South America: Observations and Impressions / New edition corrected and revised

by Viscount James Bryce Bryce

[INDEX]

• A
  
• Aboriginal population, present condition of, in Andean regions, [180–186];
  
  • the Araucanians in southern Chile, [232–238];
  • of Brazil, [367];
  • influence of, on differentiation of various parts of Spanish America into nations, [432–433];
  • importance of, as a factor in all parts of the continent except Argentina and Uruguay, [454] ff.
  • See [Indians].
• Achachila, Mountain Spirit, [186].
  
• Aconcagua, Mt., [57], [142], [214], [268];
  
  • description of, [257–258].
• Adams, John Quincy, diplomacy of, [497], [508].
  
• Adobe houses, Payta, [41];
  
  • at Sicuani, [88];
  • in Lake Titicaca region, [123].
• Agriculture, in Peru, [41–42], [78];
  
  • of Indians in interior of Peru, [87–88];
  • on central plateau of Peru, [120], [122–124];
  • importance of, to Bolivia, [193];
  • in southern Chile, [231], [240];
  • difficulties of practice of, on Falkland Isles, [310];
  • in Argentina, [329–331];
  • risks to, in Argentina, from drought and locusts, [333–334], [557];
  • rank of Argentina in agricultural products, [336];
  • in Uruguay, [354];
  • in Brazil, [403] ff.;
  • retardation of, by the unassimilated Indian population, [475–476];
  • suitability of Argentina, Uruguay, and southern Brazil for, [556–557].
• Aguas Calientes, town of, [87].
  
• Akers, History of South America by, [587].
  
• Alakaluf tribe of Fuegians, [294].
  
• Albatrosses, seen on voyage to Straits of Magellan, [287], [288].
  
• Alcaldes of Indian villages, [91];
  
  • powers and duties of, [180–181].
• Alcohol from sugar-cane, made by Peruvian Indians, [467].
  
• Alexander VI, Pope, bull of, dividing New World between Spain and Portugal, [366].
  
• Alfalfa, [177], [202], [263], [334].
  
• Almagro, Diego de, [204], [218].
  
• Alpacas, [78], [81].
  
• Alpaca wool, [122].
  
• Alps, comparison of Andes and, [277].
  
• Altars of churches, Cuzco, [99].
  
• Altitude, mountain sickness resulting from high, [83];
  
  • effects of, of La Paz, [171–174];
  • of Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia a deterrent to immigration, [555].
• Amazonian plain (the Selvas), [369–370];
  
  • future of, [558–562].
• Amazon River, [40], [369];
  
  • forests of the, [75–76], [393–394];
  • sources of the, [86].
• American Commonwealth, cited, [340] n.
  
• Americas, the two: the naming of, [484–487];
  
  • names which might have been given, [487];
  • physical similarities between, [488–489];
  • points of similarity in settlement of, [489–490];
  • points of divergence, [490] ff.;
  • Latin America and Teutonic America, [490];
  • differences in the aboriginal tribes, [491–492];
  • differences in climate, in discoveries of mines, and in class of immigrants to, [492–494];
  • differences in the sphere of government and administration, [494–495];
  • resultant unlikeness of, in everything but position in Western Hemisphere, [495–496];
  • effect on mutual relations of achievement of independence, [496–497];
  • divergence of fortunes of, as to wealth and population, [497–499];
  • difference in the formation of nations,—two in Teutonic America against nineteen states in Latin America, [499–500];
  • points of resemblance to be found in republican forms of government, in social equality, and in detachment from European politics, [501–504];
  • contrasts between people of, in ideas and temperament, [504–505];
  • present attitude of, toward one another, [507] ff.;
  • common relations between, shown to be wholly wanting, [507–520];
  • the Monroe Doctrine, and South American view of, [508–510].
• Ampato, Mt., [57], [81].
  
• Anahuac, Peruvian Indians compared with those of, [159], [160];
  
  • plateau of, compared with the Andes, [278].
• Anarchist propaganda in Argentina, [343].
  
• Ancohuma (Hanko Uma), peak of, [142].
  
• Ancon, hill of, [9–12].
  
• Ancon, village of, [27].
  
• Ancud, channel of, [239].
  
• Andenes, terraces in Lake Titicaca region, [122].
  
• Andes mountains, [38], [39], [42], [47];
  
  • description of peaks of Western Cordillera, [55–58], [60], [61], [63], [81], [82];
  • gold in the, [192];
  • splendor of scenery of, [200–201], [203], [241–242];
  • tunnel through the, [251], [256];
  • trips across the, [252–261], [267–271];
  • passage of, by San Martin's army, [268], [280–281];
  • the Christ of the, summit of Uspallata Pass, [269–270];
  • descent of, on open trolley, [270–271];
  • comparisons of, with other great ranges, [271] ff.;
  • as a field for mountain climbers, [272];
  • advantages of distance for viewing, [272–275];
  • why an unfavourable field for landscape painters, [275–276];
  • comparison of, with Himalayas, [276–277];
  • comparison with Alps and North American ranges, [277–279];
  • expense and difficulty of travel in the, [588].
• Andrez, nephew of Tupac Amaru, [92].
  
• Animals, on Peruvian highlands, [77–78], [81–82];
  
  • of Bolivia, [177];
  • of forests of southern Chile, [245];
  • absence of, among Fuegians, [294–295];
  • on Pampas of Argentina, [325–326].
• Antarctic current, the, [38], [39], [43], [45], [489].
  
• Antimony mines, [87].
  
• Antiquities. See [Ruins].
  
• Antiquity of Cuzco, [109] n.
  
• Antofagasta, [169], [202], [210], [211], [215].
  
• Antofagasta and Bolivia Railroad, [187], [189–190], [191–192].
  
• Araucana, epic by Alonzo de Ercilla, [236].
  
• Araucanian Indians, [159], [225];
  
  • home of, in Central Valley of Chile, [232–233];
  • primitive semi-civilization of, [233–234];
  • maintain their independence against the Spanish, [233–235];
  • Chile asserts authority over, [235–236];
  • remain the one unconquered native people of South America, [236];
  • estimates of former and present numbers, [236];
  • inroads of disease and drink among, and government protection of, [236–237];
  • religion of, [237–238].
• Araucaria, conifer of southern Chile, [244].
  
• Arawak Indians, [457].
  
• Areche, Spanish judge, [116].
  
• Arequipa, Peru, [60];
  
  • history, [60];
  • altitude, [60];
  • climate, [60–61];
  • Harvard Observatory at, [61];
  • scenic wonders at, [62–64];
  • houses, streets, and people, [64–66];
  • Indian labourers in, [66];
  • an ecclesiastical stronghold, [66–67];
  • romance of the runaway nun at, [69–74];
  • terminal of Southern Railroad of Peru, [80].
• Argentina, [52];
  
  • entrance to, across the Andes, [251–260];
  • contrasts between Chile and, [264–265];
  • railways of, [264], [329], [337], [588];
  • difference as to interest aroused between Peru, Bolivia, and Chile and, [315], [346];
  • proportion of population of, dwelling in Buenos Aires, [322–323];
  • natural features of, [324–325];
  • the Pampas, [325–329];
  • farms and cattle ranches of, [329–331];
  • allotment of land into large estates held by great landowners, [331–333];
  • Italians in, [332–333], [339–340], [438], [516–517];
  • leading agricultural products of, [336];
  • cattle, sheep, and horses in, [336] n.;
  • possibilities of, as to growth in wealth and population, [337–338];
  • composition of population of the country, [338–340];
  • effect on future of nation of European commingling, [339–341], [346–348];
  • separation of church from politics in, [342–343];
  • anarchist propaganda in, [343];
  • relative positions held by politics, literature, and business in, [344–346];
  • excessive patriotism of people, [346];
  • influence of geographical position on its differentiation as a separate political entity, [429];
  • a true nation by the test of possessing a distinctive national quality and a strong national sentiment, [441];
  • armament maintained by, [449];
  • slight influence of Italians on political and intellectual life of, [516–517];
  • British capital invested in railways of, [517];
  • a bona fide republic, after a troubled and sanguinary political history, [544–545];
  • pre-eminent fitness of, for immigration, [556–557];
  • universities and schools in, [575];
  • writers on theoretical jurisprudence and international law in, [578] n.
• Arias, Pedro de, [477].
  
• Arica, [169].
  
• Aridity of the Pampas of Argentina, [333].
  
• Armies of South American countries, [449].
  
• Arrow points found at Tiahuanaco, [148].
  
• Art, displayed in altars of churches at Cuzco, [99];
  
  • lack of excellence in, in South America, [99];
  • ancient Peruvian, [106–107];
  • inferiority of ancient Peruvian, as a whole, [154].
• Artigas, José, savage treatment of prisoners by, [548], [584].
  
• Ascotan, [201].
  
• Assassinations, political, in South America and in Europe, [548].
  
• Asuncion, [179].
  
• Atacama, Desert of, [204].
  
• Atahuallpa, treachery of Pizarro to, [98], [192].
  
• Aullagas Lake, [126], [190–191].
  
• Australia, effect of Panama Canal on trade to, [34];
  
  • decreasing birth-rate of, [563] n.
• Australian gum trees, world-wide spread of, [92–93];
  
  • at La Paz, [176–177];
  • on the Pampas, [335];
  • in Montevideo, [353].
• Ausungate, Mt., [108].
  
• Avenida Central, Rio de Janeiro, [381].
  
• Avenida de Mayo, Buenos Aires, [316–317], [346].
  
• Ayacucho, battle of, [166].
  
• Ayllu, Indian clan, [180].
  
• Aymará Indians, [121–124];
  
  • traditions of the, [149];
  • at La Paz, [179], [182];
  • one of the two divisions of Indians found by Spanish, [183–184];
  • present condition of, [460–462];
  • isolated social position of, [474–475].
• Ayuntamiento, municipal council, [535].
  
• B
  
• Bahia, city of, [400–401].
  
• Bahia, battleship, [396–399].
  
• Balboa, Vasco Nuñez de, [1], [4], [8], [11], [37], [283], [477].
  
• Balboa Hill, Panama, [8].
  
• Ball, John, Notes of a Naturalist in South America by, [227], [289], [587].
  
• Ballivian, Señor, [178].
  
• Balmaceda, President of Chile, [222];
  
  • advanced policies, defeat, and death of, [544].
• Balsas, boats of Totora, Lake Titicaca, [125], [141].
  
