusayan, order of settlement of, by various peoples	[29]
Tesuque, a Tewa pueblo	[37]
Tetsógi. See Tesuque.
Tewa conflict with the Ute	[36]
Tewa, language of the	[37]
Tewa. See Hano.
Timbers for roof, kind used in kiva-building	[19]
Time for planting and harvesting, how determined in Zuñi	[148]
Tiponi of Tusayan explained	[131]
Topography, houses of Walpi constructed to conform to	[64]
of Shupaulovi	[71]
Tradition, historical value of	[15]
Tradition, Tusayan	[16]-[41]
Hano	[35]
regarding Hano and Tusayan languages	[36]
concerning Payupki pueblo	[40]
concerning occupancy of Old Mashongnavi	[47]-[48]
of foundation of Walpi	[63]
concerning circular kivas	[135]
Zuñi concerning stone-close	[92]-[193]
concerning early occupancy of former pueblos by existing tribes	[225]
Traditionary gentes of Tusayan, list of	[38]
Trails, Walpi	[65], [66]
Tâaaiyalana	[89]
Transoms over pueblo doorways	[187]-[189]
Transportation to Walpi mesa, Indian method	[66]
Trapdoors, Sichumovi	[63]
kivas, no means of fastening	[113]
frames furnished with hand-holds	[192]
Tupubi defined	[176]
Túpkabi. See Canyon de Chelly.
Tusayan, survey of	[15]
traditional history of	[16]-[41]
ruins and inhabited villages of	[42]-[79]
house-building rites	[100]-[104]
houses of, owned by women	[101]
kivas in	[111]-[137]
list of kivas of	[136]
Tusayan and Cibola architecture, compared by constructionaldetails	[100]-[223]
details of	[137]-[223]
Tusayan. See Hopituh.
Tuwahlki, or watch-house	[217]
Tuwii. See Santo Domingo	[30]
Twigs, use of, in roof construction	[150]
U
Ute, conflict with, by the Tewa of Hano	[36]
inroads of, upon Tusayan	[25], [26], [35]
V
Vargas, Don Diego, visit to Tusayan of	[35]
Vocabulary of Tusayan architectural terms	[220]-[223]
W
Walls, how indicated on plans of ruins	[45]
defensive, at Bat House	[52]
construction of, in Moen-kopi ruins	[53]
curved, instances of	[54]
showing precision of workmanship	[54]
dimensions in Tâaaiyalana mesa	[90]
original height of, indicated by débris	[90]
thickness of, in modern Tusayan	[102]
paintings on, in Tusayan kiva	[131]
pueblo, mode of construction of	[137]-[148]
copings of	[139], [151], [152]
Walls, strength of	[144]
weakness of, in Zuñi	[182]
of gardens	[215]
Walpi, settlement of Bear people at	[21], [27]
Spanish mission established at	[22]
construction of, by the Snake people	[23]
dispute of, with the Sikyatki	[24]
settlement of the Asa at	[30], [31]
abandoned by Bear, Lizard, Asa, and Badger peoples	[31]
description of	[63]-[66]
court-surrounded kiva of	[114]
kivas of	[119], [136]
upper story partitions of, supported by beams	[144]
use of large stone blocks in garden walls of	[47]
cooking pit at	[176], [177]
south passageway of, described	[181]
Walpi people, attack of Awatubi by the	[34]
affray between the Oraibi and	[35]
trouble between the Hano and	[37]
various pueblos formerly occupied by the	[46], [47]
Warp-sticks, mode of supporting	[133]
Water, method of carrying, at Walpi	[65]
Water family, last to settle at Tusayan	[29]
migration legend of	[31]
Water jars used in chimney construction	[180]
Water supply, Cibola	[80]
Ketchipauan	[82], [83]
Tâaaiyalana dwellings	[90], [91]
Kin-tiel	[92]
Zuñi	[97]
Water vessels, forms of	[109]
Wattling or lathing of kiva walls	[126]
Weaving appliances	[212]
Wejegi pueblo, loop-holes in	[198]
Well or reservoir of Zuñi	[97]
Whitewash on outer walls of Shumopavi	[73]-[74]
on Mashongnavi room	[109]
how made and applied in Zuñi	[145]
on house walls	[145]
used for coating doors	[186]
Wíksrun people, settlement in Tusayan of the	[27]
Willow wands used in roof construction	[150]
Window, doorway and chimney in one	[121]
Windows of various kinds described	[194], [201]
Wings constructed in court of Pueblo Bonito	[70]
Women, house owners at Tusayan	[101]
work of, in Tusayan house-building	[101], [102]
roof-building performed by	[102]
work of, in kiva-building	[129]
when admitted to kivas	[134]
societies of, and kivas for, in Tusayan	[134]
Wood, kinds of, used in Tusayan construction	[102]
Wood rack of pueblos described	[103]
Wood-working, how performed	[184]
Wooden doors not found in pre-Columbian ruins	[184]
Wooden features of pueblo windows	[196]
Woolen mill established by Mormons at Moen-kopi	[78]
Workshop, use of the kiva, as a	[129], [133]
Y
Yeso used for interior whitewash	[74]
Yucca, use of, in lathing	[127]
Yucca fiber sandals from Canyon de Chelly	[133]
Z
Zuñi, survey of pueblo of	[14]
arrival of the Asanyumu at	[30]
portion of site of, formerly occupied by Halona	[88]
tradition as to occupancy of Kin-tiel by the	[92]
plans and descriptions of villages of	[94]-[99]
description of pueblo of	[97]-[99]
See Cibola.

[ Transcriber’s Notes on the Illustrations]

Bureau of Ethnology articles rarely included artist credits, but some of the drawings are signed:

Henry Hobart Nichols (1869-1962) was one of the Smithsonian’s stable of artists. These drawings would have been some of his earliest work. The “fil.” in one signature distinguishes him from his father, the engraver H. Hobart Nichols (1838-1886), whose signature also appears in at least one Bureau of Ethnology publication.