The Evolution of Old Testament Religion

by W. E. Orchard

[INDEX]

• Abraham, emigration of, [23] ;
  
  • historicity of, [36] ;
  • religion of, [31], [34]
• Adonai, [60]
  
• Ahijah, [117]
  
• Altars, erected anywhere, [98] ;
  
  • construction of, [200]
• Amaziah, [118]
  
• Amos, [98], [118], [136], [148], [152], [159], [271]
  
• Animals, as tribal names, [39] ;
  
  • clean and unclean, [40] ;
  • worship of, [26], [39], [68], [124]
• Animism, [40], [41]
  
• Apostasy, [90], [129]
  
• Arabia, home of Semites, [20], [22]
  
• Ark, [69], [70], [121], [180]
  
• Armageddon, [272]
  
• Aryan conception of God, [25]
  
• Asaph, [222], [225]
  
• Asherah, [46]
  
• Ashtoreth, or Ashtart, [94]
  
• Assembly of the saints, [223]
  
• Assyria, [156], [160], [161]
  
• Atonement, [102], [208] ;
  
  • of Christ, [210], [211] ;
  • Day of, [177], [178]
• Azazel, [42], [207], [208]
  
• Baal, [38], [92], [96], [98]
  
• Baal of Tyre, [94], [109], [125] . See also under [Melkart]
  
• Babylon, fall of, [185] ;
  
  • Jews in, [169–174], [179], [185], [204]
• Babylonian epic of Creation, [205] ;
  
  • influence of, [204–206]
• Babylonian religion, [186]
  
• Balaam, prophecy of, [271]
  
• Ban, the, [49]
  
• Blood, significance of, [26], [208] ;
  
  • food of deity, [48]
• Book of the Covenant, [200]
  
• Bosheth, [94], [97]
  
• Bull-worship, [68], [98], [124]
  
• Calf-worship. See under [Bull]
  
• Canaan, influence of, [27], [83–86], [170] ;
  
  • conquest of, [82], [86], [87] ;
  • Jewish love for, [83] ;
  • limitations of, [84]
• Canaanites, customs of, borrowed, [92], [98] ;
  
  • origin of, [23], [24] ;
  • religion of, [38], [92–95];
  • sanctuaries of, [98], [158], [163] ;
  • why not exterminated, [90] ;
  • and Hebrews, [87]
• Centralization of worship, [144], [157], [163]
  
• Chemosh, [43]
  
• Choice of Israel, Jehovah's, [75] ;
  
  • prophetic conception of, [156], [187]
• Christ the goal of Old Testament, [282] .
  
  • And see under [Jesus]
• Christianity, [101], [274]
  
• Chronicler, the, [221]
  
• Circumcision, [50], [180]
  
• Comparative religion, [38]
  
• Conditions of life among Semites, [20] ;
  
  • in time of Judges, [87] ;
  • after exile, [196], [232] ;
  • in time of Psalms, [226], [231], [232] ;
  • reflected in Wisdom lit., [247] ;
  • in Ecclesiastes, [259] ;
  • in Messianic age, [273]
• Covenant at Sinai, [58], [65] ;
  
  • prophetic conception of, [76], [157], [267]
• Covenant-sacrifice, [49], [63]
  
• Creation, [186], [205] ;
  
  • Babylonian legend of, [205]
• Customs retained with new significance, [39], [50], [176]
  
• Customs, mourning, [40]
  
• Cyrus, [183], [185], [268]
  
• Daniel, Book of, [141]
  
• David, character of, [119], [121], [229] ;
  
  • influence of, [120] ;
  • his kingdom, [88], [120] ;
  • a poet, [119] ;
  • his religious ideas, [121] ;
  • his work, [120] ;
  • and the Messiah, [270], [275]
• Day of Atonement, [177] ;
  
  • of the Lord, [271] ;
  • of judgment, [272]
• Deborah, Song of, [88]
  
• Decalogue, the, [74]
  
• Deluge, the, [206]
  
• Deuteronomy, Book of, [145], [157], [162], [200]
  
• Development of Religion, [xiv], [27], [37], [79], [86], [99], [128], [129], [131], [142], [215], [282]
  
• Director's Psalm Book, [220]
  
• Documents, various, how detected, [33], [194], [199]
  
• "E," [30], [142], [194]
  
• Ecclesiastes, name, [258] ;
  
  • Book of, [260] ;
  • ascribed to Solomon, [258] ;
  • significance of, [262]
• El, [37], [59]
  
• Elijah, [98], [99], [106], [114], [125], [126], [136], [148]
  
• Elisha, [113], [114], [125], [128]
  
