[PART I.]
ORIGIN, CONSTRUCTION, AND CIVILIZATION OF THE ANCIENTLACUSTRINE HABITATIONS OF IRELAND, AS ILLUSTRATEDBY THEIR REMAINS AND THE ANTIQUITIES FOUND IN ORAROUND THEM.
Page
[Introductory,]1-23
Wooded nature of the country. Wild animals. Climatic changes. Lakes. Lake-dwellings of all countries.
[Lake-dwellings of Ireland,]23-55
Crannog, derivation of the word; a common townland name. Submarinecrannog. Favourite sites for crannogs; mode of construction.Stone lake-dwellings. Theory of crannogs being only temporaryrefuges untenable. Palisades. Dwellings. Gangways to crannogs.Canoes. Paddles. Anchors. Curach. Ingenuity of lake-dwellers.Clothing, &c.
[Stone, Bronze, and Iron Ages,]55-73
Weapons and tools. Armour. Stone moulds.
[Food and Vegetable Remains,]73-81
Hammer-stones. Mammalia. Butter. Yokes. Piscatory implements.
[Household Economy, &c.,]81-105
Grain-rubbers. Querns. Human remains. Fireplaces on the shore.Pottery. Wooden vessels. Drinking cups. Wooden mallets.“Whorls.” Colouring-matter. Spinning.
[Articles of the Toilet or of Personal Adornment,]105-125
Pins of iron, bronze, bone, and wood, &c. Iron shears and knives.Combs of bone and wood. Bronze tweezers. Stone and bronzeornaments: brooches, penannular rings, circlets, &c. Touchstones.Crucibles. Ornaments of gold and silver. Rings of stone, jet, andglass. Beads of stone, bone, jet, lead, earthenware, wood, and glass.
[Music,]125-128
Harps and harp pins, trumpets, &c.
[Amusements,]128-132
Chess a game of great antiquity in Ireland—anecdotes of; game-board.Counters or discs of bone, perforated and unperforated.Stone chessman.
[Inscriptions,]132-135
Ogham, inscriptions in.—Anecdotes of.
[Money,]135-136
Coins found in crannogs.—Anecdotes of.
[Horse Furniture,]136-138
Saddle, bronze cheek-pieces, iron bits, and enamelled plates.
[Miscellaneous Articles,]138-145
Decorated bones and plates of bone, bone spoon, spatula-shaped bone,miscellaneous articles found in the crannogs of Randalstown, LoughGuile, Ballykinler, and Cloonfinlough. Bronze and iron objectsfrom Lagore. Iron fishing implements.
[Historical Notices of Crannogs,]145-160
Extracts from State documents and the Irish Annals, tracing theirexistence from the seventeenth century back to prehistoric times.
[PART II.]
DESCRIPTION AND GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF ALLKNOWN LACUSTRINE SITES IN IRELAND, WITH AN ACCOUNTOF THE ANTIQUITIES FOUND IN OR AROUND THEM.
[Province of Ulster,]163-203
[Province of Leinster,]204-211
[Province of Munster,]212-220
[Province of Connaught,]221-249
[INDEX,]251-268

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

LAKE DWELLINGS OF IRELAND.
Fig.Page
1.[Sketch Section of Swiss Pile Dwelling,]12
2.[Excavation in a Crannog in Loughrea, showing Wicker-work Wall and Basket-flooring,]32
3.[Stone Lake-dwellings in Lough Bola,]34
4.[Remaining fragment of Wooden Sword, found at Inver,]41
5.[Sketch of Ancient Floor in the Townland of Cargaghoge, barony of Farney,]42
6.[Section of Roadway in soft ground,]44
7.[Section of Roadway in firm ground,]45
8.[Plan of Roadway, showing repairs,]45
9.[Axe-head of bone,]45
10.[Flint Arrow-head, shaft and thong still adhering,]45
11.[Fragment of Deerskin Garment,]54
STONE, BONE, BRONZE, AND IRON IMPLEMENTS, &c.
