Personally I am under the greatest obligations to Professor H. L. Warren, who has freely given both assistance and criticism; to Professor G. L. Kittredge, who has read with me most of the proof; to the Syndics of the Harvard University Press, who have made possible the publication of the work; and to the members of the Visiting Committee of the Department of the Classics and the classmates of Professor Morgan, who have generously supplied the necessary funds for the illustrations.

ALBERT A. HOWARD.

CONTENTS

BOOK I
Preface[3]
The Education of the Architect [5]
The Fundamental Principles of Architecture [13]
The Departments of Architecture [16]
The Site of a City [17]
The City Walls [21]
The Directions of the Streets; with Remarks on the Winds [24]
The Sites for Public Buildings [31]
BOOK II
Introduction [35]
The Origin of the Dwelling House [38]
On the Primordial Substance according to the Physicists [42]
Brick [42]
Sand [44]
Lime [45]
Pozzolana [46]
Stone [49]
Methods of building Walls [51]
Timber [58]
Highland and Lowland Fir [64]
BOOK III
Introduction [69]
On Symmetry: in Temples and in the Human Body [72]
Classification of Temples [75]
The Proportions of Intercolumniations and of Columns [78]
The Foundations and Substructures of Temples [86]
Proportions of the Base, Capitals, and Entablature in the Ionic Order [90]
BOOK IV
Introduction [101]
The Origins of the Three Orders, and the Proportions of the Corinthian Capital [102]
The Ornaments of the Orders [107]
Proportions of Doric Temples [109]
The Cella and Pronaos [114]
How the Temple should face [116]
The Doorways of Temples [117]
Tuscan Temples [120]
Circular Temples and Other Varieties [122]
Altars [125]
BOOK V
Introduction [129]
The Forum and Basilica [131]
The Treasury, Prison, and Senate House [137]
The Theatre: its Site, Foundations, and Acoustics [137]
Harmonics [139]
Sounding Vessels in the Theatre [143]
Plan of the Theatre [146]
Greek Theatres [151]
Acoustics of the Site of a Theatre [153]
Colonnades and Walks [154]
Baths [157]
The Palaestra [159]
Harbours, Breakwaters, and Shipyards [162]
BOOK VI
Introduction [167]
On Climate as determining the Style of the House [170]
Symmetry, and Modifications in it to suit the Site [174]
Proportions of the Principal Rooms [176]
The Proper Exposures of the Different Rooms [180]
How the Rooms should be suited to the Station of the Owner [181]
The Farmhouse [183]
The Greek House [185]
On Foundations and Substructures [189]
BOOK VII
Introduction [195]
Floors [202]
The Slaking of Lime for Stucco [204]
Vaultings and Stucco Work [205]
On Stucco Work in Damp Places, and on the Decoration of Dining Rooms [208]
The Decadence of Fresco Painting [210]
Marble for use in Stucco [213]
Natural Colours [214]
Cinnabar and Quicksilver [215]
Cinnabar (continued) [216]
Artificial Colours. Black [217]
Blue. Burnt Ochre [218]
White Lead, Verdigris, and Artificial Sandarach [219]
Purple [219]
Substitutes for Purple, Yellow Ochre, Malachite Green, and Indigo [220]
BOOK VIII
Introduction [225]
How to find Water [227]
Rainwater [229]
Various Properties of Different Waters [232]
Tests of Good Water [242]
Levelling and Levelling Instruments [242]
Aqueducts, Wells, and Cisterns [244]
BOOK IX
Introduction [251]
The Zodiac and the Planets [257]
The Phases of the Moon [262]
The Course of the Sun through the Twelve Signs [264]
The Northern Constellations [265]
The Southern Constellations [267]
Astrology and Weather Prognostics [269]
The Analemma and its Applications [270]
Sundials and Water Clocks [273]
BOOK X
Introduction [281]
Machines and Implements [283]
Hoisting Machines [285]
The Elements of Motion [290]
Engines for raising Water [293]
Water Wheels and Water Mills [294]
The Water Screw [295]
The Pump of Ctesibius [297]
The Water Organ [299]
The Hodometer [301]
Catapults or Scorpiones [303]
Ballistae [305]
The Stringing and Tuning of Catapults [308]
Siege Machines [309]
The Tortoise [311]
Hegetor's Tortoise [312]
Measures of Defence [315]
Note on Scamilli Impares [320]
Index [321]