• Bandelier, Islands of Titicaca and Koati by, quoted and cited, [63–64], [142] n., [185] n., [465–466], [467–468].
  
• Barley, grown on central plateau of Peru, [120], [122].
  
• Barnevelt Island, [293].
  
• Barrios, Gerardo, [545].
  
• Bas Obispo, [21].
  
• Bath of the Inca, Island of the Sun, [133].
  
• Beagle Sound, [292].
  
• "Big Trees" of California, comparison of South American trees with, [245], [391].
  
• Bingham, Professor Hiram, ascent of Coropuna by, [57] n.;
  
  • cited on antiquity of Cuzco, [109] n.;
  • Across South America by, cited, [113] n., [588];
  • quoted on South American view of Monroe Doctrine, [509–510];
  • on number of North Americans as compared with number of Germans in Brazil, [510] n.
• Biobio River, [225], [227], [235].
  
• Birds seen on voyage to Straits of Magellan, [287–288].
  
• Birth-rate, acceleration of, among immigrants to Argentina, [339], [566];
  
  • decrease in the world's, may help to solve overpopulation problem, [554–555];
  • unreliability of estimates based on, as shown by Australia, [563];
  • higher among Indians than among whites, [566].
• Blanco, Guzman, [519], [525].
  
• Blanco, Rio, [254].
  
• Boats of Indians on Lake Titicaca, [125], [141].
  
• Bogota, [52].
  
• Boleta, weapon of Gauchos, [328].
  
• Bolivar, Simon, [167];
  
  • fame of, exceeds merits, [507];
  • Pan-American Union project of, [511] n.;
  • form of government favoured by, [538], [540].
• Bolivia, [42], [57];
  
  • distinction between Peru and, purely arbitrary, [121–122];
  • reasons for lack of natural boundaries, explained by history of, [166–167];
  • named for Simon Bolivar, [167];
  • an entirely inland state, [167];
  • people, [167];
  • area, population, and towns, [168];
  • railways of, [168–169], [186–187], [191–192], [193–194];
  • minerals of, [190], [192–193];
  • necessity of railways to, for sake of cohesiveness of country, [193–194];
  • the risk of a future partitioning of, [448];
  • proportion of Indians in population of, [458];
  • population in proportion to area, [527];
  • not a country for immigrants to turn toward, [555].
• Bolson, basin-shaped hollow, [95].
  
• Borax, lakes of, [199];
  
  • mining and preparing of, [199–200].
• Botafogo Bay, Rio de Janeiro, [381].
  
• Botanical Garden, Buenos Aires, [319];
  
  • Montevideo, [353–354];
  • Rio de Janeiro, [382].
• Bougainville, colony planted at Falkland Isles by, [312].
  
• Brazil, area and aboriginal Indians of, [367];
  
  • mountains, valleys, and inland plain of, [368–369] (see [Selvas]);
  • exportation of coffee, [372];
  • wonders of scenery of, [385] ff.;
  • character of villages, [389–390];
  • trees, flowers, and forests of, [390–394];
  • how it fell to the Portuguese to colonize, [401–402];
  • negroes in, [401], [404–405], [408];
  • account of different regions of, [402] ff.;
  • proportion of foreign population in, [407];
  • political history of, [410–411];
  • present political conditions, [411–413];
  • chief economic and political issues in, [413];
  • transitional state of society in, [414];
  • status of coloured population, [414–415], [479–480];
  • financial standing of the nation, [415];
  • letters and oratory in, [416–417];
  • possibilities of, in other hands than its present possessors, [420–421];
  • characterized by true national qualities, [441];
  • armament maintained by, [449];
  • slavery in, [456];
  • effect of intermixture of blood in, [480];
  • titles of nobility in, [502] n.;
  • slight influence of Italians on political and intellectual life in, [516–517];
  • pre-eminent fitness of southern, for immigration, [556–557].
• Brewery, at Cuzco, [102];
  
  • at Valdivia, [229].
• Brigandage, decrease in, [548].
  
• British, at Valdivia, [229];
  
  • population of Falkland Isles composed of, [310];
  • capital invested by, in Argentine railways, [337];
  • in Argentina, [340–341];
  • capital of, in railways of Uruguay, [354–355];
  • Santos-São Paulo railway line built and owned by, [372];
  • Leopoldina railway owned by, [386];
  • capital of, invested in South America generally, [517].
  • See also [English].
• Buccaneers, English, [12], [15–16].
  
• Bueno, Rio, excursion on the, [242–243].
  
• Buenos Aires, city of, [216] n., [262];
  
  • dulness of water approach to, [315–316];
  • general appearance, streets, houses, etc., [316–318];
  • business rush and social gaiety of, [318];
  • docks and harbour works at, [319–320];
  • shanties in suburbs of, [320];
  • outer rim of pretentious places, [320–321];
  • make-up of population of city, [321–322];
  • predominance of Spanish and Italian speech in, [322];
  • proportion of population of whole country dwelling in, [322–323];
  • terms used to designate population of, as opposed to that of rest of nation, [323];
  • anarchists in, [343];
  • the press of, [344];
  • numbers of North Americans and of Germans in, [510] n.;
  • University of, [575];
  • expense of living in, [589].
• Buenos Aires, viceroyalty of, [166], [327], [349].
  
• Building, excellence of ancient Peruvians in, [154–155].
  
• C
  
• Cabildos, municipal councils, [535].
  
• Caboclos, half-breeds called, [408].
  
• Cabral, Pedro Alvares, [366–367].
  
• Cachendo, town of, [56].
  
• Calama, village of, [202].
  
• Calcutta, comparison of Botanic Garden at, with that at Rio de Janeiro, [382].
  
• California poppy about Valparaiso, [214].
  
• Callao, [46].
  
• Canal Zone, the, [4–35].
  
• Canary Isles, mummies of primitive inhabitants of, [157] n.
  
• Candelaria, celebration of feast of, Copacavana, [129–130].
  
• Candido, João, mutineer leader, [396].
  
• Cannibalism in ancient Peru and among Amazonian tribes, [157].
  
• Canning, George, diplomacy of, [497], [508].
  
• Cape Horn, [293].
  
• Caracoles, [270].
  
• Cara Indians, [159].
  
• Carbajal, Francisco, [477].
  
• Carib Indians, [456–457].
  
• Casas, Bartolomé de las, [464].
  
• Castro, dictator of Venezuela, [525].
  
• Cathedral, Lima, [48–49];
  
  • Arequipa, [65], [67];
  • Cuzco, [97–98];
  • La Paz, [175];
  • Santiago, [217].
• Catholicism, position of, in Argentina, [342–343];
  
  • effect of, on attitude of whites toward Indians and negroes, [471–472];
  • status of the Church in Spanish America generally, [582–584].
• Cattle, transportation of, across the Andes, [252] n.;
  
  • breeding of, about Buenos Aires, [321];
  • on Pampas of Argentina, [327], [328];
  • numbers of, in Argentina, [336] n.;
  • in Uruguay, [354].
• Caupolican, Araucanian chief, [184], [235];
  
  • memorial to, at Temuco, [516].
• Cedars of southern Chile, [245].
  
• Census of Peruvian Indians taken by Viceroy Toledo, [457].
  
• Central America, ruins in Peru contrasted with those in, [106], [113];
  
  • to be grouped with South America rather than North, [490];
  • impossibility of existence of a real democracy in, [539].
• Cereals, the important production of Argentina, [336].
  
• Ceremonial dances of aboriginal tribes, [130], [185], [467–468].
  
• Cerro, hill and castle of, Montevideo, [353].
  
• Chachani, Mt., [56–57], [60], [62], [81].
  
• Chagres River, [6], [7], [8], [15], [20–21], [24].
  
• Challa, Bay of, [134].
  
• Charles V, Emperor, [12], [98], [284], [499], [500].
  
• Charrua Indians, [159], [355].
  
• Chenopodium, [120].
  
• Chibcha Indians, Bogota, [13], [457].
  
• Chicha, drink brewed from maize, [90], [123], [467], [468] n.
  
• Chile, [52], [57];
  
  • Peruvian nitrate provinces conquered by, [42];
  • peculiarity of length and breadth of, [205];
  • mountains and valleys of, [205–206];
  • three regions of, [206–207];
  • the nitrate fields, [207–209];
  • revenue to, from export duties on nitrates, [209];
  • large estates and landed aristocracy of, [220];
  • predominance of politics in, [221];
  • civil war in (1890), [222];
  • party divisions and an election in, [222–223];
  • description of southern portion, [223] ff.;
  • coast towns and seaports of the south, [225–232];
  • fusion of whites and Indians in, [232];
  • immigration into southern, from Europe, [239–240];
  • lake, river, and mountain region of, [241–247];
  • contrasts between Argentina and, [264–265];
  • influence of its geographical position on separate political status of, [429];
  • a true nation in possessing a distinctive national quality and a strong national sentiment, [441];
  • armament maintained by, [449];
  • successful working of real republican government in, [543–544];
  • room for increased population in, [557–558];
  • university in Santiago, [575].
• Chile River, [60], [82].
  
• Chiloe, island of, [223], [239].
  
• Chimborazo, Mt., [40].
  
• Chimu city, ruins of, near Truxillo, [44], [153], [183].
  
• China, slight immigration into South America from, [438];
  
  • improbability of danger to South America from, [504].
• Chincha Islands, guano deposits on, [46].
  
• Chinchilla, habitat of the, [200].
  
• Chingana, Labyrinth, on Titi Kala, [136–137].
  
• Cholos, half-breeds at Oruro, [190], [195] n.
  
• Choqquequirau, ruins at, [113].
  
• Christianity, attitude of Indians toward, [465–466].
  
• Christ of the Andes, statue of, [256], [269–270].
  
• Chucuito, lake of, [136] n.
  
• Chullpas, on Island of the Sun, [133].
  
• Chuquisaca (Sucre), [166], [167], [168], [193–194].
  
• Church, of Company of Jesus, Arequipa, [67];
  
  • at Copacavana, [129–130];
  • at Tiahuanaco, [148].
• Church, the Roman Catholic, separation of, from politics in Argentina, [342–343];
  
  • party antagonistic to, in Uruguay, [363–364];
  • complete separation of state and, in Brazil, [412–413];
  • slight influence of, on progress of South American countries toward national life, [436–437];
  • present status in Spanish America, and causes, [582–584].
• Churches, Cuzco, [98–99];
  
  • La Paz, [174–175].
• Cities, phenomenon of growth of, out of proportion to that of the countries to which they belong, [322].
  
