A Study of Pueblo Architecture: Tusayan and Cibola / Eighth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1886-1887, Government Printing Office, Washington, 1891, pages 3-228

by Victor Mindeleff; Cosmos Mindeleff

Illustrations have been placed as close as practicable to their discussion in the text. The printed page numbers show the original location. Multi-part Figures are sometimes shown vertically (one drawing above the other) where the original layout was horizontal.

The Map and most site plans are shown as thumbnails linked to larger versions.

		Page.
[ Plate I.]	Map of the provinces of Tusayan and Cibola	12
[ II.]	Old Mashongnavi, plan	14
[ III.]	General view of Awatubi	16
[ IV.]	Awatubi (Talla-Hogan), plan	18
[ V.]	Standing walls of Awatubi	20
[ VI.]	Adobe fragment in Awatubi	22
[ VII.]	Horn House ruin, plan	24
[ VIII.]	Bat House	26
[ IX.]	Mishiptonga (Jeditoh)	28
[ X.]	A small ruin near Moen-kopi	30
[ XI.]	Masonry on the outer wall of the Fire-House, detail	32
[ XII.]	Chukubi, plan	34
[ XIII.]	Payupki, plan	36
[ XIV.]	General view of Payupki	38
[ XV.]	Standing walls of Payupki	40
[ XVI.]	Plan of Hano	42
[ XVII.]	View of Hano	44
[ XVIII.]	Plan of Sichumovi	46
[ XIX.]	View of Sichumovi	48
[ XX.]	Plan of Walpi	50
[ XXI.]	View of Walpi	52
[ XXII.]	South passageway of Walpi	54
[ XXIII.]	Houses built over irregular sites, Walpi	56
[ XXIV.]	Dance rock and kiva, Walpi	58
[ XXV.]	Foot trail to Walpi	60
[ XXVI.]	Mashongnavi, plan	62
[ XXVII.]	Mashongnavi with Shupaulovi in distance	64
[ XXVIII.]	Back wall of a Mashongnavi house-row	66
[ XXIX.]	West side of a principal row in Mashongnavi	68
[ XXX.]	Plan of Shupaulovi	70
[ XXXI.]	View of Shupaulovi	72
[ XXXII.]	A covered passageway of Shupaulovi	74
[ XXXIII.]	The chief kiva of Shupaulovi	76
[ XXXIV.]	Plan of Shumopavi	78
[ XXXV.]	View of Shumopavi	80
[ XXXVI.]	Oraibi, plan	In pocket.
[ XXXVII.]	Key to the Oraibi plan, also showing localization of gentes	82
[ XXXVIII.]	A court of Oraibi	84
[ XXXIX.]	Masonry terraces of Oraibi	86
[ XL.]	Oraibi house row, showing court side	88
[ XLI.]	Back of Oraibi house row	90
[ XLII.]	The site of Moen-kopi	92
[ XLIII.]	Plan of Moen-kopi	94
[ XLIV.]	Moen-kopi	96
[ XLV.]	The Mormon mill at Moen-kopi	98
[ XLVI.]	Hawikuh, plan	100
[ XLVII.]	Hawikuh, view	102
[ XLVIII.]	Adobe church at Hawikuh	104
[ XLIX.]	Ketchipanan, plan	106
[ L.]	Ketchipauan	108
[ LI.]	Stone church at Ketchipauan	110
[ LII.]	K’iakima, plan	112
[ LIII.]	Site of K’iakima, at base of Tâaaiyalana	114
[ LIV.]	Recent wall at K’iakima	116
[ LV.]	Matsaki, plan	118
[ LVI.]	Standing wall at Pinawa	120
[ LVII.]	Halona excavations as seen from Zuñi	122
[ LVIII.]	Fragments of Halona wall	124
[ LIX.]	The mesa of Tâaaiyalana, from Zuñi	126
[ LX.]	Tâaaiyalana, plan	128
[ LXI.]	Standing walls of Tâaaiyalana ruins	130
[ LXII.]	Remains of a reservoir on Tâaaiyalana	132
[ LXIII.]	Kin-tiel, plan (also showing excavations)	134
[ LXIV.]	North wall of Kin-tiel	136
[ LXV.]	Standing walls of Kin-tiel	138
[ LXVI.]	Kinna-Zinde	140
[ LXVII.]	Nutria, plan	142
[ LXVIII.]	Nutria, view	144
[ LXIX.]	Pescado, plan	146
[ LXX.]	Court view of Pescado, showing corrals	148
[ LXXI.]	Pescado houses	150
[ LXXII.]	Fragments of ancient masonry in Pescado	152
[ LXXIII.]	Ojo Caliente, plan	In pocket.
[ LXXIV.]	General view of Ojo Caliente	154
[ LXXV.]	House at Ojo Caliente	156
[ LXXVI.]	Zuñi, plan	In pocket.
[ LXXVII.]	Outline plan of Zuñi, showing distribution of oblique openings	158
[ LXXVIII.]	General inside view of Zuñi, looking west	160
[ LXXIX.]	Zuñi terraces	162
[ LXXX.]	Old adobe church of Zuñi	164
[ LXXXI.]	Eastern rows of Zuñi	166
[ LXXXII.]	A Zuñi court	168
[ LXXXIII.]	A Zuñi small house	170
[ LXXXIV.]	A house-building at Oraibi	172
[ LXXXV.]	A Tusayan interior	174
[ LXXXVI.]	A Zuñi interior	176
[ LXXXVII.]	A kiva hatchway of Tusayan	178
[ LXXXVIII.]	North kivas of Shumopavi, from the northeast	180
[ LXXXIX.]	Masonry in the north wing of Kin-tiel	182
[ XC.]	Adobe garden walls near Zuñi.	184
[ XCI.]	A group of stone corrals near Oraibi	186
[ XCII.]	An inclosing wall of upright stones at Ojo Caliente	188
[ XCIII.]	Upright blocks of sandstone built into an ancient pueblo wall	190
[ XCIV.]	Ancient wall of upright rocks in southwestern Colorado	192
[ XCV.]	Ancient floor-beams at Kin-tiel	194
[ XCVI.]	Adobe walls in Zuñi	196
[ XCVII.]	Wall coping and oven at Zuñi	198
[ XCVIII.]	Cross-pieces on Zuñi ladders	200
[ XCIX.]	Outside steps at Pescado	202
[ C.]	An excavated room at Kin-tiel	204
[ CI.]	Masonry chimneys of Zuñi	206
[ CII.]	Remains of a gateway in Awatubi	208
[ CIII.]	Ancient gateway, Kin-tiel	210
[ CIV.]	A covered passageway in Mashongnavi	212
[ CV.]	Small square openings in Pueblo Bonito	214
[ CVI.]	Sealed openings in a detached house of Nutria	216
[ CVII.]	Partial filling-in of a large opening in Oraibi, converting it into a doorway	218
[ CVIII.]	Large openings reduced to small windows, Oraibi	220
[ CIX.]	Stone corrals and kiva of Mashongnavi	222
[ CX.]	Portion of a corral in Pescado	224
[ CXI.]	Zuñi eagle-cage	226