• Elohim, [30], [42], [222]
  
• Ephod, [67], [100]
  
• Ethical conceptions, [127], [152], [155], [158], [244], [249]
  
• Ethnology of Old Testament, [18]
  
• Exile, date of, [134], [168] ;
  
  • cause of, [171], [176] ;
  • critical view of, [171], [172] ;
  • lessons from, [190] ;
  • religion after, [230]
• Exilic stamp on literature, [172]
  
• Exodus, the, [58] ;
  
  • date of, [24], [82]
• Ezekiel, [169], [174], [175], [178], [195] ;
  
  • Book of, [174], [177] ;
  • his school, [195] ;
  • and Leviticus, [172], [177]
• Ezra, [181] ;
  
  • introduces the Law, [196], [197] ;
  • what did it include? 198, [200]
• Feast of Tabernacles, [197], [198]
  
• Forgiveness, [207], [233]
  
• Funeral feasts, [41]
  
• Gad, [117]
  
• God, name of. See under [Elohim], [El] and [Jehovah]
  
• God, conception of, Semitic, [25], [26] ;
  
  • Aryan, [25] ;
  • anthropomorphic, [48], [66], [155] ;
  • ethical, [96], [155], [211] ;
  • local, [43], [52], [62], [75], [96] ;
  • spiritual, [155] ;
  • tribal, [26], [32], [75] ;
  • materialistic, [69], [70] ;
  • as the Storm God, [70] ;
  • as the Creator, [186]
• God, conception of, by David, [26] ;
  
  • by Prophets, [154], [155], [175], [186] ;
  • by Psalmists, [236] ;
  • in Job, [256] ;
  • in Ecclesiastes, [261]
• God, holiness of, [175], [207] ;
  
  • jealousy of, [76] ;
  • righteousness of, [77], [155], [232]
• Habiri, [24], [82]
  
• Hallel Psalms, [223]
  
• Hammurabi, code of, [73], [203], [204]
  
• Heathen deities, [42], [43], [66], [154]
  
• Hebrew, meaning of name, [23]
  
• Hebrew Bible, divisions of, [141]
  
• Hebrews, relation to other nations, [18], [19], [22], [24], [85], [156]
  
• Heroes of Israel, [85]
  
• Hexateuch, [200]
  
• High places, worship at, condemned, [173] .
  
  • See also [Canaanitish sanctuaries]
• Higher criticism, [xi], [xii]
  
• Historical value of Hebrew tradition, [32], [183], [228], [229], [245], [247]
  
• Historical books, Prophets' influence on, [114], [141], [142]
  
• History, ancient conception of, [xiii], [32], [51], [145], [163] ;
  
  • how compiled, [114], [142], [143] ;
  • religious interpretation of, [90], [101], [129], [171], [176], [187], [189] .
  • See also under [Redaction]
• Hittites, [23]
  
• Holiness, [175], [207], [236] ;
  
  • code of, [200]
• Horeb, Theophany at, [126], [128]
  
• Hosea, [159]
  
• Human sacrifice, [48], [49], [95]
  
• Ideal Israel, [188]
  
• Idolatry and images, [37], [45], [67], [68], [70], [154], [176], [180], [186], [247]
  
• Immortality in Psalms, [34], [35] ;
  
  • in Job, [256] ;
  • in Ecclesiastes, [261], [262]
• Inspiration, [xiii], [129], [206], [231] ;
  
  • how related to infallibility, [xiii], [xiv]
• Interpolations, [146]
  
• Isaiah, [160], [295] ;
  
  • Book of, [147], [156] ;
  • authorship of, [147], [182–185]
• Israel. See under [Hebrews]
  
• "J," [30], [32], [194]
  
• Jehovah, name, [59] ;
  
  • pronunciation, [60], [62] ;
  • explanation of, [61]
• Jehovah and other nations, [156] ;
  
  • and Baal, [97], [98] ;
  • and Israel, [44]
• Jehovah, religion of, date, [31], [34], [65] ;
  
  • weakness of, [92], [95], [96] ;
  • prophetic conception of, [154], [155] ;
  • a religion of choice, [65], [75]
• Jehovah. See also under [God]
  
• Jeremiah, [154], [164], [188]
  
• Jeroboam, [124]
  
• Jerusalem, connection with David, [120] ;
  
  • idea of inviolability, [161], [169], [170] ;
  • besieged by Sennacherib, [161] ;
  • deliverance of, [161] ;
  • besieged by Nebuchadrezzar, [170] ;
  • destruction of, [169], [170]
• Jesus and Messiahship, [266], [276], [278], [280], [281] ;
  