• Clémenceau, Georges, South America of To-day by, quoted, [412], [417].
  
• Climate, on coast of Peru, [38–39];
  
  • at Lima, [51];
  • effect of differences in, on development of the two Americas, [431], [492].
• Coal, lignite, at Punta Arenas, [300];
  
  • lack of, in Argentina, [336].
• Coast Range, western South America, [81], [224], [225], [297];
  
  • of Brazil, [381], [384].
• Coca, liquor made from, [89–90].
  
• Coca-leaf chewing, [182], [467].
  
• Cochabamba, [168], [193].
  
• Cochrane, Lord, [230], [280].
  
• Cockburn Channel, [292], [298–299].
  
• Coffee, exportation of, from Brazil, [372];
  
  • description of a plantation, [387–388];
  • region where grown, in Brazil, [403].
• Cog-wheel railway on Transandine line, [252].
  
• Coillelfu, town of, [244].
  
• Collahuasi copper mine, [198].
  
• Collao, country called the, [121], [183].
  
• Collao Indians, [86].
  
• Colombia, [17], [76];
  
  • forests of coast, [39];
  • question of true national qualities of, [441–442];
  • population in proportion to area, [527];
  • poetic output of, [578] n.
• Colon, city of, [5], [11], [13], [23].
  
• Colour line, absence of a, in South America, [470–474], [479], [482].
  
• Columbus, Christopher, statue of, [5];
  
  • voyage of Magellan as compared with voyages of, [282];
  • belief of, that it was India he had reached, [484–485].
• Commerce, effect of Panama Canal on European, [34].
  
• Concepcion, [225–226].
  
• Condorcanqui, José Gabriel (Tupac Amaru), [92], [116].
  
• Congresses of American republics, [511] n.
  
• Conquistadores, undeniable piety of, [584].
  
  • See [Pizarro].
• Conway, Sir Martin, climbing in the Bolivian Andes by, [142];
  
  • on composition of mountains in Cordillera Real, [143];
  • on varying effects of rarity of air, [173];
  • attempted ascent of Mt. Sarpiento by, [299];
  • book by, [588].
• Copacavana, shrine of Virgin of the Light at, [126], [129].
  
• Copan, ruins of, comparison of ruins at Cuzco with, [106].
  
• Copper mines, Peru, [42];
  
  • near Aguas Calientes, [87];
  • Bolivia, [189], [190], [192];
  • the Collahuasi mine, [198].
• Copper smelting, Corral, [229].
  
• Coquimbo, [39], [206], [211].
  
• Corcovado, peak of, Rio de Janeiro, [380].
  
• Cordillera range in Peru, [55–58], [77–79].
  
• Cordillera Real, the, [127], [141–143].
  
• Cordova, Argentina, [323], [326];
  
  • University of, [323], [575].
• Coronel, port of, [227].
  
• Coropuna, Mt., [57], [83].
  
• Corral, town of, [229–230], [280].
  
• Cortes, [516].
  
• Costa Rica, [13], [503].
  
• Cotton, production of, in Argentina, [336];
  
  • labour on Brazilian plantations of, [404–405].
• Courtship, South American, [51].
  
• Criollos, the, [513].
  
• Criticism, susceptibility of South Americans to, [506].
  
• Croker Peninsula, [292].
  
• Crooked Reach, Straits of Magellan, [293], [297].
  
• Crucero Alto, the, [83].
  
• Cuahtémoc, last of the Aztec kings, [516];
  
  • statue of, [516].
• Cuba, influence of geographical position on its status as a political entity, [429].
  
• Culebra Cut, Panama Canal, [8–9], [20], [21–22], [23], [24–25].
  
• Cumbre, the, [267], [268], [280].
  
• Cusipata, plaza of, Cuzco, [97].
  
• Cuzco, [54];
  
  • position as an ancient capital, [95];
  • description of the present-day city, [95–97];
  • cathedral of, [97–98];
  • churches at, [98–99];
  • merits and demerits as a place of residence, [100];
  • University of, [100–101];
  • Indian population of, [101–102];
  • walls at, [103] ff.;
  • walls of Sacsahuaman, [106] n., [107–112], [118];
  • proof of extreme antiquity of, [109] n.;
  • rumours of subterranean passages at, [110];
  • the Rodadero, [111];
  • the Seat of the Inca, [111–112];
  • Sacsahuaman probably older than, [112–113];
  • other ruins of walls about, [113];
  • horrors of Spanish rule at, [115–117];
  • memories and reflections aroused by, [117];
  • railway lines to, [194];
  • contrast between Santiago and, [217].
• D
  
• "Dago" and "Gringo," use of the words, [506].
  
• Dances, primitive heathen, [130], [185], [467–468].
  
• Darwin, Charles, Voyage of the Beagle by, [294] n.
  
• Darwin, Mt., [293].
  
• Davis, John, discoverer of Falkland Isles, [311].
  
• Dawson, T. C., The South American Republics by, [587].
  
• Death rate, Canal Zone, [29];
  
  • a high, among Indians of South America, [236–237], [457–458], [566].
• De Lesseps, Ferdinand, [4], [18].
  
• Delimitation Award, [449].
  
• Democracies, impossibility of existence of real, in Spanish American states, [539].
  
• Denis, Pierre, work on Brazil by, [588].
  
• Desaguadero River, [126], [143–144];
  
  • Indians on lagoons of the, [183].
• Deseado, Cabo (Cape Pilar), [285], [290], [291].
  
• Deserts, [40–41], [75];
  
  • in Bolivia, [167], [196];
  • scenery on, [196–197];
  • of Argentina, [266–267].
• Desolation Island, [291], [293], [295].
  
• Diaz, Bartholomew, [283].
  
• Diaz, Porfirio, [532] n., [548];
  
  • autocratic government of, the form best suited for Mexico, [542–543].
• Dictatorships in young South American republics, [538–539].
  
• Dominican missionaries, [464–465].
  
• Drake, Sir Francis, [15], [17];
  
  • attack of Araucanians on, [235];
  • passage of Straits of Magellan by, [286].
• Dramas of ancient Peruvians, [155–156].
  
• Dress, of Indians of Peru, [89];
  
  • of Indians at La Paz, [175–176];
  • of Gauchos, [328].
• Drought, the risk of, in Argentina, [333], [557] n.
  
• Dry farming, [330].
  
• Dumas, Alexandre, a saying of, quoted, [490].
  
• Dungeness, Cape, Tierra del Fuego, [305].
  
• Duties, protective, in Brazil, [413].
  
• E
  
• Earthquakes, freedom of Panama from, [24];
  
  • prevalence of, at Lima, [48];
  • at Arequipa, [64];
  • at Valparaiso, [203];
  • at Mendoza, [262];
  • absence of, at Buenos Aires, [317].
• Earth Spirit of Indian tribes, [185], [466].
  
• Easter Island, figures on, compared with figures at Tiahuanaco, [150].
  
• Eastern Cordillera, [188].
  
• East Indian coolies in Guiana, [564] n.
  
• Ecuador, [39], [40], [76], [342];
  
  • question of true national qualities of, [442];
  • not a country for immigrants, [555].
• Eden, Decades of the New World by, [303].
  
• Education, comparatively small provision made for in South America, [575];
  
  • the outlook for a wider, [579–580].
• Edwards, A., Panama by, [588].
  
• Elliot, Scott, History of Chile by, [587].
  
• Encomienda, system of the, [455].
  
• English, residing at La Paz, [179];
  
  • at Valparaiso, [215–216];
  • adverse criticism on, quoted, [216];
  • at Buenos Aires, [321];
  • in Argentina, [340–341];
  • in state of São Paulo, [377];
  • lack of sympathy of feeling between South Americans and, [506];
  • influence of, restricted to commercial relations, [517–518].
  • See also [British].
• English names of headlands, bays, and channels of Straits of Magellan, [292–293].
  
• English Reach, Straits of Magellan, [293], [298].
  
• Ercilla, Alonzo de, Araucana of, [236].
  
• Espiritu Santo, Cape, [305].
  
• Estates of great landowners, Chile, [220–221];
  
  • in Argentina, [331–333].
• Eucalyptus trees in South America, [92–93], [176–177], [335], [353].
  
• Evangelists, islands called, [290].
  
• Export duties on nitrates, [209].
  
• F
  
• Falkland Isles, visit to, [308–314];
  
  • sheep industry predominant on, [310];
  • possibilities for development of, [310–311];
  • chequered history of, [311–312];
  • present form of government, [312];
  • impressions of nature obtained at, [313–314].
• Farming country, Argentina, [329–330].
  
  • See [Agriculture].
• Ferro Carril Transandino, [251].
  
• Fevers, Isthmus of Panama, [3];
  
  • preventive measures, Canal Zone, [28–30];
  • at Guayaquil, [40].
• Fitzgerald, E. A., High Andes by, [258] n.
  
• Fitzroy, Cape, [292].
  
• Flor del Inca, shrub called, [133].
  
• Flowers, Isthmus of Panama, [7];
  
  • in forests of southern Chile, [243], [244], [245], [246];
  • of Brazil, [391–394].
• Flying fish, [43].
  
• Forests, of Colombia and Ecuador, [39];
  
  • of the Amazon, [75–76];
  • of Brazil, [390–394];
  • of southern Chile, [241–247];
  • of the Selvas, [558–560].
• Formosa, Cape, [291].
  
• Fortifications, Panama Canal, [19], [32–33].
  
• Francia, José Gaspar Rodriguez, [465], [525], [584].
  
• Franciscan monks, Copacavana, [129].
  
• Frazer, J. G., Golden Bough by, cited, [159] n.
  
• Free trade, an issue in Brazil, [413].
  
• French, attempts of, to construct Panama Canal, [18], [31–32];
  
  • mining carried on by, at Pulucayo, [195];
  • copper smelting at Corral by, [229];
  • residing at Coillelfu, [244];
  • on the Falkland Isles, [311–312];
  • colony at Buenos Aires, [321];
  • in Argentina, [340];
  • in state of São Paulo, [377];
  • influence of, in things intellectual and social, [518–520];
  • spread of language and literature of, in South America, [576].
• Froward, Cape, [293], [298], [305].
  
• Fuegian Indians, [292], [294].
  
• Fury Island, [293].
  
• G
  
• Gama, Vasco da, voyage of, as compared with that of Magellan, [282].
  
• Garden, at Lota, [227–228];
  
  • Botanical Garden at Buenos Aires, [319];
  • at Montevideo, [353–354];
  • at Rio de Janeiro, [382].
• Garden Mountain, the, [201].
  
