A Study of Pueblo Architecture: Tusayan and Cibola / Eighth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1886-1887, Government Printing Office, Washington, 1891, pages 3-228

by Victor Mindeleff; Cosmos Mindeleff

[Significance of structural plan.]—The designation of the curious orifice of the sipapuh as “the place from which the people emerged” in connection with the peculiar arrangement of the kiva interior with its change of floor level, suggested to the author that these features might be regarded as typifying the four worlds of the genesis myth that has exercised such an influence on Tusayan customs; but no clear data on this subject were obtained by the writer, nor has Mr. Stephen, who is specially well equipped for such investigations, discovered that a definite conception exists concerning the significance of the structural plan of the kiva. Still, from many suggestive allusions made by the various kiva chiefs and others, he also has been led to infer that it typifies the four “houses,” or stages, described in their creation myths. The sipapuh, with its cavity beneath the floor, is certainly regarded as indicating the place of beginning, the lowest house under the earth, the abode of Myuingwa, the Creator; the main or lower floor represents the second stage; and the elevated section of the floor is made to denote the third stage, where animals were created. Mr. Stephen observed, at the New Year festivals, that animal fetiches were set in groups upon this platform. It is also to be noted that the ladder leading to the surface is invariably made of pine, and always rests upon the platform, never upon the lower floor, and in their traditional genesis it is stated that the people climbed up from the third house (stage) by a ladder of pine, and through such an opening as the kiva hatchway; only most of the stories indicate that the opening was round. The outer air is the fourth world, or that now occupied.

There are occasional references in the Tusayan traditions to circular kivas, but these are so confused with fantastic accounts of early mythic structures that their literal rendition would serve no useful purpose in the present discussion.

[Typical measurements.]—The following list is a record of a number of measurements of Tusayan kivas collected by Mr. Stephen. The wide difference between the end measurements of the same kiva are usually due to the interior offsets that have been noticed on the plans, but the differences in the lengths of the sides are due to irregularities of the site. The latter differences are not so marked as the former.

Width at ends.		Length of sides.		Height at center.	Height at ends.
13 6	——	24 0	——	8 6	——	——
12 0	——	21 9	——	7 6	6 6	——
14 6	14 6	24 6	23 3	8 0	6 6	6 6
12 2	12 11	23 9	23 9	7 10	6 1	6 0
12 6	12 6	26 0	25 3	7 6	6 6	6 6
13 4	12 10	26 8	26 7	7 10	7 0	7 0
15 0	13 6	26 6	24 11	7 4	6 3	6 2
12 6	11 5	23 7	21 9	8 0	7 0	7 0
12 5	13 5	22 8	24 1	7 3	6 1	6 9
10 6	13 6	27 0	27 0	8 3	6 3	6 2
13 6	11 6	29 9	29 0	11 0	5 11	——
14 6	——	28 6	28 6	9 8	6 0	——
13 2	14 0	28 9	29 9	8 6	7 0	6 4
15 1	14 0	28 6	——	9 6	7 3	6 6
13 0	12 6	28 7	29 6	——	7 4	6 3

[List of Tusayan kivas.]—The following list gives the present names of all the kivas in use at Tusayan. The mungkiva or chief kiva of the village is in each case designated:

	HANO.
1.	Toko´nabi kiva	Navajo Mountain.
2.	Hano sinte´ kiva	Place of the Hano.
Toko´nabi kiva is the mungkiva.
	WALPI.
1.	Djiva´to kiva	Goat.
2.	Al kiva	A´la, Horn.
3.	Naca´b kiva	Na´cabi, half-way or central.
4.	Picku´ibi kiva	Opening oak bud.[5]
	Wikwa´lobi kiva	Place of the watchers.
5.	Mung kiva	Mungwi chief.
No. 5 is the mungkiva.
	SICHUMOVI.
1.	Bave´ntcomo	Water mound.
2.	Kwinzaptcomo	Oak mound.
Bave´ntcomo is the mungkiva.
	MASHONGNAVI.
1.	Tcavwu´na kiva	A small coiled-ware jar.
2.	Hona´n kiva	Honani, Badger, a gens.
3.	Gy´arzohi kiva	Gy´arzo, Paroquet, a gens.
4.	Kotcobi kiva	High place.
5.	Al kiva	A´la, Horn.
Teavwu´na kiva is the mungkiva.
	SHUPAULOVI.
1.	A´tkabi kiva	Place below.
2.	Kokyangobi kiva	Place of spider.
A´tkabi kiva is the mungkiva.
	SHUMOPAVI.
1.	Nuvwa´tikyuobi	High place of snow, San Francisco Mountain.
2.	Al kiva	A´la, Horn.
3.	Gy´arzobi	Gy´arzo, Paroquet, a gens.
4.	Tco´sobi	Blue Jay, a gens.
Tco´sobi is the mungkiva.

	ORAIBI.
1.	Tdau kiva	Tda´uollauwuh	The singers.
2.	Ha´wiobi kiva	Ha´wi, stair; obi, high place.	High stair place.
3.	Ish kiva	Isa´uwuh	Coyote, a gens.
4.	Kwang kiva	Kwa´kwanti	Religious order.
5.	Ma´zrau kiva	Ma´mzrauti	Female order.
6.	Na´cabi kiva	Half way or	Central place.
7.	Sa´kwalen kiva	Sa´kwa le´na	Blue Flute, a religious order.
8.	Po´ngobi kiva	Pongo, a circle	An order who decorate themselves with circular marks on thebody.
9.	Hano´ kiva	Ha´nomuh	A fashion of cutting the hair.
10.	Motc kiva	Mo´mtci	The Warriors, an order.
11.	Kwita´koli kiva	Kwita, ordure; ko´li, a heap.	Ordure heap.
12.	Katcin kiva	Katcina	A gens.
13.	Tcu kiva	Tcua, a snake	Religions order.
Tdau kiva is the mungkiva.

[ DETAILS OF TUSAYAN AND CIBOLA CONSTRUCTION.]

[ WALLS.]