Studies on Homer and the Homeric Age, Vol. 1 of 3 / I. Prolegomena II. Achæis; or, the Ethnology of the Greek Races

by W. E. Gladstone

STUDIES ON HOMER
AND
THE HOMERIC AGE.
I. PROLEGOMENA.
II. ACHÆIS:
OR,
THE ETHNOLOGY OF THE GREEK RACES.

BY THE
RIGHT HON. W. E. GLADSTONE, D.C.L.
M. P. FOR THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD

Plenius ac melius Chrysippo et Crantore.—Horace.

OXFORD:
AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS.
M.DCCC.LVIII.

[THE CONTENTS.]

I. PROLEGOMENA.
SECT. I.
On the State of the Homeric Question.
Objects of this Work	Page [1]
Results thus far of the Homeric Controversy	[2]
Improved apparatus for the Study of Homer	[4]
Effect of the poems on Civilization	[5]
They do not compete with the Holy Scriptures	[6]
SECT. II.
The Place of Homer in Classical Education.
Study of Homer in the English Universities	[9]
Homer should not be studied as a Poet only	[11]
His claims compared with those of other Poets	[14]
Study of Homer in the Public Schools	[18]
SECT. III.
On the Historic Aims of Homer.
High organization of the Poems	[21]
The presumption is that the Poet had Historic aims	[22]
Positive signs of them	[23]
Pursued even at some cost of Poetical beauty	[26]
Minuter indications	[28]
General tone	[28]
Hypothesis of reproduction inadmissible	[30]
What is chiefly meant by his Historic aims	[35]
SECT. IV.
On the probable Date of Homer.
The main question: is he an original witness	[36]
Adverse arguments	[37]
Affirmative arguments	[39]
SECT. V.
The probable Trustworthiness of the Text of Homer.
The received text to be adopted as a basis	[42]
Failure of other methods	[44]
State of the Manuscripts	[46]
Complaints of interpolation	[47]
Testimonies concerning the early use of the Poems	[49]
Preservative power of the Recitations or matches	[55]
Pseudo-Homeric poems	[56]
Argument from the Cyclic poems	[59]
The Alexandrian period	[60]
Amount and quality of guarantees	[64]
Improbability of wilful falsification	[67]
Internal evidence of soundness in detail	[69]
SECT. VI.
Place and Authority of Homer in Historical Inquiry.
Homer paramount as a literary authority	[71]
He has suffered through credulity	[73]
And through incredulity	[79]
Proposed method of treatment	[81]
Instances of contrary method, (1) Hellen and his family	[82]
Authority of Hesiod	[84]
Instance (2), personality of Helen	[87]
Conclusion	[89]
II. ACHÆIS.
ETHNOLOGY OF THE GREEK RACES.
SECT. I.
Scope of the Inquiry.
Preliminary objection of Mr. Grote stated	[93]
Synopsis of national and tribal names to be examined	[96]
SECT. II.
On the Pelasgians, and cognate races.
The Pelasgians	[100]
Pelasgic Argos	[101]
Dodona	[106]
Thessaly and the Southern Islands	[109]
Epithets for Pelasgians	[113]
Use of this name in the singular	[114]
The Pelasgians and Larissa	[115]
The Arcadians Pelasgian	[119]
Why προσέληνοι	[121]
The Arcadians afterwards the Swiss of Greece	[122]
The Graians or Greeks	[123]
Ceres and the Pelasgians	[124]
The Iaones or Ionians	[127]
The Athenians in the Catalogue	[129]
The Catalogue, vv. 546-9	[129]
The same, vv. 550,	[132]
The same, vv. 553-5	[135]
Review of the Homeric evidence as to the Athenians	[137]
Their relations with Minerva	[140]
Post-Homeric evidence of the Pelasgianism of Attica	[145]
The Pelasgians related to Egypt	[148]
The Egyptians semi-fabulous to Homer	[151]
Their Pelasgian resemblances, in Homer and otherwise	[153]
The Greeks of the Iliad why never termed Pelasgian	[156]
The Θρῇκες and Θρῃίκιοι	[158]
The Caucones and Leleges	[161]
SECT. III.
The Pelasgians: and certain States naturalized or akin to Greece.
Minos in Homer	[166]
His origin	[167]
His place in the nether world	[168]
The power of Crete	[169]
Two of the five races apparently Pelasgian	[170]
The tradition of Deucalion	[172]
The extent of the Minoan Empire	[175]