• Garibaldi, story of fighting by, in Uruguay, [358].
  
• Gatun Dam, [6], [21–22], [23–24].
  
• Gaucho horsemen, Argentina, [321], [328];
  
  • in Uruguay, [355–356];
  • in Brazil, [406].
• Gavea, Mt., [383].
  
• Germans in South America, [102];
  
  • at La Paz, [179];
  • at Valparaiso, [215–216];
  • at Valdivia, [229];
  • immigration of, into Chile, [239], [438];
  • at Osorno, [239];
  • at Buenos Aires, [321];
  • in Argentina, [340–341];
  • in state of São Paulo, [377];
  • large number of, in Rio Grande do Sul, [406];
  • in Brazil, [438];
  • in Uruguay, [438];
  • a factor to be reckoned with commercially in Brazil and South America generally, [510] n.;
  • influence of, restricted to commercial relations, [517–518].
• Glaciers, Andean, [84], [85];
  
  • of Cordillera Real, [141], [143];
  • on Mt. Illimani, [176];
  • on Mt. Aconcagua, [249], [258];
  • on mountains along Straits of Magellan, [295], [296].
• Goethals, Colonel, [26–27], [30].
  
• Gold, in Peruvian and Bolivian Andes, [192];
  
  • retardation of real development of Spanish America caused by, [493].
• Gold Hill, [21], [25] n.
  
• Gorgas, Colonel, [29].
  
• Governments of Spanish American states, effect of physical conditions on, [527–528];
  
  • of racial conditions, [528–531];
  • of economic and social conditions, [532–534];
  • of historical conditions during the colonial period, [534–536];
  • of historical conditions at close of War of Independence, [536–539];
  • have never been real democracies, [539–540];
  • question of what form might have been preferable, [540–541];
  • three classes of states under republican forms, [541–545];
  • encouragement to be got from Chile and Argentina, [543–546];
  • states still unfitted for popular self-government, [547–548];
  • leniency called for in judging Spanish American, [549–551].
• Graham Land, [284].
  
• Gran Chaco, the, [327], [329], [338], [478];
  
  • plagues of locusts emanating from, [334].
• "Gringo," use of word, [506].
  
• Guanacos, in Tierra del Fuego, [304];
  
  • in Argentina, [326].
• Guano, [42], [45–46];
  
  • a source of evil to Peru, [209].
• Guaqui, Bolivia, [125], [144], [169].
  
• Guarani Indians in Paraguay, [441], [459].
  
• Guayaquil, city of, [40], [589].
  
• Guayaquil, Gulf of, [38–39], [40].
  
• H
  
• Hale, Albert, The South Americans by, [510], [588].
  
• Half-breeds, in Brazil, [407–408];
  
  • social status of, in South America, [472–473];
  • a negligible quantity in North America, [491–492].
  • See [Mestizos] and [Mulattoes].
• Hanko Uma, peak of, [142].
  
• Harvard Observatory, Arequipa, [61].
  
• Hayti, government of, [542].
  
• Himalaya Mountains, comparisons between Andes and, [276–277].
  
• Hindus in British Guiana, [438].
  
• Hirst, W. A., Argentina by, [588].
  
• Horse-racing, in Chile, [221–222];
  
  • at Buenos Aires, [318], [345];
  • in Brazil, [415].
• Horses, importance of, in Uruguayan insurrections, [359];
  
  • found on Pampas of Argentina, [327], [328];
  • numbers of, in Argentina, [336] n.
• Hotel accommodations, [589].
  
• Houses, adobe, [41], [88], [123];
  
  • cane and reed, Lima, [47–48];
  • ancient Peruvian, [131–132].
• Huaca, sacred object (fetish), [139].
  
• Huanchaca, [195].
  
• Huayna Capac, Inca sovereign, [111].
  
• Huayna Potosi, Mt., [142], [187].
  
• Huillca of ancient Peruvians, [157].
  
• Humboldt current, the, [38], [39], [43], [45], [489].
  
• I
  
• Ilacata, Indian official, [180].
  
• Iles Malouines, French name for Falkland Isles, [311].
  
• Illampu, Mt. (Sorata), [57], [134], [141–142].
  
• Illimani, Mt., [134], [142], [176], [177], [186], [188].
  
• Immigration, to southern Chile, [239–241];
  
  • to Argentina, [338–339];
  • of Germans and Italians to Brazil, [405–407];
  • of Portuguese, Spaniards, and Syrians, [407];
  • slight effect of, on national differentiation in South America, [437–438];
  • from Spain, [514];
  • of Italians to Argentina and Brazil, [516];
  • mountainous parts of Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia unsuited for, [555];
  • the three sections of South America to be regarded as a field for, [555];
  • pre-eminent fitness of Argentina, Uruguay, and southern Brazil, [556–557];
  • room for, to Chile, [557–558];
  • the Amazonian Selvas considered with a view to, [560–562].
• Incas, the, [41], [44], [45], [46], [60], [92], [94];
  
  • civilization of the, [78–79];
  • ancient highway of the, [86];
  • traces of empire of, at Cuzco, [102–118];
  • stories of the gold of the, [110];
  • depth of the fall of the, [114–115];
  • relics of, at Copacavana, [128–130];
  • on Sacred Isles, Lake Titicaca, [132], [133], [135–139];
  • Sacred Rock honoured as the ancient home of race of, [139];
  • traces of people who antedated the, at Tiahuanaco, [149–150];
  • type of civilization of, compared with that of Aztecs, [160];
  • administration of government, roads, rest-houses, etc., of, [160–161];
  • political astuteness of, [161–162];
  • disastrous results of overthrow of, by Spanish, [162];
  • destruction of people of, [162–163];
  • question of completeness of development of semi-civilization of, when overthrown, [164–165];
  • belonged to the Quichua race of Indians, [183];
  • naming of unusual natural phenomena after the, [258–259].
• Inca's Bridge, the, [258–259].
  
• Indian runners, service of, under the Incas, [60], [161].
  
• Indians, prehistoric, [3], [13];
  
  • of San Blas, [13–14];
  • on Isthmus of Panama, [13–14];
  • at Arequipa, [66];
  • enslavement of, by rubber producers, [76], [458];
  • as shepherds, Peru, [81], [83];
  • of towns in interior of Peru, [84];
  • at Sicuani, [88–92];
  • predominance of, at Cuzco, [101–102];
  • of central plateau of Peru, [121–124];
  • inferiority of Andean, compared with other tribes, [159–160];
  • in Bolivia, [168];
  • large proportion of, among population of La Paz, [179];
  • present condition of aborigines in Andean regions, [180] ff.;
  • tribal organization of, [180–181], [461–462];
  • Ilacatas and Alcaldes of, [180–181];
  • illiteracy of, [181–182], [468];
  • indulgence in alcohol and more especially in coca leaf chewing, [181–182];
  • two divisions of, the Quichuas and the Aymarás, [182–184];
  • characteristics of, [184–185];
  • religion of, [185];
  • feelings toward white men, [185–186];
  • fusion of, with white race in Chile, [232];
  • the Araucanians, [232–238];
  • to south of Araucanians, [238–239];
  • on islands off south Chilean coast, [288], [478];
  • along Straits of Magellan, [294];
  • of the Pampas of Argentina, [326], [327], [338];
  • among the police of Buenos Aires, [343];
  • of Uruguay, [355];
  • of Brazil, [367], [369];
  • statistics of, in Brazil, [408] n.;
  • influence of, on differentiating various parts of Spanish America from one another into separate nations, [432–433];
  • have nothing to do with government of countries they inhabit, [439], [469–470], [529];
  • constitute an economic factor of the first magnitude except in Argentina and Uruguay, [454];
  • attitude of Spanish conquerors toward, [454–456];
  • vast differences in qualities of aboriginal, [456–457];
  • present numbers of, [457];
  • proportion of, in population of Mexico and South America, [458–460];
  • numbers of wild tribes, [460];
  • civil and ecclesiastical oppression of, under the Spaniards and later, [460–465];
  • religion of, [462–466];
  • work of Dominicans and Jesuits among, [464–465];
  • attitude toward Christianity, [465–466];
  • indulgence of, in drinking and dancing, [467–468];
  • safety of white people among, [468–469];
  • relations between whites and, in Paraguay, [470–473];
  • constitute separate nationalities from those of the combined white and mestizo, [474];
  • retardation of industrial and intellectual progress by, [475–476], [580–581];
  • effect of intermarriage with, on the Spanish stock, [476–477];
  • Peruvian Indians free from bloodthirstiness, [477];
  • of the Selvas, [559];
  • estimated total number in whole continent, [564];
  • rate of increase of, [566].
• Indios bravos, wild Indians, [460], [470], [530] n.
  
• Inquisition, hall of the, Lima, [50].
  
• Insurrections, South American and other, [359–361], [362–363].
  
  • See also [Revolutions].
• Intensive cultivation, postponement of fear of overpopulation by, [554].
  
• Intermarriage, of whites and Indians in Paraguay, [471];
  
  • effect of, on quality of Spanish stock, [476–477], [530–531];
  • between whites and negroes in Brazil, [480].
• Invention, lack of, in ancient Peruvians, [155].
  
• Inventors, esteem of Spanish Americans for scientists as, [581].
  
• Iodine, a by-product of nitrate, [208].
  
• Iquitos, town of, [559].
  
• Irrigation, Lima, [47];
  
  • at Mendoza, [263].
• Isabella the Catholic, statue of, returned to Spain, [515].
  
• Island of the Sun, Lake Titicaca, [132–140].
  
• Isthmuses, interest attached to, geographically and commercially, [1–2].
  
• Italians, at Mendoza, [263];
  
  • increasing numbers of, in Argentina, [264–265], [438];
  • in Buenos Aires, [321–322];
  • as labourers in Argentina, [332–333];
  • distribution of, in Argentina, [339];
  • birth-rate among immigrants, [339];
  • question of influence of, on future nation, [339–340];
  • in Uruguay, [355];
  • in São Paulo and Rio Grande do Sul, [376–377], [406–407];
  • slight effect of, on political and intellectual life in South America, [516–517].
• Italiaya, Mt., [368].
  
• J
  
• Japanese, slight immigration of, to South America, [438];
  
  • remoteness of danger from, [504].
• Jesuit annalist quoted, [63–64].
  