[ Fig. 1].	View of the First Mesa	43
[ 2.]	Ruins, Old Walpi mound	47
[ 3.]	Ruin between Bat House and Horn House	51
[ 4.]	Ruin near Moen-kopi, plan	53
[ 5.]	Ruin 7 miles north of Oraibi	55
[ 6.]	Ruin 14 miles north of Oraibi (Kwaituki)	56
[ 7.]	Oval fire-house ruin, plan. (Tebugkihu)	58
[ 8.]	Topography of the site of Walpi	64
[ 9.]	Mashongnavi and Shupaulovi from Shumopavi	66
[ 10.]	Diagram showing growth of Mashongnavi	67
[ 11.]	Diagram showing growth of Mashongnavi	68
[ 12.]	Diagram showing growth of Mashongnavi	69
[ 13.]	Topography of the site of Shupaulovi	71
[ 14.]	Court kiva of Shumopavi	75
[ 15.]	Hampassawan, plan	84
[ 16.]	Pinawa, plan	87
[ 17.]	Nutria, plan; small diagram, old wall	94
[ 18.]	Pescado, plan, old wall diagram	95
[ 19.]	A Tusayan wood-rack	103
[ 20.]	Interior ground plan of a Tusayan room	108
[ 21.]	North kivas of Shumopavi from the southwest	114
[ 22.]	Ground plan of the chief-kiva of Shupaulovi	122
[ 23.]	Ceiling-plan of the chief-kiva of Shupaulovi	123
[ 24.]	Interior view of a Tusayan kiva	124
[ 25.]	Ground-plan of a Shupaulovi kiva	125
[ 26.]	Ceiling-plan of a Shupaulovi kiva	125
[ 27.]	Ground-plan of the chief-kiva of Mashongnavi	126
[ 28.]	Interior view of a kiva hatchway in Tusayan	127
[ 29.]	Mat used in closing the entrance of Tusayan kivas	128
[ 30.]	Rectangular sipapuh in a Mashongnavi kiva	131
[ 31.]	Loom-post in kiva floor at Tusayan	132
[ 32.]	A Zuñi chimney showing pottery fragments embedded in its adobe base	139
[ 33.]	A Zuñi oven with pottery scales embedded in its surface	139
[ 34.]	Stone wedges of Zuñi masonry exposed in a rain-washed wall	141
[ 35.]	An unplastered house wall in Ojo Caliente	142
[ 36.]	Wall decorations in Mashongnavi, executed in pink on a white ground	146
[ 37.]	Diagram of Zuñi roof construction	149
[ 38.]	Showing abutment of smaller roof-beams over round girders	151
[ 39.]	Single stone roof-drains	153
[ 40.]	Trough roof-drains of stone	153
[ 41.]	Wooden roof-drains	154
[ 42.]	Curved roof-drains of stone in Tusayan	154
[ 43.]	Tusayan roof-drains; a discarded metate and a gourd	155
[ 44.]	Zuñi roof-drain, with splash-stones on roof below	156
[ 45.]	A modern notched ladder in Oraibi	157
[ 46.]	Tusayan notched ladders from Mashongnavi	157
[ 47.]	Aboriginal American forms of ladder	158
[ 48.]	Stone steps at Oraibi with platform at corner	161
[ 49.]	Stone steps, with platform at chimney, in Oraibi	161
[ 50.]	Stone steps in Shumopavi	162
[ 51.]	A series of cooking pits in Mashongnavi	163
[ 52.]	Pi-gummi ovens of Mashongnavi	163
[ 53.]	Cross sections of pi-gummi ovens of Mashongnavi	163
[ 54.]	Diagrams showing foundation stones of a Zuñi oven	164
[ 55.]	Dome-shaped oven on a plinth of masonry	165
[ 56.]	Oven in Pescado exposing stones of masonry	166
[ 57.]	Oven in Pescado exposing stones of masonry	166
[ 58.]	Shrines in Mashongnavi	167
[ 59.]	A poultry house in Sichumovi resembling an oven	167
[ 60.]	Ground-plan of an excavated room in Kin-tiel	168