  • and new covenant, [77] ;
  • and Levitical system, [210] ;
  • and Revelation, [xv], [77] ;
  • and Prophets, [273], [282] ;
  • and Psalms, [231], [232], [234] ;
  • and Proverbs, [250] ;
  • and Isa. liii., [189] ;
  • and Book of Daniel, [280], [281] ; and Book of Enoch, [280] ;
  • and Old Testament, [x]
• Jethro, [62]
  
• Jews. See under [Hebrews]
  
• Job, [251] ;
  
  • Book of, [250] ;
  • date of, [251], [252] ;
  • author, [251], [254], [255] ;
  • divisions of, [253]
• Jonah, Book of, [156], [189]
  
• Joshua, Book of, [82], [86], [87]
  
• Josiah, reform of, [162], [163], [200]
  
• Judah, tribe of, [89]
  
• Judaism, [178]
  
• Judges, functions of, [91] ;
  
  • Book of, [82], [87], [88], [90], [144]
• Kenites, [64]
  
• King. See under [Monarchy] and [Messiah]
  
• Kingdom of God, [28], [127], [131], [171], [273], [282]
  
• Korah, sons of, [225]
  
• Law, origin of, [173] ;
  
  • of Moses, [196–198];
  • later than Prophets, [137], [158] ;
  • no observance of, until after exile, [54], [172], [199] .
  • See also under [Pentateuch] and [Moses]
• Levi, tribe of, [89]
  
• Levite choirs, [221]
  
• Levites, [71] ;
  
  • distinguished from priests, [177]
• Levitical system, [208] ;
  
  • intention of, [209]
• Leviticus, Book of, [157], [158], [172]
  
• Literary ideals, [146], [163], [251], [259]
  
• Localization of God, [43], [96], [103]
  
• Local sanctuaries, [58], [59]
  
• Lower criticism, [xi]
  
• Maccabees, the, [223], [224] ;
  
  • times of, [221] ;
  • Psalms of, [224], [226]
• Manasseh, [162]
  
• Mazzebah, the, [45]
  
• Melkart, [94], [95], [125] .
  
  • See also [Baal of Tyre]
• Memorial stones, [37], [44]
  
• Messiah, name, [274] ;
  
  • title, [276] ;
  • Davidic descent of, [275], [277]
• Messiah in the Prophets, [269], [276] ;
  
  • in Apocrypha, [264]
• Messiah as Prophet, [269] ;
  
  • Priest, [270] ;
  • King, [270], [275]
• Messianic age, [151], [270], [273]
  
• Messianic King, [228]
  
• Messianic prophecy, [266], [267], [269–271], [275–277];
  
  • includes more than a person, [267], [271], [281]
• Micah, [160], [277]
  
• Micaiah, [128]
  
• Midian, [64]
  
• Molech, [95], [96]
  
• Monarchy, origin of, [97], [106], [118] ;
  
  • in Psalms, [228] ;
  • in Proverbs, [247], [248]
• Monotheism among Semites, [25] ;
  
  • Hebrews, [39], [43] ;
  • not taught by Moses, [66] ;
  • in the Prophets, [42], [154], [186]
• Moses, name, [57] ;
  
  • historical reality, [55], [57] ;
  • his call, [58], [63] ;
  • mention before exile, [56] ;
  • not author of Pentateuch, [54], [57] .
  • See also under [Law], and [Pentateuch]
• Music and prophecy, [112]
  
• Musical directions in Psalter, [218–220]
  
• Musical services, [223]
  
• Nathan, [117], [122], [275]
  
• Nature in Psalter, [236]
  
• Nazarites, [114]
  
• Nebuchadrezzar, [169]
  
• Necromancy, [39]
  
• Nehustan, [68]
  
• New Covenant, the, [165]
  
• New Testament, Psalms quoted in, [229]
  
• New Testament and Old Testament, [266] . See also under [Christianity], and [Jesus]
  
• Old Testament, attitude of Jesus to, [x];
  
  • Jewish reverence for, [x].
  • See also under [Hebrew Bible]
• Oracles, [27], [46], [47], [68], [77], [100]
  
• Origin of religion, [51], [62]
  
• "P," [194]. See under [Priestly Code]
  
• Palestine. See under [Canaan]
  
• Particularism, [155], [186], [191], [273]
  
• Passover, the, [49]
  
• Patriarchs, historicity of, [35]
  
• Pentateuch, strata of, [30], [194], [199], [200] ;
  
  • how discovered, [34], [194], [199] ;
  • not by Moses, [54], [73] ;
  • Samaritan, [201] .
  • See also under [Law], and [Moses]
• Personal conception of religion, [154], [166], [232], [233], [235], [237]
  