• Jesuits, churches of, in Peru, [67], [98–99];
  
  • mission work of, among the Indians, [464–465].
• Jockey Club, Buenos Aires, [318].
  
• John VI of Portugal, [410].
  
• Johnson, Sir H. H., on coloured race in Brazil, [408] n.
  
• Juarez, Benito, [184], [521], [585].
  
• Jujuy, town of, [330], [478].
  
• Juliaca, village of, [84].
  
• Juncal, town of, [254], [270].
  
• Juncal Valley, the, [271].
  
• Jungle, Isthmus of Panama, [6–7];
  
  • of Amazonian plain, [75], [76], [393–394].
• K
  
• Kaka Aka, Mt., [142].
  
• Koati (Koyata), Island of the Moon, Lake Titicaca, [131–132].
  
• Koebel, W. H., Uruguay by, [588].
  
• L
  
• Labourers, Panama Canal, [26] n., [27–30];
  
  • negro, on Brazilian cotton and sugar plantations, [404–405];
  • in coffee, cattle, and cereal regions of Brazil, [405–407];
  • importance of Indian population as, [454].
• Ladrone Islands, Magellan reaches the, [285].
  
• Lakes in southern Chile, [246–247].
  
• Landowners, class of great, in Chile, [220–221];
  
  • in Argentina, [331–333];
  • absence of a middle class of small, in South America, [532–533].
• La Paz, [121], [141], [144];
  
  • population, [168];
  • the approach to, [168–169];
  • site called Our Lady of Peace, [170];
  • choice of singular site of, [170–171];
  • altitude of, [171];
  • effects on strangers of altitude, [172–174];
  • streets, churches, houses, and people, [174–176];
  • fascination of strange scenes and scenery at, [176–178];
  • museum at, [178];
  • legislative session at, [178–179];
  • contrast between Santiago and, [217].
• La Plata, University of, [575].
  
• La Raya, pass of, [85].
  
• Larden, Walter, work by, [588].
  
• Las Cuevas, [257], [267], [269].
  
• La Serena, town of, [211].
  
• Las Heras, Colonel, [280].
  
• Latin America and Teutonic America, [490].
  
  • See [Americas].
• Lautaro, Araucanian chief, [184], [235].
  
• Lemaire, Neveu, work by, cited, [191].
  
• Leopoldina Railway, [386–390].
  
• Lignite coal near Punta Arenas, [300].
  
• Lima, ancient importance of, [46–47];
  
  • situation, [47];
  • streets and houses, [47–48];
  • square and cathedral, [48–50];
  • notable buildings, [49–50];
  • University of, [50];
  • climate, [50–51];
  • gaiety and social enjoyment at, [51–52];
  • Spanish air retained by, [52–53];
  • lack of evidences of the past and lack of progress at, [53];
  • contrast between Santiago and, [217];
  • society in, for the protection of the Indians, [470] n.
• Limon, Bay of, [6], [20].
  
• Linseed, production of, in Argentina, [336].
  
• Literature, of ancient Peruvians, [155–156];
  
  • place of, in Argentina, [344];
  • influence of the French on South American, [518–519];
  • comparative smallness of output, [576];
  • outlook for, [578–580].
• Llai Llai, station of, [251].
  
• Llamas, Peru, [65], [77], [81], [86], [92], [94];
  
  • droppings of, used as fuel, [121];
  • at La Paz, [169], [176], [177].
• Loa River, [202].
  
• Locks, Panama Canal, [22], [23], [24], [31] n.
  
• Locusts, plagues of, [333–334], [557].
  
• Long Reach, Straits of Magellan, [293], [295].
  
• Lopez, Francisco Solano, [465] n., [525], [545], [584].
  
• Los Patos Pass, [268].
  
• Lota, town of, [227], [286];
  
  • garden at, [227–228].
• Lowell, James Russell, quoted, [283].
  
• Lumbering on the Amazonian plain, [559–560].
  
• Lusiad, Camoens', [416].
  
• Lynch, Patricio, [230].
  
• Lynching practically unknown in South America, [480].
  
• M
  
• Macchu Pichu, ruins at, [113].
  
• Machete, cutlass-like knife, [7], [385].
  
• Madre de Dios River, [194].
  
• Magellan, Ferdinand, remarkable voyage of, [282], [291–292], [305], [486];
  
  • discovery and exploration of Straits of Magellan by, [284–286], [297–298], [299];
  • great geographical importance of voyage of, [307].
• Magellan, Straits of, discovery, [282–286];
  
  • Francis Drake's passage of, [286];
  • account of trip from Lota, Chile, to, [286–290];
  • entrance to, from the west, [290–291];
  • English names of headlands, bays, and channels of, [292–293];
  • mountains along the, [293], [295–297];
  • First and Second Narrows, [304–305];
  • general physical character of, [305–307].
• Maine, Sir Henry, work on Popular Government by, [524–525].
  
• Maize, on central plateau of Peru, [120];
  
  • in Argentina, [336];
  • in Uruguay, [351].
• Maize Mother in Peruvian mythology, [157].
  
• Malarial fever, Guayaquil, [40].
  
• Malthusian theory, question of correctness of, [554].
  
• Mamelucos, half-breeds called, [407].
  
• Manaos, town of, [559].
  
• Manco Capac, Inca sovereign, [108], [137], [138].
  
• Manufacturing, small amount of, in Argentina, [336].
  
• Mapoche Indians, [233], [236], [238].
  
  • See [Araucanian Indians].
• Maranon River, [86].
  
• Markham, Sir C., works on South America by, [147] n., [587].
  
• Marriage between races, [471], [480].
  
  • See [Intermarriage].
• Marriage fees imposed on Indians, [461].
  
• Maule River, [225].
  
• Maya Indians, [13].
  
• Meat-packing, Argentina, [336];
  
  • Uruguay, [354].
• Médanos, sand hills, [58–59].
  
• Medina, José Torribio, historian and bibliographer, [221].
  
• Megillones, [202], [210–211].
  
• Mendoza, Spanish governor, [249].
  
• Mendoza, town of, [249], [250], [253], [256], [261], [280];
  
  • location and growing importance of, [261–262];
  • description of, [261–263];
  • beauty of scenery at, [265–266].
• Mendoza River, [262].
  
• Merced, church of, Cuzco, [98–99].
  
• Mercedario, Mt., altitude of, [260] n.
  
• Mestizos, half-breeds of Spanish and Indians, [90–91];
  
  • position of, regarding Indians, [186];
  • proportion of, in population of Mexico, Peru, and South America generally, [458–460];
  • social status of, [472–473];
  • forceful leaders found among, [477];
  • estimated total number of, in the continent, [564];
  • numerical predominance of (excepting in Argentina and Uruguay), [565];
  • rate of increase of, [566];
  • predominance of the white element in, [566–567].
• Mexican War, suspicions of South America against United States aroused by, [447], [497], [508].
  
• Mexico, ruins in Peru contrasted with those in, [106], [113];
  
  • the qualities of a true nation possessed by, [441];
  • proportion of Indians in population of, [458];
  • secret idol worship in, [466];
  • characteristics of Indians of, [474];
  • to be grouped with South America rather than North, [490];
  • impossibility of existence of a real democracy in, [539];
  • suitability of Diaz' autocratic form of government for, [542–543].
• Military school, University of La Plata, [575].
  
• Minas Geraes, state of, Brazil, [370].
  
• Minas Geraes, battleship, [396–399].
  
• Mineral springs, Aguas Calientes, [87].
  
• Mines, silver and copper, Peru, [42].
  
• Mining, at Oruro, Bolivia, [189];
  
  • condition of, in Argentina, [336];
  • evils to early Spanish America resulting from, [493–494].
• Miraflores, Isthmus of Panama, [22], [27].
  
• Misti, volcano, Peru, [56–57], [60], [61], [63], [81], [82], [392].
  
• Mita, personal service rendered landlords by Indians, [462].
  
• Mitla, comparison of ruins of, with ruins at Cuzco, [106].
  
• Mitre, Historia de San Martin by, [281].
  
• Mochica Indians, [457].
  
• Mochica language, [44], [183].
  
• Mollendo, town of, [54–55], [187], [215].
  
• Monolithic gateway at Tiahuanaco, [146–147].
  
• Monroe Doctrine, [508–510].
  
• Montaña, district called the, [75].
  
• Montevideo, [314];
  
  • description of, [351–354];
  • population, [352];
  • University of, [575];
  • expense of living in, [589].
• Moon, Island of, Lake Titicaca, [131–132].
  
• Moon, worship of, by Peruvians, [157].
  
• Morgan, English buccaneer, [12], [15–16], [17].
  
• Moses, Bernard, works by, quoted and cited, [463–464], [587].
  
• Mosquitoes, preventive measures against, in Canal Zone, [28–29].
  
• Mountain climbers, Andes considered from viewpoint of, [272].
  
• Mountains, Isthmus of Panama, [7–8];
  
  • Andes, [38], [39], [42], [47];
  • Western Cordillera of Andes, [55–58], [60], [61], [63], [77–87], [198], [203];
  • Coast Range, [81], [224], [225], [297];
  • Cordillera Real, [127], [141–143];
  • attitude of aborigines toward, in the way of names, [142–143];
  • Eastern Cordillera, [188];
  • along Straits of Magellan, [293], [295–297];
  • Brazilian Coast Range, [368];
  • about Rio de Janeiro, [379–381], [384–386].
  • See also [Andes].
• Mountain sickness, [83], [172].
  
• Mulattoes, estimated total number of, in the continent, [564];
  
  • predominance of the white element in, [566–567].
• Mummies, Peruvian, [107], [157].
  
• Museum, at La Paz, [178].
  
• Museums, inferiority of South American, [376].
  
• Mussulmans, negroes of Brazil as, [409] n.
  
• Mutiny on battleships at Rio de Janeiro, [395–400].
  
• Mythology of primitive Peruvians, [156–159].
  
• N
  
• Napoleon III, theories of, concerning the "Latin" peoples, [512] n.
  
• Nassau Bay, [293].
  
• Nations, the division of Spanish America into, [422–424];
  
  • question of what constitutes, [424–426];
  • lines of old administrative divisions a primary factor in determining territorial limits in Spanish America, [427–428];
  • influence of geographical position in differentiating, [429–430];
  • influence of physical environment, [430–431];
  • effect of presence of aboriginal tribes, [432–434];
  • effect of War of Independence and later civil wars, [434–436];
  • effect of conditions of industrial and commercial life, [437];
  • position of different Spanish-American countries as true nations, [438] ff.;
  • judged by the test of possessing a distinctive national character and a strong national sentiment, [439–443];
  • test of creative activities in art, science, and letters applied to South American republics, [443];
  • question concerning the sense of a common Hispano-American nationality, [444] ff.
• Naval harbour of Talcahuano, Chile, [226–227].
  
