If this is not successful, it is necessary to remove with a scalpel the whole of the gum which covers the root; then under it must be insinuated a small elevator having the shape here below represented.
If not even in this way can the end be attained, recourse must be made to one of the following instruments, choosing that which in every particular case seems to be the most suitable.
Besides these, says the author, use may be also made of some of the instruments which serve for the removal of tartar.
It is precisely in this chapter that Abulcasis speaks of the great variety and multiplicity of dental instruments; which, he says, cannot, like other kinds of instruments, be all enumerated and described. He then adds that a skilful surgeon will be able to devise new instruments, according as the peculiarities of each single case require them.
Figs. 45, 46, 47