• Personalities, influence of, on history, [268]
  
• Personification, [186], [189], [232], [246], [252], [253]
  
• Pharaoh of the Exodus, [82]
  
• Philistines, [24], [97]
  
• Philo, [242], [246]
  
• Philosophy, [21], [246], [252]
  
• Phœnicians, [20], [23]
  
• Poetry, sign of early date, [18], [69], [88] ;
  
  • of David, [119], [228] ;
  • in Prophets, [153] ;
  • in Psalms, [236] ;
  • in Proverbs, [245]
• Polytheism among Semites, [25] ;
  
  • among Hebrews, [37] ;
  • the religion of savages, [41] ;
  • in original documents, [41] ;
  • evidence of, [42]
• Prayer, [216], [231]
  
• Prediction, [137], [151], [182], [183], [266], [278]
  
• Priesthood, [63] ;
  
  • in time of Moses, [71], [111], [202] ;
  • in time of Judges, [54],68, [100] ;
  • in Ezekiel, [177] ;
  • after exile, [209] ;
  • of Messiah, [270] .
  • See also under [Levites]
• Priestly code, the, [200–202];
  
  • ideals of, [206], [210] .
  • See also under [Levitical system]
• Priestly school, the, [196], [206]
  
• Problem of Providence, [234], [250], [253], [257], [259], [260]
  
• Problem of suffering, [187], [243], [251], [253], [257], [258], [262]
  
• Progress, causes of, [75], [97], [102] .
  
  • See under [Development]
• Prophesying, [112]
  
• Prophet, name of, [109], [110]
  
• Prophetic bands, [106], [112], [125]
  
• Prophetic consciousness, [149], [150]
  
• Prophetic literature, how compiled, [145], [146], [152]
  
• Prophetic style, [114], [145], [150], [153], [185]
  
• Prophets, origin of, [106] ;
  
  • two classes, [108], [111], [149], [153] ;
  • conflict between, [113], [128] ;
  • their call, [148] ;
  • their relation to State, [117], [127], [153] ;
  • and national religion, [136], [149] ;
  • and the Covenant, [139], [157] ;
  • chronology of, [134] ;
  • their place in history, [137] ;
  • importance of, for criticism, [xii], [137], [138] ;
  • their picture of their age, [138], [139] ;
  • they are creative, [135] ;
  • their relation to the Law, [137], [139], [140], [143], [164], [215] ;
  • and the Gospel, [136], [137], [138] ;
  • their scheme of the future, [151], [272]
• Protestantism, [131]
  
• Protevangelium, the, [270]
  
• Proverb, the, [245]
  
• Proverbs, Book of, [245] ;
  
  • its relation to Job, [240], [252] ;
  • divisions of, [245] ;
  • date of, [247]
• Psalms, titles of, [214], [218], [219], [224], [225], [228] ;
  
  • ascription to David, [214], [218], [221], [222], [225–229];
  • authorship of, [224], [225] ;
  • some are prayers, [216] ;
  • use in synagogue, [216] ;
  • in the temple, [216], [218] ;
  • Hallels, [223] ;
  • Maccabæan, [224], [226] ;
  • tone of, [217] ;
  • imprecations in, [217], [231], [232] ;
  • and the Gospel, [215] ;
  • and Christianity, [216] ;
  • their conception of God, [225], [236]
• Psalter, the, criticism of, [217], [218] ;
  
  • date of, [221], [225–227], [229], [231] ;
  • Books of, [221] ;
  • a gradual compilation, [218], [221]
• Queen of Heaven, [95]
  
• Rahab, [205]
  
• Rechabites, [115]
  
• Redaction, [144], [145], [173], [215], [218]
  
• Reform, [107] ;
  
  • of Elijah, [126] ;
  • of Prophets, [139] ;
  • under Josiah, [144], [162], [163] ;
  • after exile, [180], [181] ;
  • under Ezra, [196], [200]
• Religion, origin of, [38], [78] ;
  
  • primitive, [32], [39], [40], [42], [43] ;
  • Semitic, [25] ;
  • of Patriarchs, [31], [32], [34], [36], [37], [65] ;
  • in time of Moses, [54] ;
  • in time of Judges, [67], [71] ;
  • of Canaanites, [92–95];
  • under monarchy, [108], [112], [158] ;
  • after exile, [179], [181] ;
  • Levitical conception of, [209], [210] ;
  • of Psalmists, [230], [231–235];
  • in Wisdom lit., [242], [244] ;
  • in Proverbs, [249] ;
  • in Job, [255] ;
  • in Ecclesiastes, [261] ;
  • of the future, [265], [268], [273]
• Repentance, [173], [178]
  