• Navies of South American countries, [449].
  
• Negroes, West Indian, as labourers on Panama Canal, [26] n.;
  
  • living in Peru, [66];
  • in Uruguay, [355];
  • in state of São Paulo, [376];
  • in Bahia, Pernambuco, and other cities, [401];
  • in Brazil, [401], [404–405], [408], [456];
  • status of, as compared with coloured race in United States, [414–415], [472–475], [479–480];
  • influence of, felt as a race factor, [433–434];
  • numbers of, in all South America, [459] n., [564].
• New Granada, Republic of, [17].
  
• New South Wales, decrease in birth-rate of, [563] n.
  
• Newspapers, Argentine, [344].
  
• Nictheroy, town of, [378], [390].
  
• Nitrates, deposits of, [42], [202], [206];
  
  • account of work in fields, [207–208];
  • export duties on, [209];
  • question of benefits of this natural wealth, [209–210].
• Nombre de Dios, [5], [14], [15].
  
• North Americans at La Paz, [179].
  
  • See under [Americas].
• Norway, scenery of Straits of Magellan compared with that of, [296].
  
• Novo Friburgo, town of, [389].
  
• Nuestra Señora de los Dolores, convent of, Arequipa, [69].
  
• O
  
• Oca, grown on central plateau of Peru, [120].
  
• Ocean currents, [489].
  
• O'Higgins, Bernardo, [230].
  
• Oil wells, Piura, [41].
  
• Ollague, Mt., [198], [199].
  
• Ollantay, drama of, [156].
  
• Ollantaytambo, ruins at, [113].
  
• Ornate, volcano of, [63], [64] n.
  
• Ona tribe of Patagonian Indians, [303–304], [478].
  
• Orchids, Isthmus of Panama, [7];
  
  • in Brazilian forests, [393].
• Organ Mountains (Serra dos Orgãos), [381], [384–385].
  
• Oribe, General, [357].
  
• Oriental quality in Spanish-American cities, [65–66].
  
• Oruro, town of, [168], [183], [189–190].
  
• Osorno, town of, [224], [239].
  
• Our Lady of Peace, original name given to La Paz, [170].
  
• Overpopulation, the danger of, [552–554];
  
  • partial solution of problem of, by intensive cultivation, developments of chemical science, and decline in birth-rate, [554–555];
  • South America viewed as a means of postponing menace of, [555] ff.
• P
  
• Pachacamac, Earth God of Peruvians, [156].
  
• Pachacamac, Peru, excavations at, [153–154].
  
• Pacific Steam Navigation Company, [54].
  
• Paganism, among Andean tribes, [158], [467].
  
• Palace of the Inca Roca, Cuzco, [104–105].
  
• Palace of the Viceroys, Lima, [49].
  
• Palace of the Virgins of the Sun, Koati, [132].
  
• Palacios, Dr., Raza Chilena by, cited, [531].
  
• Palenque, comparison of ruins of, with ruins at Cuzco, [106].
  
• Palermo, park at Buenos Aires, [318–319].
  
• Pampaconas River, ruins on the, [113] n.
  
• Pampa of Peru, [58–59];
  
  • of Argentina, [262], [266].
• Pampas of Argentina, [324–325];
  
  • horses and cattle on the, [327];
  • Gauchos on the, [328];
  • agricultural possibilities of, [333–334];
  • monotony of scenery, [334–335].
• Panama, city of, [9], [11], [12], [15–16], [19].
  
• Panama, Isthmus of, [1–36].
  
• Panama, Republic of, [14], [18–19], [503].
  
• Panama Canal, [4–5];
  
  • French attempts to construct, [18];
  • enterprise taken over by United States, [18–19];
  • length, breadth, and width, [20];
  • description of the four sections, [20–23];
  • the Culebra Cut, [20–22], [23], [24–26];
  • the Gatun dam, [23–24];
  • labourers and conditions of labour, [26] ff.;
  • mortality rate, [29];
  • importance of sanitation of Canal Zone, [30];
  • cost of canal, [32];
  • fortifying of, [32–33];
  • effect of, on international trade, [33–35];
  • the last of large changes in earth's surface, [35–36].
• Panama Railway, [5–9], [12], [17–18].
  
• Pan Americanism, [488].
  
• Pan American Union, [511] n.;
  
  • publications issued by, [588].
• Pan de Azucar, Rio de Janeiro, [380].
  
• Pando, General, [179].
  
• Paraguay, question of true national qualities of, [441];
  
  • despotisms of Francia and Lopez in, [465];
  • social relations of white and Indian races in, [470–472].
• Paraguay River, [326].
  
• Parahyba River, [386], [387];
  
  • scenery along the, [388–389].
• Paramo, bleak regions between valleys in Peru, [79] n.
  
• Paraná, state of, [403].
  
• Paraná River, [167], [316], [326], [429].
  
• Paris, the Mecca of South American pleasure-seekers, [519].
  
• Patagonia, [284];
  
  • aborigines of, [303–304], [327].
• Paterson, William, [16].
  
• Patriotism of Argentines, [346].
  
• Payne, E. J., chapters on Peru by, [587].
  
• Payta, Peru, [40–42], [54].
  
• Pearl Islands, [10], [37].
  
• Pedrarias, Spanish viceroy, [11], [14].
  
• Pedro I of Brazil, [410];
  
  • statue of, [376].
• Pedro II of Brazil, [384], [410].
  
• Pedro Miguel, Isthmus of Panama, [22].
  
• Pelucon, the word, [232] n.
  
• "Penitentes" in the Andes, [259–260].
  
• Peons in Argentina, [332].
  
• Peru, coast of, [37] ff.;
  
  • coast towns, [44];
  • ruins, [44–45], [152] ff.;
  • mountains of Western Cordillera, [55–58];
  • great inner plateau of, [58–60];
  • central Peru, [77] ff.;
  • height of central plateau, [77];
  • area and population, [78];
  • plateau surrounding Lake Titicaca, [119–124];
  • distinction between Bolivia and, purely arbitrary, [121–122];
  • antiquity of the semi-civilization of, [149–151];
  • disadvantages of isolated position of, as to civilization, [151];
  • reasons for importance of prehistoric remains in, [152–153];
  • discussion of religion, mythology, and semi-civilization of primitive inhabitants of, [152–165];
  • true national qualities possessed by, [441];
  • proportion of Indians in population of, [458];
  • not a country for immigrants to turn toward, [555].
• Peruvian Corporation, the, [80].
  
• Petrels seen on voyage to Straits of Magellan, [287].
  
• Petropolis, [384], [385].
  
• Philip II of Spain, [4], [36].
  
• Pichu Pichu, Mt., [56], [60], [62].
  
• Pigafetta, Magellan's chronicler, [284], [285];
  
  • quoted, [285–286], [303].
• Pilar, Cape (Magellan's Cabo Deseado), [290], [291].
  
• Pinzon, Martin Alonso, [96], [367], [494].
  
• Pisac, ruins at, [113].
  
• Piura, town of, [41].
  
• Piura, valley of, ancient population, [44].
  
• Pizarro, Francisco, [11–12], [37], [39], [44], [46], [47], [60], [96], [97], [102], [103] n., [192], [307], [494];
  
  • assassination of, [49];
  • massacre of Atahuallpa's followers by, [98].
• Pizarro, Gonzalo, [96], [170], [494].
  
• Plata, Rio de la, [167], [284], [316], [486];
  
  • advantages to Montevideo from the, [351–352].
• Plaza, La Paz, [175].
  
• Plaza de Armas, Lima, [48–49].
  
• Plazas, Cuzco, [96–97].
  
• Politics, interest in, in Chile, [221];
  
  • in Argentina, [344];
  • in Uruguay, [358–359].
• Polo-playing, Valparaiso, [214–215].
  
• Poncho, dress of Gauchos, [328].
  
• Poopo, Lake, [124], [126], [190–191], [488].
  
• Population, growth of, of cities, [322–323];
  
  • questions raised by the growth of, [552] ff.;
  • forecasts of growth of, in South America, [562–565];
  • estimates of total number of whites, Indians, negroes, mestizos, and mulattoes, [564–565];
  • of the future will be white rather than negro or Indian, [567–569].
  • See [Races].
• Porteños and Campos, Argentina, [323].
  
• Porter, R. P., Ten Republics by, [588].
  
• Port Louis, Falkland Isles, [312].
  
• Port St. Julian, [303].
  
• Port Stanley, Falkland Isles, [308–309], [313].
  
• Portuguese, in Uruguay, [349], [350];
  
  • explanation of possession of Brazil by, [366–367].
• Potatoes, raised on central plateau of Peru, [120], [122].
  
• Potosi, [168];
  
  • silver mining at, [192].
• Pottery, Peruvian, [106].
  
• Prehistoric monuments at Tiahuanaco, [144–148].
  
  • See [Ruins].
• Protection, economic issue of, in Brazil, [413].
  
• Protector of the Indians, office of, [237].
  
• Puente del Inca, [258–259].
  
• Puerto Bello, [5].
  
• Puerto Montt, [206].
  
• Pulucayo, mine at, [195].
  
• Puna, mountain sickness, [172].
  
• Puno, port on Lake Titicaca, [84], [125].
  
• Puno, the, [77], [84].
  
• Punta Arenas (Sandy Point), [284], [300];
  
  • the commercial centre of southern South America, [300–301].
• Q
  
• Quebradas, narrow glens, of the Andes, [224].
  
• Quichua Indians, [90], [101–102], [110], [121];
  
  • one of the two divisions of Indians found by Spanish, [183–184];
  • present condition of, [460–462];
  • isolated social position of, [474–475].
• Quinoa, grown on central plateau of Peru, [120].
  
• Quipus, knotted strings of various colours used by primitive Peruvians, [160].
  
• R
  
• Races, mixture and numbers, in Brazil, [407–410], [414–415];
  
  • discussion of relations between, in South America generally, [452–483];
  • difference in relations between, in South America and United States, [470–475];
  • conclusions on relations of the, [480–483];
  • favourable or unfavourable results of commingling of, [530–531];
  • total population of the continent according to, [564–565];
  • questions as to their respective increase, as to continuation of their intermingling, as to which type predominates in persons of mixed race, and as to ultimate outcome of the mixture, [566–567].
• Rafts of Totora, Lake Titicaca, [125], [141].
  