[ 61.]	A corner chimney-hood with two supporting poles, Tusayan	170
[ 62.]	A curved chimney-hood of Mashongnavi	170
[ 63.]	A Mashongnavi chimney-hood and walled-up fireplace	171
[ 64.]	A chimney-hood of Shupaulovi	172
[ 65.]	A semi-detached square chimney-hood of Zuñi	172
[ 66.]	Unplastered Zuñi chimney-hoods, illustrating construction	173
[ 67.]	A fireplace and mantel in Sichumovi	174
[ 68.]	A second-story fireplace in Mashongnavi	174
[ 69.]	Piki stone and chimney-hood in Sichumovi	175
[ 70.]	Piki stone and primitive andiron in Shumopavi	176
[ 71.]	A terrace fireplace and chimney of Shumopavi	177
[ 72.]	A terrace cooking-pit and chimney of Walpi	177
[ 73.]	A ground cooking-pit of Shumopavi covered with a chimney	178
[ 74.]	Tusayan chimneys	179
[ 75.]	A barred Zuñi door	183
[ 76.]	Wooden pivot hinges of a Zuñi door	184
[ 77.]	Paneled wooden doors in Hano	185
[ 78.]	Framing of a Zuñi door panel	186
[ 79.]	Rude transoms over Tusayan openings	188
[ 80.]	A large Tusayan doorway, with small transom openings	189
[ 81.]	A doorway and double transom in Walpi	189
[ 82.]	An ancient doorway in a Canyon de Chelly cliff ruin	190
[ 83.]	A symmetrical notched doorway in Mashongnavi	190
[ 84.]	A Tusayan notched doorway	191
[ 85.]	A large Tusayan doorway with one notched jamb	192
[ 86.]	An ancient circular doorway, or “stone-close,” in Kin-tiel	193
[ 87.]	Diagram illustrating symmetrical arrangement of small openings in Pueblo Bonito	195
[ 88.]	Incised decoration on a rude window-sash in Zuñi	196
[ 89.]	Sloping selenite window at base of Zuñi wall on upper terrace	197
[ 90.]	A Zuñi window glazed with selenite	197
[ 91.]	Small openings in the back wall of a Zuñi house cluster.	198
[ 92.]	Sealed openings in Tusayan	199
[ 93.]	A Zuñi doorway converted into a window	201
[ 94.]	Zuñi roof-openings	202
[ 95.]	A Zuñi roof-opening with raised coping	203
[ 96.]	Zuñi roof-openings with one raised end	203
[ 97.]	A Zuñi roof-hole with cover	204
[ 98.]	Kiva trap-door in Zuñi	205
[ 99.]	Halved and pinned trap-door frame of a Zuñi kiva	206
[ 100.]	Typical sections of Zuñi oblique openings	208
[ 101.]	Arrangement of mealing stones in a Tusayan house	209
[ 102.]	A Tusayan grain bin	210
[ 103.]	A Zuñi plume-box	210
[ 104.]	A Zuñi plume-box	210
[ 105.]	A Tusayan mealing trough	211
[ 106.]	An ancient pueblo form of metate	211
[ 107.]	Zuñi stools	213
[ 108.]	A Zuñi chair	213
[ 109.]	Construction of a Zuñi corral	215
[ 110.]	Gardens of Zuñi	216
[ 111.]	“Kishoni,” or uncovered shade, of Tusayan	218
[ 112.]	A Tusayan field shelter, from southwest	219
[ 113.]	A Tusayan field shelter, from northeast	219
[ 114.]	Diagram showing ideal section of terraces, with Tusayan names	223

[full size]
Plate I.
General Map of the Pueblo Region
of Arizona and New Mexico,
Showing Relative Position of the Provinces
of Tusayan and Cibola.
by
Victor Mindeleff.

A STUDY OF PUEBLO ARCHITECTURE
IN TUSAYAN AND CIBOLA.

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