• Restoration, the, [181], [182]
  
• Retribution, [250], [262] . And see under [Problem of Providence]
  
• Revelation, [xiii], [51], [63], [66], [78], [79], [231]
  
• Ritual, [157], [209], [211]
  
• Sabbath, [168], [179]
  
• Sacred springs, [47]
  
• Sacred stones, [44]
  
• Sacred trees, [46]
  
• Sacrifice, primitive, [47], [48] ;
  
  • adopted by Moses, [72] ;
  • covenant, [49], [63] ;
  • human, [48], [49] ;
  • Prophetic estimate of, [72], [158] ;
  • in "P," [202], [207] ;
  • meaning of, [207], [208] ;
  • of Christ, [210], [211] .
  • See also under [Atonement]
• Samaria, fall of, [134], [160]
  
• Samson, [115]
  
• Samuel, [106], [111], [113], [114], [119]
  
• Satan, [255], [266]
  
• Saul, [111], [112], [119]
  
• Scepticism, [248], [260], [261]
  
• Science, [21], [131], [237]
  
• Second Isaiah, [147], [180] .
  
  • See also under [Isaiah]
• Seer, [100]
  
• Selah, [219], [220]
  
• Semites, home of, [20] ;
  
  • desert life, [20] ;
  • Western antipathy to, [21] ;
  • their contribution to thought, [21] ;
  • to science, [21] ;
  • to religion, [22] ;
  • groups of, [22] ;
  • migrations of, [22]
• Semitic character of our Bible, [25]
  
• Semitic language, [19]
  
• Semitic religion, [25], [26] ;
  
  • tribal, [26] ;
  • value of, [27] ;
  • does not account for Hebrew religion, [25], [31]
• Sennacherib, [160]
  
• Servant of the Lord, [187], [188], [269], [278], [280] ;
  
  • the suffering, [187], [279]
• Shekel, temple, [197], [199]
  
• Shewbread, [48]
  
• Shiloh, [271]
  
• Simeon, tribe of, [89]
  
• Simon Maccabæus, [224]
  
• Sin, [176], [207], [209], [232], [233]
  
• Sin-offering, the, [207]
  
• Sinai, [58], [62], [64], [65]
  
• Social conceptions, [127], [158], [159]
  
• Solomon, [88], [122], [224], [225] ;
  
  • Proverbs ascribed to, [245], [246], [248] ;
  • and Ecclesiastes, [259]
• Son of Man, the, title of, [279–281]
  
• Sons of the Prophets, [106], [110–112].
  
  • See also under [Prophetic bands]
• Substitution, [208], [209]
  
• Supernatural, the, [79]
  
• Symbolism, [208], [209]
  
• Synagogue, the, [180], [181], [216]
  
• Syncretism, [92], [97], [99], [101], [102], [107]
  
• Tabernacle, the, [72], [73], [202]
  
• Tabernacles, Feast of, [197], [198]
  
• Tehom, Tiamat, [205]
  
• Tel-el-Amarna, tablets, [24], [82]
  
• Temple, the, [122–124], [162], [164], [177], [202] ;
  
  • worship of, [220], [230] ;
  • mentioned in Psalms, [226], [227]
• Torah, [100]
  
• Totemism, [39]
  
• Tradition, Jewish, [229]
  
• Tribes, names of, [40] ;
  
  • unity of, [88], [91]
• Universalism, [155], [156], [186], [190], [191], [242], [274]
  
• Virgin birth, the, [276]
  
• Wisdom, [243], [246], [249], [261]
  
• Wisdom literature, [241] ;
  
  • compared with rest of Bible, [243–244];
  • date of, [245]
• Wise men, the, [244], [248]
  
• Worship, prophetic conception of, [157] ;
  
  • of synagogue, [181] ;
  • of temple, [220], [230] .
  • And see under [Altars], [Religion], [God], and [Sacrifice]
• Zechariah, Book of, [134], [147]
  

BRADBURY, AGNEW, & CO. LD., PRINTERS, LONDON AND TONBRIDGE.

[Transcribers' Notes]

Punctuation, hyphenation, and spelling were made consistent when a predominant preference was found in this book; otherwise they were not changed.

Simple typographical errors were corrected; occasional unbalanced quotation marks retained.

Ambiguous hyphens at the ends of lines were retained.

Missing periods at the ends of the Roman numbers of Biblical citations have been added.

Index not checked for proper alphabetization or correct page references, but on page [285], reference to page 295 under "Isaiah" should be to page 195. The correct link is used here.

Page [208]: "how this is affected" perhaps should be "effected".