• Railways: Panama Ry, [5–9], [12], [17–18];
  
  • in Peru, [41], [54], [55–56], [59];
  • Southern Railroad of Peru, [80–86], [125];
  • Bolivian, [168–169], [186–187], [191–192], [193–194];
  • Chilean, [223–224], [244], [588];
  • Transandine line, [249–261];
  • Argentine, [264], [329], [337], [588];
  • British capital invested in, [337], [372–373], [517];
  • Uruguayan, [354], [588];
  • line from Santos to São Paulo, [372–373];
  • São Paulo-Rio Janeiro line, [377–378];
  • Leopoldina Railway, [386–390];
  • facilities for travel by means of, [588].
• Rainfall, Isthmus of Panama, [3];
  
  • absence of, on coast of Peru, [45];
  • in Chile, [224];
  • at Punta Arenas, [301];
  • on the Pampas of Argentina, [325];
  • smallness of, in Argentina, [333].
• Reds and Whites, parties called, in Uruguay, [357–359].
  
• Religion: of primitive Peruvians, [156–159] (see under [Indians]);
  
  • open attacks on, in Uruguay, [363–364];
  • of Indian population, [462–466];
  • a matter for women and peasants only, [582–584].
• Religious toleration in Argentina, [342–343].
  
• Republics, division of Spanish America into, [422] ff.;
  
  • lack of success of South American countries as, [524–526];
  • impossibility of real democracies existing in Spanish-American states, [539].
• Revolutions, Lima, [51–52], [53];
  
  • in Brazil, [410–411];
  • frequency of, in early South American republics, [524–525];
  • breaking the habit of, by a growing sense of order, [546].
• Rimac River, [47].
  
• Rinihue, Lake, [244], [246–247].
  
• Rio Blanco, station of, [270].
  
• Rio Branco, Baron do, [416].
  
• Rio de Janeiro, [216] n.;
  
  • description of, [378] ff.;
  • harbour, [378–379];
  • mountain landscapes about, [379–381], [382–383];
  • settlement, and growth in population, [383–384];
  • comparisons of, with ancient and modern European cities, [394–395];
  • account of mutiny on battleships at, [395–400].
• Rio Grande do Sul, state of, [370], [403], [405].
  
• Rivera, General, [357].
  
• Roads, of the Incas, [161];
  
  • scarcity of modern, for driving, [588].
• Rock of the Sun and the Wild Cat, shrine of, island of Titicaca, [126].
  
• Rodadero, the, at Cuzco, [111].
  
• Romero, Dr., Los Lagos de los Altiplanos by, [191] n.
  
• Root, Elihu, common Court of Justice for Spanish-American countries set up through efforts of, [448];
  
  • speech by, [506] n.
• Rosas, Juan Manuel de, [327], [329], [477], [544–545], [584].
  
• Rosas Pata, ruins at, [113].
  
• Ross, Sir James, Antarctic Expedition of, [310].
  
• Rotos, Chilean peasants, [208], [232] n., [253], [502].
  
• Rubber, production of, on Amazonian plain, [75–76], [403], [559];
  
  • cruelties perpetrated upon Indians by gatherers of, [75], [458], [559].
• Ruhl, Arthur, The Other Americans by, [588].
  
• Ruins, of cities on coast of Peru, [44];
  
  • of Chimu, [44];
  • of walls at Cuzco, [103], [105–106];
  • of Sacsahuaman, [106] n., [107–112], [118];
  • of Ollantaytambo, Pisac, Macchu Pichu, and Rosas Plata, [113];
  • on Island of the Moon, Lake Titicaca, [131–132];
  • Island of the Sun, [132–133];
  • at Tiahuanaco, [144–151];
  • summing up and conclusions on subject of, [151–165].
• Runaway nun, romance of the, [69–74].
  
• Rurales organized by Diaz, [542].
  
• S
  
• Sacred Isles, Lake Titicaca, [130–134].
  
• Sacred lake, a, [85–86].
  
• Sacred tree of Araucanian Indians, [238].
  
• Sacsahuaman, fortress hill of, Cuzco, [97];
  
  • walls of, [106] n., [107–112], [118].
• Sahama, Mt., [188].
  
• St. Dominick, church and convent of, Cuzco, [105].
  
• St. George, Cape, [289].
  
• St. Paul, Indian village of, Lake Titicaca, [141].
  
• St. Paul, volcano of, [201–202], [203].
  
• St. Peter, village of, [141].
  
• St. Peter, volcano of, [201–202], [203].
  
• St. Philip, fort of, Callao, [46].
  
• St. Thomas, legends of presence of, in South America and Mexico, [138].
  
• Salt marsh on plateau of southern Bolivia, [196–198].
  
• Salvador, Republic of, [503].
  
• San Bias, church of, Cuzco, [99].
  
• San Bias, Colombia, Indians of, [13–14].
  
• San Cristobal, hill of, Valparaiso, [220].
  
• Sanctuary of the Rock, Lake Titicaca, [135].
  
• Sand hills, plateau of Peru, [58–59].
  
• San Francisco, church of, La Paz, [174–175].
  
• San Francisco, plaza of, Cuzco, [97].
  
• San Isidro, [299].
  
• San Martin, General José de, [49], [281];
  
  • statue of, [262];
  • leads army across the Andes, [268];
  • account of passage of the Andes, [280–281];
  • tribute to character and achievements of, [281], [522];
  • form of republican government favoured by, [538], [540].
• Santa Catharina, state of, [370], [403].
  
• Santa Cruz (de la Sierra), [168], [193].
  
• Santa Lucia, hill of, Santiago, [218–220].
  
• Santa Rosa, village of, Peru, [85].
  
• Santa Rosa de los Andes, [251], [252], [280];
  
  • hotel at, [589].
• Santiago, capital of Chile, [216] ff.;
  
  • striking position of, [216–217];
  • description of, [217–218];
  • hill of Santa Lucia at, [218–220];
  • predominating influence of, in the nation, [220], [221];
  • social life of, [220–221];
  • horse-racing at, [221–222];
  • an election in, [223];
  • rainfall and height of Coast Range at, [224];
  • San Martin's march upon, [280];
  • university in, [575].
• Santissima Virgen de la Candelaria, image of, [129–130].
  
• Santo Domingo, position as a separate political entity determined by its geographical situation, [429].
  
• Santos, town of, [371–372];
  
  • coffee exported from, [372].
• São Paulo, city of, [216] n., [372];
  
  • description of, [374–377].
• São Paulo, state of, [370], [403], [405].
  
• São Paulo, battleship, [396–399].
  
• Sarmiento, Mt., [299], [300].
  
• Schools, inadequate provision for, in Uruguay and South America generally, [365];
  
  • elementary, in state of São Paulo, [376].
• Science and learning, forecast concerning, in South America, [577–581].
  
• Scots, settlement of, Isthmus of Panama, [16];
  
  • ubiquity of Aberdonians, [190];
  • on Falkland Isles, [310].
• Sculptures, prehistoric, at Tiahuanaco, [145–148], [154].
  
• Sea-birds, coast of Peru, [43];
  
  • seen on voyage to Straits of Magellan, [287–288].
• Seals on coast of Falkland Isles, [311].
  
• Sea Reach, Straits of Magellan, [293].
  
• Seat of the Inca, Cuzco, [111–112].
  
• Seebey, F., cited, [344] n.
  
• Selvas (woodlands), [168], [369];
  
  • as a field for development by immigration, [555], [558], [560–562];
  • area and surface features, [558];
  • vegetation on, [558–559];
  • Indians of the, [559];
  • production of rubber on, [559];
  • timber trees on, [559–560].
• Serra do Mar (Sea Range), [372];
  
  • trees of the, [390–394].
• Serra dos Orgãos, [381], [384–385].
  
• Setebos, discussion of the word, [303].
  
• Shakespeare, material found by, in account of Magellan's voyage, [303].
  
• Sheep, farming of, in Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego, [300–301];
  
  • on Falkland Isles, [310];
  • numbers of, in Argentina, [336] n.
• Shrines, about Lake Titicaca, [126], [129–130].
  
• Sicuani, town of, [88–92].
  
• Silver, mines of, in Peru, [42];
  
  • mining of, in Bolivia, [189], [190], [192];
  • existence of, a misfortune to Spanish America, [493].
• Slavery, in Brazil, [404–405], [456].
  
• Smyth's Channel, [288], [291], [292].
  
• Snowy Range, [143].
  
• Soldier's Leap, the, [254].
  
• Songs of Peruvians, [155].
  
• Sorata, Mt. See [Illampu].
  
• Sorata, village of, [141], [142];
  
  • Spanish city at, destroyed by Peruvian Indians, [467].
• Soroche, mountain sickness, [83], [172].
  
• Southern Railroad of Peru, [80], [125].
  
• Spain, restrictions placed on South American trade by, [326], [513];
  
  • relations of Spanish Americans with, [513–516];
  • literature not supplied to her colonies by, [576].
• Spaniards, in Panama, [14–17], [35];
  
  • atrocities practised by, at Cuzco, [92], [115–117];
  • fewness of, at La Paz, [179];
  • in Buenos Aires, [321–322];
  • in Argentina, [338];
  • immigration of, to Uruguay, [355];
  • treatment of aboriginal population by, [454–456];
  • decrease of Indians under régime of, [457].
• Spencer, Herbert, popularity of, among philosophically inclined South Americans, [581] n.
  
• Spirit worship among Indians, [63], [157], [185], [466], [529].
  
• Squier, Travels in Peru by, cited, [467], [587].
  
• Stars, worship of, by Peruvians, [157].
  
• Staten Island, Argentina, [293].
  
• State socialistic propaganda in Uruguay, [363–364].
  
• Statues, absence of, of the Conquistadores, [515–516].
  
• Steamboats, Lake Titicaca, [125];
  
  • on Rio Bueno, [242].
• Steamship lines, west coast of South America, [42], [54];
  
  • running south from Chile, [288–289];
  • Pacific Steam Navigation Company's line through Straits of Magellan, [308] n.;
  • between Buenos Aires and Italian ports, [516];
  • activity of Germans in running, to South America, [517].
• Stock exchange, Valparaiso, [215].
  
• Straits, interest attached to, geographically and commercially, [1–2].
  
• Subterranean passages, reports of famous, [110–111].
  
• Sucre (Chuquisaca), [193–194].
  