12, 13.[Flint Flakes from the Crannog of Lough Ravel. Half size,]58
14.[Flake of Basalt from Toombridge. Full size,]58
15.[Worked Flint from Lisnacroghera. Full size,]58
16.[Axe-head of Red-deer’s Horn from Lough Eyes. Quarter size,]59
17.[Iron Sword from Lisnacroghera. About two-fifths real size,]61
18.[Iron Spear-head from Lagore,]63
19-23.[Spear Butt-ends of Bronze from Lisnacroghera. Two-thirds natural size,]64
24.[Bronze Dagger from Lagore,]65
25.[Bronze Skean from Loughran Island,]65
26.[Bronze Enamelled object from Lisnacroghera. Full size,]67
27.[Iron Axe-head from Lagore,]68
28-30.[Iron objects from Lisnacroghera,]68
31.[Front and side view of Iron Adze from Lisnacroghera,]69
32.[Whetstone,]69
33.[Iron Helmet found in the Monea Crannog. Front and side view,]70
34.[Disc of Bronze from Lisnacroghera,]72
35.[Stone Mould from Lough Scur,]72
36.[Stone Mould from Lough Ramor,]73
37.[Stone Implement from the Crannog of “The Miracles,”]74
FOOD.
38.[Lower Jaw of Sus scrofa,]74
39.[Head and Antlers of Cervus elaphus,]74
40-42.[Crania of Goats,]75
43.[Cranium of Wolf Hound,]75
44.[Cranium of domesticated Bos longifrons,]76
45.[Cranium of the Crom-adharach, or Crumpled-horn Ox,]77
46.[Cranium of the Gearr-adharach, or Short-horned Ox,]78
47.[Cranium of the Maol, or Hornless Ox,]78
48-52.[Piscatory Implements or Arrows and Spear-heads,]80
53.[Sink-stone. Half size,]81
54.[Bronze Fishing-hook. Full size,]81
HOUSEHOLD ECONOMY.
55.[Saucer-shaped Vessel of Bronze from Cloonfinlough. About one-fifth real size,]84
56.[Bronze Vessel from Lisnacroghera. Slightly over six inches in diameter,]84
57.[Bronze Vessel and Iron Ladle from Lagore,]85
58.[Iron Vessel from Lagore. One-tenth the real size,]85
59.[Grain-rubber. About one-tenth the real size,]85
60.[Section of ordinary Quern. About one-fourteenth the usual size,]86
61.[Upper Surface of Quern from the Crannog of Drumsloe. About one-ninth the real size,]87
62.[Upper Surface of Quernstone from Roughan Lake. One-eighth the real size,]88
63.[Quernstone from Lough Eyes. About one-tenth the real size,]88
64.[Quernstones, with cross and geometrical decoration. About one-twelfth the real size,]89
65.[Sculptured Stone from No. 1 Crannog, Lake of Drumgay. About one-eighth the real size,]90
66.[Pitcher from Lough Faughan. About one-seventh the real size,]92
67.[Fictile Vessel from Ballydoolough, restored,]92
68.[Fictile Vessel, Drumgay Crannog, restored. Quarter size,]93
69.[Restored Vessel from Lough Eyes. One-fourth the real size,]93
70.[Restored Vessel from Lough Eyes. One-fifth the real size,]94
71.[Baked Clay Pot-cover from Lough Eyes. One-fourth the real size,]94
72.[Portion of a Perforated Vessel from Lough Eyes. One-half the real size,]95
73.[Portion of a Perforated Vessel from Lough Eyes. One-third the real size,]95
74.[Portion of Fictile Vessel found on Ballydoolough Crannog. One-half the real size,]95
75.[Portion of Fictile Vessel found on Ballydoolough Crannog. One-half the real size,]96
76.[Portion of Unornamented Vessel,]96
77.[Rim Ornament of Fictile Ware,]97
78.[Cross-inscribed Pottery,]97
79.[Cross-inscribed Pottery,]97
80.[Portion of Fictile Vessel found at Ballydoolough Crannog,]97
81.[Portion of Fictile Vessel, with Ear, Drumgay Crannog. One-half size,]98
82.[Rim Ornaments of Fictile Vessels, Drumgay Crannog. One-half size,]98
83-97.[Plates XVIII. and XIX.—Fragments of Fictile Vessels (various sizes.)]
98.[Fragment of Fictile Ware, Lough Eyes. One-half size,]99
99.[Fragment of Fictile Ware, Lough Eyes. One-half size,]99
100.[Fragment of Fictile Ware,]99
101.[Stamped Pattern on Fragment of Fictile Ware, from Drumskimly,]100
102.[Carved Wooden Vessel found at Cavancarragh,]101
103.[Wooden Vessel from Ballydoolough Crannog,]102
104, 105.[Plate XX.—Wooden Platters.]