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

[Certain of the images may be viewed enlarged by clicking directly on the image. (Note of transcriber.)]

Caryatides from Treasury of Cnidians, Delphi [7]
Caryatides of Erechtheum, Athens [7]
Caryatid in Villa Albani, Rome [7]
Caryatides [7]
Persians [9]
Construction of City Walls [23]
Tower of the Winds, Athens [26]
Diagram of the Winds [29]
Diagram of Directions of Streets [30]
Vitruvius' Brick-Bond [44]
Travertine Quarries, Roman Campagna [49]
Example of Opus Incertum, Circular Temple, Tivoli [51]
Opus Reticulatum, Thermae of Hadrian's Villa, Tivoli [52]
Example of Opus Reticulatum, Doorway of Stoa Poecile, Hadrian's Villa[53]
Mausoleum at Halicarnassus, restored [55]
Classification of Temples according to Arrangements of Colonnades [77]
Hypaethral Temple of Vitruvius compared with Parthenon and Temple of Apollo near Miletus [77]
Classification of Temples according to Intercolumniation [79]
Eustyle Temple of Vitruvius compared with Temple of Teos [81]
Vitruvius' Rules for Diameter and Height of Columns compared with Actual Examples [85]
Diminution of Columns in Relation to Dimensions of Height [85]
Entasis of Columns [88]
Fra Giocondo's Idea of "Scamilli Impares" [89]
Ionic Order according to Vitruvius compared with Order of Mausoleum at Halicarnassus [91]
Comparison of Ionic Order according to Vitruvius with Actual Examples and with Vignola's Order [95]
Basilica at Pompeii [105]
Corinthian Capital of Vitruvius compared with Monuments [105]
Vitruvius' Doric Order compared with Temple at Cori and Theatre of Marcellus [111]
Vitruvius' Temple Plan compared with Actual Examples [115]
Vitruvius' Rule for Doorways compared with Two Examples [119]
Tuscan Temple according to Vitruvius [121]
Circular Temple, Tivoli [123]
Maison Carrée, Nîmes [123]
Plan of Temple, Tivoli [123]
Plan of Temple of Vesta, Rome [123]
Plan of Circular Temple according to Vitruvius [124]
Forum, Timgad [131]
Forum, Pompeii [133]
Plan of Basilica, Pompeii [134]
Vitruvius' Basilica, Fano [135]
Roman Theatre according to Vitruvius [147]
Theatre at Aspendus [149]
Theatre Portico according to Vitruvius [152]
Tepidarium of Stabian Baths, Pompeii [157]
Apodyterium for Women, Stabian Baths, Pompeii [157]
Stabian Baths, Pompeii [158]
Palaestra, Olympia, and Greek Palaestra according to Vitruvius [161]
Plans of Houses, Pompeii [176]
Plan of House of Silver Wedding, Pompeii [177]
Plan of typical Roman House [178]
Peristyle of House of the Vettii, Pompeii [179]
Plan of House of the Vettii, Pompeii [179]
Plan of Villa Rustica, near Pompeii [183]
Plan of Vitruvius' Greek House [186]
Plan of Greek House, Delos [187]
Plan of Greek House discovered at Pergamum [188]
Retaining Walls [191]
Construction of the Analemma [271]
Construction of Water Screw [295]
Water Screw [296]
Hegetor's Ram and Tortoise [312]
1. From sixteenth century MS.
2. From model by A. A. Howard.