PREFACE

In presenting this treatise on “Aviation Engines,” the writer realizes that the rapidly developing art makes it difficult to outline all latest forms or describe all current engineering practice. This exposition has been prepared primarily for instruction purposes and is adapted for men in the Aviation Section, Signal Corps, and students who wish to become aviators or aviation mechanicians. Every effort has been made to have the engineering information accurate, but owing to the diversity of authorities consulted and use of data translated from foreign language periodicals, it is expected that some slight errors will be present. The writer wishes to acknowledge his indebtedness to such firms as the Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Co., Hall-Scott Company, Thomas-Morse Aircraft Corporation and General Vehicle Company for photographs and helpful descriptive matter. Special attention has been paid to instructions on tool equipment, use of tools, trouble “shooting” and engine repairs, as it is on these points that the average aviation student is weakest. Only such theoretical consideration of thermo-dynamics as was deemed absolutely necessary to secure a proper understanding of engine action after consulting several instructors is included, the writer’s efforts having been confined to the preparation of a practical series of instructions that would be of the greatest value to those who need a diversified knowledge of internal-combustion engine operation and repair, and who must acquire it quickly. The engines described and illustrated are all practical forms that have been fitted to airplanes capable of making flights and may be considered fairly representative of the present state of the art.

Victor W. Pagé,
1st Lieut. A. S. S. C., U. S. R.

Mineola, L. I.,
October, 1917.