Evidence of Post-Homeric tradition	[176]
Circumstantial evidence	[178]
The Lycians	[181]
Their points of connection with Greece	[183]
Elements of the population	[185]
Cyprus	[188]
Inhabitants probably Pelasgian	[190]
No other name competes with the Pelasgian as designating the
first inhabitants of Greece	[193]
The Pelasgians were the base or substratum of the Greek nation	[194]
Post-Homeric testimony respecting them	[195]
K. O. Müller’s Summary	[200]
The Pelasgian language	[203]
The Pelasgian route into Greece	[205]
Probably twofold	[206]
Route of the Helli	[208]
Peloponnesus the old centre of power	[209]
Derivation of the Pelasgian name	[211]
SECT. IV.
On the Phœnicians and the Outer Geography of the Odyssey.
Tokens of the Phœnicians in Greece	[216]
Limits of Homer’s Inner or Greek Geography	[217]
And Greek Navigation	[219]
His Outer Geography Phœnician	[221]
The traditions connected therewith also Phœnician	[223]
Minos the Ὀλοόφρων	[225]
Commercial aptitude of the modern Greeks	[227]
The Homeric Mouth of Ocean	[228]
The two Geographical reports are blended into one	[228]
The Siceli and Sicania	[229]
Their site is probably on the Bruttian Coast	[231]
The Epirus of Homer	[234]
The Thesprotians in Homer	[235]
The Cadmeans in Homer	[239]
Period from which they date	[240]
Conclusions respecting them	[244]
SECT. V.
On the Catalogue.
The Greek Catalogue, properly an Array or Review	[245]
The Preface	[246]
The List	[247]
The principle of arrangement	[249]
The distribution in chief	[250]
The sub-distribution	[251]
Proofs of historic aim	[255]
Genealogies of the Catalogue	[256]
The Epilogue	[259]
The Trojan Catalogue	[261]
SECT. VI.
On the Hellenes of Homer.
The word Hellas the key to this inquiry	[264]
List of passages where used	[265]
Some of them admit the narrow sense	[266]
Some refuse it	[268]
None require it	[272]
Hellenes in Il. ii. 684	[274]
Panhellenes in Il. ii. 530	[277]
Cephallenes in Il. ii. 631 and elsewhere	[278]
The Helli or Selli	[279]
Selli of the Scholiast of Aristophanes	[280]
SECT. VII.
On the respective contributions of the Pelasgian and Hellenic factors to the compound of the Greek nation.
Contributions to Mythology	[285]
Correspondences with Rome and Troy	[287]
The Pelasgian religion less imaginative	[289]
Their ritual development fuller	[290]
Order of Priests in Homer not Hellenic	[293]
Contributions to language	[294]
Classes of words which agree	[298]
Classes which differ	[301]
Evidence from names of persons	[307]
General rules of discrimination	[309]
Names of the Pelasgian class	[311]
Names of the Hellenic class	[317]
Contributions to political ideas	[320]
To martial ideas	[320]
Corporal education and Games	[322]
Music and Song	[329]
Supposed Pelasgianism of the Troic age	[331]
The traditions of Hunting	[332]
The practice of Navigation	[336]
Summary of the case	[338]
States especially Hellic or Pelasgic	[342]
SECT. VIII.
On the three greater Homeric appellatives.
Modes of formation for names of peoples	[346]
The three greater appellatives not synonymous	[348]
Proofs of their distinctive use	[350]
The Argive Juno, Argive Helen	[353]
The Danaans of Homer	[355]
Epithets of the three appellatives	[356]
The Danaan name dynastic	[359]
Compared with the Cadmean name	[361]
Epoch of the dynasty	[363]
Post-Homeric tradition	[366]
Application of the name Argos	[368]
Achaic and Iasian Argos	[373]
The phrase μέσον Ἄργος	[378]
The Apian land	[379]
Summary of geographical conclusions	[380]
Etymology of the word Argos	[381]
Its connection with ἔργον	[384]
The etymology tested by kindred words	[388]
The Danaan Argeians of Od. viii. 578	[391]
The Argive Juno	[392]
Transition to Achæans	[393]
Relation of Argeian and Pelasgian names	[396]
The etymology illustrated	[397]
Different extent of Ἀργεῖοι and Ἄργος	[401]
Propositions as to the Achæan name	[402]
Particulars of its use	[403]
Signs of its leaning to the aristocracy	[406]
Mode of its application in Ithaca	[411]
Its local sense in Thessaly	[416]
In Crete	[417]
In Pylos	[418]
In Eastern Peloponnesus	[419]
Force of the name Παναχαιοὶ	[420]
The Æolid and Æolian names	[423]
The Heraclids in Homer	[425]
The descent of the Æolids	[427]
The earliest Hellenic thrones in Greece	[429]
The Danaan and Argive names used nationally in poetry only	[431]
Summary of the evidence	[433]
Later literary history of the three great appellatives	[436]
Their value as primitive History	[437]
SECT. IX.
On the Homeric title of ἄναξ ἀνδρῶν.
Difference between Epithets and Titles	[440]
Examples of Homeric titles	[443]
The Βασιλεὺς of Homer	[443]
Common interpretations of the ἄναξ ἀνδρῶν	[443]
Some particulars of its use in Homer	[446]
How far connected with metrical convenience	[447]
The κρείων and the ποιμὴν λαῶν	[448]
Arguments for a specific meaning in ἄναξ ἀνδρῶν	[450]
Persons to whom the title is applied	[453]
Persons to whom it might have been applied	[455]
Associations of reverence with it	[456]
It may indicate patriarchal chieftaincy	[459]
Presumptions of this in the case of Agamemnon	[461]
Propositions respecting his extraction and station	[463]
Arguments against his Hellenic descent considered	[465]
Connection of Tantalus with Greece and with Pelops	[466]
As to the seat of his power	[470]
Homeric notices of Pelops	[471]
The Achæans rose with him	[472]
They came from Thessaly	[474]
The Dorians appropriate the Pelopid succession	[477]
Protest against the popular tradition of the Hellenidæ	[480]
Which, however, bears witness to the connection with Thessaly	[481]
Case of Agamemnon summed up	[482]
The cases of Anchises and Æneas	[484]
Presumptive evidence as to Anchises	[486]
Presumptive evidence as to Æneas	[486]
Evidence from the Dardanid genealogy	[489]
From the horses of Tros	[490]
Evidence summed up	[491]
Signs of kin between Trojans and Greeks	[492]
Signs connected with the Hellic name	[496]
The Hellespont of Homer	[497]
The gift of Echepolus Anchisiades	[499]
Twofold bond, Hellic as well as Pelasgic	[499]
Case of Augeias stated	[500]
Notes of connection between Elis and the North	[502]
Relation of Augeias to the name Ephyre	[504]
Cluster of apparently cognate names	[505]
The race of Φῆρες	[509]
Common root of all these names	[510]
Probable signification of Ἐφύρη	[513]
Places bearing the name Ἐφύρη	[515]
Summary of the evidence for Augeias	[519]
Case of Euphetes	[520]
The site of his Ephyre	[521]
Case of Eumelus	[526]
The ἄναξ ἀνδρῶν is descended from Jupiter	[529]
The four notes of the ἄναξ ἀνδρῶν	[531]
Negative proofs	[532]
Persons with the four notes but without the title	[536]
Its disappearance with Homer	[538]
Signs in the Iliad of political disorganization	[539]
More extensively in the Odyssey	[542]
General significancy of the title ἄναξ ἀνδρῶν	[543]
SECT. X.
On the connection of the Hellenes and Achæans with the East.
The Achæan name has no mark of a Greek origin	[545]
Means for pursuing the inquiry	[546]
The two groups of Indo-European languages	[547]
Corresponding distinction of races	[548]
Province of Fars or Persia proper	[549]
Ascendancy of the Persians	[550]
Relation of the Germani to the Celts	[551]
And to the Hellenes	[552]
The Persian tribe of Γερμάνιοι	[554]
The Homeric traces of the Persian name	[555]
The Achæan name in Persia	[556]
Its probable etymology	[557]
The Persians according to Herodotus	[558]
The comparison as to religious belief	[561]
As to ritual, and other resemblances	[563]
Evidence of the Behistun inscription	[565]
The organization established by Darius	[566]
Presumptions from the term Βασιλεύς	[567]
Hellenic traits in modern Persia	[568]
The Eelliats	[571]
Media a probable source of the Pelasgi	[571]
Addenda	[573]

STUDIES ON HOMER
AND
THE HOMERIC AGE.

I. PROLEGOMENA.[1]