• Suez Canal, comparisons and contrasts between Panama Canal and, [2–4], [23];
  
  • competition between Panama route and, [34].
• Sugar, production of, in Argentina, [336];
  
  • region where produced, in Brazil, [403];
  • labour on plantations of, [404–405].
• Sugar Loaf, the, Rio de Janeiro, [380].
  
• Sun, Island of the, Lake Titicaca, [132–140].
  
• Sun, worship of, by aborigines, [113], [157].
  
• Superstitions of primitive Peruvians, [158–159].
  
• Swamps, Isthmus of Panama, [6], [9].
  
• Switzerland, solidarity of government of, despite its three races, [424–425], [531] n.
  
• Syrian immigrants to Brazil, [407].
  
• T
  
• Talcahuano, [210], [225], [226–227].
  
• Taquia, use of, as fuel, Peru, [121].
  
• Tarapaca, province of, [42].
  
• Tehuelche Indians, [303].
  
• Temple of the Sun, Cuzco, [105], [113], [114].
  
• Temuco, [231], [235].
  
• Teutonic America vs. Latin America, [490].
  
• Tiahuanaco (Tihuamacu), ruins at, [144–151], [154];
  
  • builders at, antedated the Incas, [149–150].
• Tibet, comparisons between Peruvian plateau and, [119], [122].
  
• Tierra del Fuego, [300–304].
  
• Tijuca, Mt., [382].
  
• Times, London, South American Supplements, [588].
  
• Tin mining, Bolivia, [189], [190], [192].
  
• Tiquina, Straits of, [141].
  
• Tirapata, town of, [84], [194].
  
• Titicaca, Lake, [54], [82], [84], [86], [488];
  
  • altitude of, [119];
  • area and shape, [120];
  • coasts, depth, waters, fauna and flora, [124–125];
  • purity of water, [126];
  • native craft on, [125];
  • steamboats on, [125];
  • shrines about, [126];
  • colour of, [126–127];
  • Sacred Islands in, [130–140];
  • evidence of waters of, receding, [144].
• Titicaca Island, illiteracy of Indians on, [181].
  
• Titi Kala, Sacred Rock, at Lake Titicaca, [135–140].
  
• Titles of nobility in Latin America, [502] n.
  
• Tocantins River, [558].
  
• Toledo, Francisco de, [115];
  
  • census of Peruvian Indians taken by, [457].
• Tolls, Panama Canal, [33], [34].
  
• Tolorsa, Mt., [268–269].
  
• Totora, water plant on Lake Titicaca, [125];
  
  • native craft made of, [125], [141].
• Trade, effect of Panama Canal on international, [33–35].
  
• Trade restrictions imposed by Spain, [326], [513].
  
• Transandine railway line, [249–261];
  
  • effect of, on traffic via Straits of Magellan, [301].
• Travel, facilities for, in South America, [588–589].
  
  • See [Railways], [Steamship lines], etc.
• Trees, Isthmus of Panama, [5–6];
  
  • of the Montaña, [75], [76];
  • on central plateau of Peru, [120];
  • of southern Chile, [244–246];
  • Brazilian, [390–394];
  • of the Selvas, [558–560].
• Tres Montes, headland of, [289].
  
• Trevelyan, G. M., work by, cited, [358] n.
  
• Trolley ride down the Andes, [270–271].
  
• Trumajo, town of, [242].
  
• Truxillo, town of, [44];
  
  • ruins of Chimu city near, [153–154].
• Tuberculosis, among Araucanian Indians, [237];
  
  • among the Onas, [478].
• Tucuman, town of, [326], [330], [478].
  
• Tumbez, town of, [39].
  
• Tunnel through the Andes, [251], [256].
  
• Tupac Amaru, last of the Inca line, [92], [115], [466–467], [514].
  
• Tupac Amaru, a second, [92], [116].
  
• Tupiza, [191].
  
• Tupungato, Mt., [254], [268], [392];
  
  • altitude and description, [260].
• Tussock grass, Falkland Isles, [310].
  
• U
  
• Ubinas, volcano of, [64] n., [82].
  
• Ucayali River, [86].
  
• Ulloa, Antonio, [463] n.
  
• Ulloa, Juan, quoted on Indians of Peru and Ecuador, [463].
  
• Underground passages, legends of, [110–111].
  
• United States, people from, in Buenos Aires, [321];
  
  • suspicious watch kept on actions of, by South American countries, [447], [497];
  • influence of, used to avert hostilities between South American states, [449–450];
  • difference in relations between races in South America and, [470–475];
  • causes of differences between South American republics and, traced from early settlement, [488] ff.;
  • little change in relations resulting from achievement of independence by both South America and, [496–497];
  • complete divergence of fortunes of, and causes, [497–500];
  • sole point of resemblance to-day their location in New World, [501];
  • states-system of, has been the same as South American republics', [502–503];
  • departure of, from original policy in conquering the Philippines and annexing Pacific islands, [502];
  • sympathy of, extended to Spanish colonies in revolt against Spain, [507], [524];
  • Constitution of, taken as a model by new republics in Spanish America, [508], [538];
  • present South American view of Monroe Doctrine of, [508–510];
  • general attitude of South Americans toward, [510–512].
• Universities in Argentina, Uruguay, and Chile, [50], [100–101], [323], [575].
  
• Urcos, lake of, [111].
  
• Urubamba River, [86].
  
• Uruguay, [52];
  
  • history of, leading up to independence, [349–350];
  • area and character of country, [350–351];
  • economic outlook for, [354];
  • people of, [355] ff.;
  • revolutions in, [356–360];
  • Red and White factions, [357];
  • growth in wealth and population, despite revolutions, [362–363];
  • schemes tending toward state socialism in, [363–364];
  • an attractive country, whose political conditions need remedying, [364–365];
  • true national qualities possessed by, [441];
  • lacking in Indian population, [459];
  • fitness of, for immigration, [556–557];
  • University of Montevideo in, [575].
• Uruguay River, [316], [354].
  
• Urus, Indian tribe, [121], [183].
  
• Uspallata, plain of, [260–261], [267].
  
• Uspallata Pass, [250], [280].
  
• Uyuni, [168], [183], [191], [194–197].
  
• V
  
• Valdez, Dr., [156].
  
• Valdivia, Pedro de, [218–219], [229];
  
  • statue of, [220], [516];
  • invasion of Araucanians' country by, [234].
• Valdivia, town of, [224], [228–230].
  
• Valley of Desolation, the, [261], [267].
  
• Valparaiso, [39];
  
  • harbour of, [212];
  • description of, [212–214];
  • flourishing commerce of, [215–216];
  • comparison of Germans and English at, [215–216].
• Valverde, Vicente de, [97–98].
  
• Van Dyck, paintings attributed to, [67], [97].
  
• Van Dyke, The Desert by, [196] n.
  
• Vega, Garcilaso de la, [117].
  
• Vegetation, in southern Chile, [241–247];
  
  • on the Selvas, [558–560].
• Venezuela, question of true national qualities of, [442].
  
• Vespuccius, Americus, [367] n.;
  
  • the naming of the two Americas for, [484–487].
• Viacha, railroad junction, [169], [170], [186], [187].
  
• Viceroys, despotic power of Spanish, in South America, [535].
  
• Victoria, Australia, decrease in birth-ate of, [563] n.
  
• Victoria, Mt., [298].
  
• Vicuñas, [82]; rugs from wool of, at La Paz, [178].
  
• Vilcamayu River, [86], [92], [94], [180];
  
  • ruins along valley of the, [113].
• Vilcañota, Sierra of, [85], [93], [121].
  
• Vina del Mar, suburb of Valparaiso, [214–215].
  
• Vinamarca, Lake, [141], [143].
  
• Vines, Mr., ascent of Aconcagua by, [258];
  
  • of Tupungato, [260] n.
• Vineyards, at Mendoza, [263];
  
  • in Uruguay, [351].
• Viracocha, Inca sovereign, [91] n., [95].
  
• Viracocha, Indian name for white man of superior station, [91].
  
• Virgenes, Cape, [284], [305], [308].
  
• Virgin of the Light, shrine of, Copacavana, [126].
  
• Virgins of the Sun, Palace of the, Koati, [132].
  
• Volcanoes: El Misti, [56–57], [60], [61], [63], [81], [82], [392];
  
  • Omate, [63], [64] n.;
  • Ubinas, [64] n., [82];
  • below Sicuani, [93];
  • of Western Cordillera, [200–201].
• Voyages of Columbus, Da Gama, and Magellan compared, [282–284].
  
• W
  
• Walls, ruins of, at Cuzco, [103], [105–106];
  
  • of Sacsahuaman, [106] n., [107–112], [118];
  • on island of Koati, [131];
  • at Titi Kala, [136–137].
  • See also [Ruins].
• War, prospects and possibilities of, in South America, [448–451], [569–570].
  
• War of Independence, the, [166], [327];
  
  • influence of, on awakening of national life, [434–436].
• Waterfalls, Parahyba River, [387], [389].
  
• Wealth, hope for political progress in increase of, [546–547].
  
• Western Cordillera, [55–58], [198], [203].
  
• West Indian negroes, as labourers on Panama Canal, [26] n.
  
• Westminster Hall, island of, [292].
  
• Whales, coast of Peru, [43].
  
• Wheat, production of, in Argentina, [336], [351].
  
• Wild Indians, [460], [470], [478], [530] n.
  
• William III of England, [16].
  
• Wine, made at Mendoza, [263], [336].
  
• Women as priests among the Araucanians, [238].
  
• Wool, trade in, at Punta Arenas, [300–301];
  
  • production of, in Uruguay, [354].
• Y
  
• Yahgan tribe of Fuegians, [294].
  
• Yareta moss as fuel, [121], [200].
  
• Yellow fever, on Isthmus of Panama, [3];
  
  • measures taken against, [28–29];
  • in city of Guayaquil, [40];
  • former inroads of, at Santos, [371–372];
  • extinction of, at Rio de Janeiro, [384];
  • general freedom from, [589].
• Yunca Indians, [457].
  
• Yungas, region called the, [177].
  
• Yupanqui, Francisco Tito, [129].
  
• Yura, village of, Peru, [81].
  
• Z
  
• Zambos, half-breeds of Indians and negroes, [66];
  
  • estimated total number of, [564].

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The following pages contain advertisements of
books by the same author or on kindred subjects.

A GREAT WORK INCREASED IN VALUE

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The American Commonwealth

By JAMES BRYCE

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