106.[Mether, or Drinking Cup, from Tamlaght O’Crilly,]103
107.[Wooden Mallet from Lisnacroghera,]104
108.[Wooden Peg from Glencar,]104
109.[Bone Spindle Whorl from Ardakillen,]104
110.[Ovoid Piece of Polished Bone from Ardakillen,]105
ARTICLES OF THE TOILET, &c., OR OF PERSONAL ADORNMENT.
111-117.[Bone Pins with attached Heads, from the Crannog of Ballinderry,]106
118-124.[Plates XXI. and XXII.—Scribed Pins from Ballinderry Crannog.]
Unnumbered—[Ogham on fig. 118]; [Scoring on fig. 119]; [Scoring on fig. 120]; [Scoring on fig. 123]; [Scoring on ring of fig. 124]; [Scoring on Acus, fig. 124].
125.[Bronze Wire Ring from Lisnacroghera. Full size,]109
126.[Bronze Pin, with human heads, found in the Crannog of Loughravel. Full size,]109
127.[Flattened Disc-headed Pin from Ballinderry. Full size,]109
128.[Penannular Bronze Pin from Lagore. Full size,]109
129-132.[Bronze Pins,]110
[Unnumbered—Figs. a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, Bronze Pins from Crannogs and Street-cuttings,]111
133-137.[Iron Shears and Knives,]112
138.[Bone Comb from Ardakillen,]113
139.[Bone Comb from Ballinderry,]114
140.[Bone Comb from Lagore,]114
141.[Bone Comb from Lagore. Two-thirds real size,]114
142.[Bronze Tweezers from Ballinderry,]115
143.[Stone Pendant Amulet from Ballinderry Crannog,]115
144.[Nodule of Clay-slate from Ballinderry Crannog,]115
144.[Ornamentation on fig. 144,]116
145.[Bronze Amulet or Ornament from Lisnacroghera,]116
146.[Hinge Brooch of Bronze from Ardakillen,]117
147.[Bronze Fibula from Lough Ravel,]118
148.[Penannular Ring or Brooch from Lough Ravel,]118
149.[Penannular Ring from Ardakillen. Two-thirds real size,]118
150.[Hollow Bronze Penannular Rings from Lisnacroghera,]119
151.[Bronze Stud,]119
152.[Bronze Rivet,]119
153-155.[Bronze Circlets,]119
156.[Pipe-clay Crucible,]120
157.[Silver Brooch from the Crannog of Lough Ravel,]121
158.[Stone Ring. One-third size,]121
159.[Stone Ring. One-half size,]121
160.[Jet Bracelet, or Ring. One-quarter size,]121
161.[Glass Bracelet, or Ring. One-third size,]121
162-164.[Beads from Lagore,]123
165-167.[Beads from Lisnacroghera,]124
168, 169.[Beads from Lough Ravel,]124
170.[Glass Bead from Ballintlea,]124
MUSIC.
171.[Bone Harp Pin from Ardakillen. Half size,]125
172.[Trumpets in the Museum, R. I. A.,]126
173.[Showing riveting of Trumpet. Full size,]127
AMUSEMENTS.
174.[Game Board,]130
175.[Unperforated Bone Disc from Drumcliff, Co. Sligo. One-half size,]131
176, 177.[Unperforated Bone Discs from Cloonfinlough. Full size,]131
178.[Perforated ornamented Bone Disc from Lagore. One-half size,]131
179, 180.[Perforated Bone Discs, with Spike, from Lagore. One-half size,]131
181.[Stone Chessman in the British Museum,]132
INSCRIPTIONS.
182.[Ogham found at Ballydoolough Crannog,]134
183.[Scribed Stone from the Crannog of Ardakillen,]135
HORSE FURNITURE.
184.[Cheek-pieces of Bits (Bronze),]136
185.[Cheek-pieces of Bits from Lough Faughan and Ardakillen. Two-thirds real size,]137
186.[Iron Bit from Lagore. One-fourth real size,]137
187.[Enamelled Plate of Iron from Lagore. One-half size,]138
188.[Inlaid Ornament of Mixed Metal from Lagore. Two-thirds real size,]138
MISCELLANEOUS ARTICLES.
189-193.[Plates of Bone, decorated. Use not known,]139
194.[Rude Bone Spoon found at Cloneygonnel. Two-thirds real size,]140
195.[Spatula-shaped Bone from Ballinderry,]140
196.[Bronze Object found at Lagore. Full size,]143
197.[Iron Pipe with Hook, from Lagore. Full size,]143
PART II.
PLANS, SECTIONS, &c., AND GENERAL APPEARANCE OF CRANNOGS, WITH MISCELLANEOUS ARTICLES FOUND IN THEM.
198.[Dug-out Canoe found near the Crannog of Lough Mourne,]173
199.[Upper portion of Bronze Sheath. Full size,]175
200.[Iron Sickle. Eleven inches from point of blade to end of tang,]176
201.[Bronze Butt of Spear-shaft. Two-thirds natural size,]177
202.[Plate XLVII.—General Plan of the Drained Lake of Cloneygonnel, alias Tonymore,]197
203.[Do. General View of the exposed Lake Bed,]197
204.[Do. Section of large Crannog,]197
205.[Plan of Crannog, showing radial arrangement of the timbers,]199
206.[Plate XLVIII.—General Plan of Drumkeery Lake,]200
207.[Do. Plan of Promontory, with Crannog,]200
208.[Fusus antiquus,]204
209.[Part of Lough Annagh, enlarged from the Ordnance Survey six-inch Map, showing Sites of Crannogs,]209
210.[General Plan of the Neighbourhood of the Crannog of Annagh,]212
211.[Map showing former and present Summer and Winter Level of Lough Nahinch,]213
212.[Plan of Submarine Crannog at Ardmore. One-half the scale of fig. 213,]215
213.[Section of Submarine Crannog at Ardmore,]216
214.[Spear-head of Bronze from Lough Gur. One-half real size,]218
215.[Ferrule, showing Gold Ornamentation. Full-size,]218
216.[Stone Mould for casting weapons, from Lough Gur,]219
217.[Plan of Ballinlough,]221
218.[General View of Ballinlough,]222
219.[Plan and Section of Reed Island. Scale, 20 feet to 1 inch,]225
220.[Plate XLIX.—View of Loughrea, showing Shore and Ash Island,]226
221.[Do. Plan of Shore Island. Scale, 80 feet to 1 inch,]226
222.[Plate XLIX.—Section of Shore Island,]226
223.[Do. do. do.,]226
224.[Plan of Ash Island. Scale, 20 feet to 1 inch,]227
225.[View of Loughrea, Island M’Coo in the distance,]228
226.[General View of the Crannog of Loughannaderriga, Achill Island,]230
227.[Miscellaneous Wooden Objects,]231
228.[Whetstone. One-ninth real size,]232
229.[Golden-bronze Pin. Full size,]232
230.[Bronze Lamp from Cloonfinlough,]235
231.[Section of one of the Ardakillen Crannogs,]236
232.[Skull and Iron Fetters from the Crannog of Ardakillen. One-eighth real size,]237
233.[Iron Fetters from one of the Strokestown Crannogs. One-third real size,]237
234.[Plan of Crannog in Drumaleague Lake. Scale, 20 feet to 1 inch,]240
235.[Section of second Crannog in Drumaleague Lake,]241
236.[General View of Lochanacrannog,]246
237.[General View of Ballygawley Lake and Crannog,]247
238.[Beam, or Stretcher, binding tops of Piles, 10 feet 6 inches long by 9 inches broad,]247

LIST OF PLATES.

LAKE DWELLINGS OF IRELAND.
Plate.Page
Frontispiece.—Irish Lake-dwelling of the isolated type.
[I.]Crannog Hut, Kilnamaddo. Restored from existing remains,39
[II.]Crannog Hut discovered at Inver, Co. Donegal. Drawn from the Model in the Museum, R.I.A.,40
[III.]Front, side elevation, and ground plan, &c., of Crannog Hut, discovered at Inver, Co. Donegal,40
[IV.]Single-piece Canoes, Paddle, and Anchors,48
[V.]Curach, as used on the Boyne, 1848, 52
STONE, BONE, BRONZE, AND IRON IMPLEMENTS, &c.
[VI.]Flint, Wood, and Bone Implements from Crannogs,58
[VII.]Hafted Bronze Rapier Sword, showing both sides. Full size,60
[VIII.]Iron Weapons and Manacle from Lagore,61
[IX.]Weapons of Iron from Crannogs,62
[X.]Iron Spear-head, from Lisnacroghera, side and edge view. Half-size,63
[XI.]Portion of Spear-shaft, with ferrules and rivet of bronze. Full size,64
[XII.]Sides of Bronze Sword Sheaths, from the Crannog of Lisnacroghera,66
[XIII.]Iron Tools, &c., found in the bottom of a “dug-out” at Cornagall,67
[XIV.]Front View of Bronze Shield from Lough Gur. Diameter, twenty-eight inches, 71
[XV.]Boss-like Objects, and Rings of Bronze, from Lisnacroghera. Full size, 72
WOODEN IMPLEMENTS.
[XVI.]Wooden Yokes found in Donagh Bog and on the margin of Lough Erne, 79
HOUSEHOLD ECONOMY.
[XVII.]Culinary Utensils, Implements, &c., stone, bronze, wood, and iron,82
[XVIII.]Fragments of Pottery, from No. 3 Crannog, Lough Eyes. (Discovered by W. F. Wakeman),99
[XIX.]Fragments of Pottery, from No. 5 and No. 6 Crannogs, Lough Eyes. (Discovered by W. F. Wakeman),99
[XX.]Wooden Platters,102
ARTICLES OF THE TOILET, &c., OR OF PERSONAL ADORNMENT.
[XXI.]Scribed Pins from Ballinderry Crannog,106
[XXII.]Scribed Pins from Ballinderry Crannog,107
[XXIII.]Scribed Pins from Ballinderry Crannog,108
[XXIV.]Iron and Bone Pins from Lagore,111
[XXV.]Articles of Wood,112
[XXVI.]Bronze Brooch from Lagore,117
[XXVII.]Beads, composed of various materials, from Ardakillen, Lagore, Ballinderry, Drumdarragh, Cloonfinlough, and Lough Eyes,122
MUSIC.
[XXVIII.]Harp, from the Crannog of Ballinderry. Woodwork restored,125
[XXIX.]Bronze Trumpet, now in the Museum of the Royal Irish Academy,127
AMUSEMENTS.
[XXX.]Stone and Bone Circular Discs from Crannogs,132
HORSE FURNITURE.
[XXXI.]Forefront of Ancient Irish Saddle. Back and Front view,136
MISCELLANEOUS ARTICLES.
[XXXII.]Decorated Bones from the Crannogs of Ardakillen and Lagore. Use unknown,139
[XXXIII.]Miscellaneous Articles found in Crannogs,141
[XXXIV.]Miscellaneous Articles found in Crannogs,142
[XXXV.]Objects of various Materials from the Crannogs of Cloonfinlough, and now in the British Museum,143
[XXXVI.]Fishing Implements of Iron from Crannogs. Nos. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8, from Ardakillen or Strokestown Crannogs. No. 9 from Lagore. All one-third real size,144
PART II.
PLANS, SECTIONS, AND GENERAL APPEARANCE OF CRANNOGS, WITH MISCELLANEOUS ARTICLES FOUND IN THEM.
[XXXVII.]Bronze Weapons from Crannog Sites on Toome Bar,171
[XXXVIII.]Crannogs in Lough Mourne,172
[XXXIX.]Haft of Iron Sword, with Bronze Mountings, from Lisnacroghera. Full size,174
[XL.]Upper and lower portion of Sides of the Bronze Sheath, from Lisnacroghera, full size, of which a half-size representation is given, [Plate XII.] fig. 2,175
[XLI.]Elevation, Plan, Section, and details of the Ballydoolough Crannog, Co. Fermanagh,182
[XLII.]Drumgay Crannogs,184
[XLIII.]Lough Eyes Crannogs. Plate I.,189
[XLIV.]Lough Eyes Crannogs. Plate II.,190
[XLV.]General View of the half-drained Lake of Loughavilly,191
[XLVI.]Remains, &c., found at Loughavilly, Kilnamaddo, and “The Miracles,”192
[XLVII.](Figs. 202, 203, 204).—General Plan of the Bed of the Drained Lake of Cloneygonnel, alias Tonymore; General View of the exposed Lake Bed; Section of Crannog,197
[XLVIII.](Figs. 206, 207).—General Plan of Drumkeery Lake, and Plan of Promontory, with Crannog,200
[XLIX.](Figs. 220, 221, 222, 223).—View of Loughrea, showing Shore and Ash Island; Plan of Shore Island; Section of Shore Island; Section of Shore Island,226
[L.]Map of Ireland, showing approximate distribution of all known Lacustrine Sites,250