CONTENTS

[CHAPTER I]
PAGES
[Brief Consideration of Aircraft Types][Essential Requirements of AerialMotors][Aviation Engines Must Be Light][Factors Influencing PowerNeeded][Why Explosive Motors Are Best][Historical][MainTypes of Internal Combustion Engines][17]-[36]
[CHAPTER II]
[Operating Principles of Two- and Four-Stroke Engines][Four-cycleAction][Two-cycle Action][Comparing Two- and Four-cycle Types][Theory of Gas and Gasoline Engine][Early Gas-Engine Forms][Isothermal Law][Adiabatic Law][TemperatureComputations][Heat and Its Work][Conversion of Heat to Power][Requisites for Best Power Effect][37]-[59]
[CHAPTER III]
[Efficiency of Internal Combustion Engines][Various Measures of Efficiency][Temperatures and Pressures][Factors Governing Economy][Losses in Wall Cooling][Value ofIndicator Cards][Compression in Explosive Motors][Factors LimitingCompression][Causes of Heat Losses and Inefficiency][Heat Losses to CoolingWater][60]-[79]
[CHAPTER IV]
[Engine Parts and Functions][Why Multiple Cylinder Engines AreBest][Describing Sequence of Operations][Simple Engines][Four and Six Cylinder Vertical Tandem Engines][Eight and Twelve Cylinder VEngines][Radial Cylinder Arrangement][Rotary Cylinder Forms][80]-[109]
[CHAPTER V]
[Properties of Liquid Fuels][Distillates of Crude Petroleum][Principles of Carburetion Outlined][Air Needed to Burn Gasoline][Whata Carburetor Should Do][Liquid Fuel Storage and Supply][Vacuum FuelFeed][Early Vaporizer Forms][Development of Float Feed Carburetor][Maybach’s Early Design][Concentric Float and Jet Type][Schebler Carburetor][ClaudelCarburetor][Stewart Metering Pin Type][Multiple Nozzle Vaporizers][Two-Stage Carburetor][Master Multiple Jet Type][Compound NozzleZenith Carburetor][Utility of Gasoline Strainers][Intake Manifold Design andConstruction][Compensating for Various Atmospheric Conditions][How High AltitudeAffects Power][The Diesel System][Notes on Carburetor Installation][Notes on Carburetor Adjustment][110]-[154]
[CHAPTER VI]
[Early Ignition Systems][Electrical Ignition Best][Fundamentals of Magnetism Outlined][Forms of Magneto][Zones ofMagnetic Influence][How Magnets are Made][Electricity and MagnetismRelated][Basic Principles of Magneto Action][Essential Parts of Magneto andFunctions][Transformer Coil Systems][True High Tension Type][The Berling Magneto][Timing] and [Care][The Dixie Magneto][Spark-Plug Design and Application][Two-SparkIgnition][Special Airplane Plug][155]-[200]
[CHAPTER VII]
[Why Lubrication Is Necessary][Friction Defined][Theory of Lubrication][Derivation of Lubricants][Properties ofCylinder Oils][Factors Influencing Lubrication System Selection][Gnome TypeEngines Use Castor Oil][Hall-Scott Lubrication System][Oil Supply by ConstantLevel Splash System][Dry Crank-Case System Best for Airplane Engines][WhyCooling Systems Are Necessary][Cooling Systems Generally Applied][Cooling byPositive Pump Circulation][Thermo-Syphon System][Direct Air-CoolingMethods][Air-Cooled Engine Design Considerations][201]-[232]
[CHAPTER VIII]
[Methods of Cylinder Construction][Block Castings][Influence on Crank-Shaft Design][Combustion Chamber Design][Bore and Stroke Ratio][Meaning of Piston Speed][Advantage ofOff-Set Cylinders][Valve Location of Vital Import][Valve InstallationPractice][Valve Design and Construction][Valve Operation][Methods of Driving Cam-Shaft][Valve Springs][ValveTiming][Blowing Back][Lead Given Exhaust Valve][Exhaust Closing, Inlet Opening][Closing the Inlet Valve][Time of Ignition][How an Engine is Timed][Gnome“Monosoupape” Valve Timing][Springless Valves][Four Valves perCylinder][233]-[286]
[CHAPTER IX]
[Constructional Details of Pistons][Aluminum Cylinders andPistons][Piston Ring Construction][Leak Proof Piston Rings][Keeping Oil Out of Combustion Chamber][Connecting Rod Forms][Connecting Rods for Vee Engines][Cam-Shaft and Crank-Shaft Designs][Ball Bearing Crank-Shafts][Engine Base Construction][287]-[323]
[CHAPTER X]
[Power Plant Installation][Curtiss OX-2 Engine Mounting and OperatingRules][Standard S. A. E. Engine Bed Dimensions][Hall-Scott Engine Installation andOperation][Fuel System Rules][Ignition System][WaterSystem][Preparations to Start Engine][Mounting Radial and Rotary Engines][Practical Hints to Locate Engine Troubles][All Engine Troubles Summarized][Location of Engine Troubles Made Easy][324]-[375]
[CHAPTER XI]
[Tools for Adjusting and Erecting][Forms of Wrenches][Use and Care of Files][Split Pin Removal and Installation][CompleteChisel Set][Drilling Machines][Drills, Reamers, Taps and Dies][Measuring Tools][Micrometer Calipers and Their Use][Typical ToolOutfits][Special Hall-Scott Tools][Overhauling Airplane Engines][Taking Engine Down][Defects in Cylinders][Carbon Deposits,Cause and Prevention][Use of Carbon Scrapers][Burning Out Carbon withOxygen][Repairing Scored Cylinders][Valve Removal and Inspection][Reseating and Truing Valves][Valve Grinding Processes][Depreciation in Valve Operating System][Piston Troubles][PistonRing Manipulation][Fitting Piston Rings][Wrist-Pin Wear][Inspection and Refitting of Engine Bearings][Scraping Brasses to Fit][Fitting Connecting Rods][Testing for Bearing Parallelism][Cam-Shafts and Timing Gears][Precautions in Reassembling Parts][376]-[456]
[CHAPTER XII]
[Aviation Engine Types][Division in Classes][Anzani Engines][Canton and Unné Engine][Construction ofGnome Engines][“Monosoupape” Gnome][German “Gnome”Type][Le Rhone Engine][Renault Air-Cooled Engine][Simplex Model “A” Hispano-Suiza][Curtiss Aviation Motors][Thomas-Morse Model 88 Engine][Duesenberg Engine][AeromarineSix-Cylinder][Wisconsin Aviation Engines][Hall-Scott Engines][Mercedes Motor][Benz Motor][Austro-DaimlerEngine][Sunbeam-Coatalen][Indicating and Measuring Instruments][Air Starting Systems][Electric Starting][BatteryIgnition][457]-[571]
[INDEX][573]
[LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS]