Lighthouses and Lightships / A Descriptive and Historical Account of Their Mode of Construction and Organization - W. H. Davenport Adams

Alexander the Great, anecdote of, quoted, [26], [29].
Alexandria, the pharos of, one of the wonders of the world, [17];
its architect, [17], [18];
its position, [20], [21];
described, [21];
references to, in the historians, [21], [22];
description of, by Edrisi, [22], [25], [26];
fables concerning, [26], [29].
Alguada reef, lighthouse on, described, [210].
Ampellius, Lucius, his description of the Colossus of Rhodes, [47].
Anastasius, the librarian, cited, [19].
Annette, the isle of, described, [196];
dangerous character of, [210].
Apameia, colony of, founded, [15], [16].
Argand, the engineer, his efforts in lighthouse illumination, [70].
Avery, David, his establishment of a lightship at the Scilly Isles, [254], [255].
Ballantyne, R. M., quoted, [312–314].
Beachy Head, light at, referred to, [132].
Beacons, suggestions for lighting, by Mr. T. Stevenson, [169], [170].
Belle-Tout lighthouse, the, described, [207].
Bell Rock, the, position of, [146], [147];
the legend of quoted, [147–149].
Bell Rock lighthouse, the, story of its erection, [149–164];
description of, [165], [166];
how managed, [166], [167];
curious incident connected with, [167].
Bible, the, references to beacons in, [12].
Bishop Rock lighthouse, the, erection of recorded, [196], [197].
Black Prince, the, lighthouse erected at Cordouan by, [214].
Board of Ballast, the, of Dublin, its functions and members, [55].
Board of Trade, the, its superintendence of lighthouse-boards, [55].
Borda, the mathematician, his reflecting apparatus, [71].
Boulogne, referred to by Pliny and Ptolemæus, [30];
its early history, [30];
the Tour d’Ordre of, described—See [Tour d’Ordre].
Brick-making amongst the Romans, description of, [40], [41].
Buffon, the naturalist, his suggestions for lighthouse illumination, [77].
Buoys, as aids to navigation, [270];
various kinds of, [273];
modes of lighting, [274];
how shifted, [275].
Caligula, the Emperor, his erection of the Tour d’Ordre at Boulogne, [30].
Calf of Man, double lights at, [76].
Capio, pharos at, referred to by Strabo the geographer, [14].
Capreæ, island of, pharos on, referred to, [13].
Carcel, the engineer, his efforts in lighthouse illumination, [70].
Carcel lamp, the, described, [80].
Carr Rock, erection of a beacon on, by Mr. R. Stevenson, [168].
Catoptric system, the, of illumination, described at length, [71–77].
Caylus, the Comte de, his demonstration concerning the Rhodian Apollo, [44].
Champollion, his account of the building of the pharos of Alexandria, [18].
Chares, the sculptor of the Colossus of Rhodes, the story of, [48].
Chevreau, Urbain, his reference to the Colossus of Rhodes, [44].
Chrysorrhoas, lighthouse on the, described by Dionysius of Byzantium, [13], [14].
Claudius, the Emperor, at Boulogne, [13].
Colossus of Rhodes, the, fabled magnitude of, [43];
was it ever a beacon-light? [44];
described by Pliny and Philo, [47];
referred to by Lucius Ampellius, [47];
the authentic facts concerning, [47], [48];
its sculptor’s career sketched, [48].
Colour, as a source of distinction between lights, [76], [77].
Condorcet, the philosopher, his suggestions for lighthouse illumination, [77].
Cordouan, the first lighthouse at, [213], [214];
the second, described, [214];
the present structure, history of, [214], [215];
described, [216–218];
M. Michelet’s account of, [218–221];
its illuminating apparatus, [221], [222].
Cornhill Magazine, quoted, [277].
Crusius, Martinus, story of the Alexandrian pharos quoted from, [26], [29].
Darling, Grace, the story of, [280], [281].
Delavigne, Casimir, the poet, quoted, [224].
Dionysius of Byzantium, his description of a lighthouse on the Chrysorrhoas, [13], [14].
Dioptric system, the, of lighthouse illumination, described in detail, [77], [78], [84–87].
Double lights, the, of the catoptric system, how exhibited, [76].
Dover, early history of the castle, [38];
the tower, its present appearance described, [38–40];
its history sketched, [41], [42].
Dubhe-Artach Rocks, the, described, [208];
proposed lighthouse on, [209].
Dungeness, the red light at, [132].
Eddystone Rocks, the, position of, described, [108], [109].
Eddystone lighthouse, the, of Winstanley, its erection narrated, [109–113];
its destruction, [113];
of Rudyerd, [113–116];
its conflagration, [116–118];
a romantic narrative connected with, [118], [119];
of Smeaton, its erection described, [121–129];
its present condition, [129], [130].
Edinburgh Review, cited, [55], [69].
Edrisi, the historian, his description of the Alexandrian pharos, [22–26].
Egger, M., on the Tour d’Ordre at Boulogne, [32], [35], [36].
Egypt, the light-towers of, described, [10].
Empiricus, Sextus, the Pyrrhonist, on the sculptor of the Colossus of Rhodes, [48].
Enfant Perdu, the, lighthouse on, its difficult construction, [250].
English Channel, the, lights in, enumerated, [131], [132].
Esquiros, M. Alphonse, his description of Trinity House, quoted, [58–61];
his account of life on board a lightship, [255], [256].
Faraday, Professor, his system of ventilation for lighthouses, [101], [102].
Fastnet Rock, revolving light on the, [204];
the lighthouse on, described, [204–206].
Fire-towers amongst the Egyptians, [10], [12];
reference to, in Homer and the Bible, [12].
Fixed light, the, of the catoptric system, how obtained, [74].
Fixed light, varied by flashes, employed in France, [92], [93].
Flashing light, the, of the catoptric system, how effected, [75].
Foix, Louis de, the Parisian architect, his erection of a tower at Cordouan, [215].
Forfarshire, the, wreck of, referred to, [280], [281].
France, number of lighthouses in, [56];
its system of lighthouse administration, [56], [57].
Fresnel, Jean Augustin, the engineer, his career sketched, [78], [79];
his system of lighthouse illuminationdescribed, [86], [89];
his revolving light and apparatus explained, [90], [91];
his lenticular system, [222].
Gascony, Gulf of, described by M. Michelet, [262].
Grand Barge d’Olonne, the lighthouse of, its construction described, [245], [246].
Greeks, the, lighthouses among, [10].
Gregory of Tours, the historian, his employment of the word “pharos,” [19].
Gunfleet, the lighthouse at, on piles, [207], [208].
Hamblin, Robert, his establishment of a lightship at the Nore, [254], [255].
Harwich, the light at, [66].
Héaux, of Bréhat, the lighthouse of, story of its erection, [233–237], [240–243];
its submarine portion, [237];
its rocky foundation, [238];
its stability, [238];
the principle of its construction, [239], [240];
its resistance to the waves, [243], [244].
Hercules, his fabled invention of lighthouses, [10];
the Pillars of, historical memoranda concerning, [265], [266].
Herodian, the historian, his description of Roman light-towers, [14].
Hesychius, the historian, his account of the Pillars of Hercules, [266].
Hève, La, legend connected with, [226–228];
position of described, [228];
lighthouses of, details concerning, [228–232].
Homer, reference to fire-towers in, [12].
Honduras, the mahogany of, [144].
Illuminating apparatus, the, of lighthouses, treated in detail, [68–95].
Inchkeith, isle of, lighthouse on, [145].
Intermittent light, the, of the catoptric system, how distinguished, [75], [76].
Ireland, the coast of, lights on, enumerated, [201–204].
Isaiah, the prophet, his reference to beacons, [12].
Josephus, the historian, his account of the pharos at Alexandria, [21].
La Hève, the two lighthouses of, electric and lenticular apparatus at, [81], [82].
Lamps as a means of lighthouse illumination, [69], [70];
the various kinds employed in modern lighthouses, [79–81].
Landmarks, early historical instances of, [264], [265];
the Pillars of Hercules, [265], [266];
Pompey’s Pillar, [266], [269], [270].
Land’s End, the, described, [193], [194].
Leon of Ostia, cited, [20].
Lesches, pharos erected by, [12], [13].
Light, the electric, as a means of lighthouse illumination, [81–84].
Light, the refraction of, [84].
Lighthouse commission of France, buildings of, referred to, [61].
Lighthouse illumination, history of, sketched, [69–71].
Lighthouse, an iron, described, [204–206];
on piles, [207].
Lighthouse keeper, the, his duties detailed, [276–279];
in France, [285–288].
Lighthouses, early history of, [9–43];
how administered, [49–61];
their geographical distribution, [62–67];
the illuminating apparatus of, [68–94];
the skill required in their construction, [95];
the conditions of their erection, [96];
number of men required for, [97], [98], [102];
their capability of resistance to wind and wave, [98];
internal arrangements of, [99–102];
duties of their keepers, [102–104];
of Great Britain, [108–211];
of France, [212–252];
the auxiliaries of, [256–275];
life in, described, [276–288].
Lights, variety of, [62], [63], [67];
sea, [63];
secondary, [64];
harbour, [65];
the leading five, [65], [66];
their recent introduction, [66];
danger of a too great multiplicity, [66], [67];
a list of, [289–311].
Lightships, first instituted by Avery and Hamblin, [254], [255];
described, [255–257];
how managed, [257], [258];
British and Irish, [258];
of the United States, [259];
their crews, [259–261];
life on board, [261–263];
a night on board a lightship, [312–314].
Lizard lights, the, referred to, [130].
Lizard Point, lighthouses on, described, [197–199].
Longfellow, the poet, his piece on the lighthouse quoted, [279], [280].
Louis XIV. of France, anecdote of, [115], [116].
Lovet, Captain, his lease of the Eddystone rock, [113].
Lowestoff, the lighthouse at, [108].
Lucan, the Roman poet, his reference to the pharos of Alexandria, [22].
Mahogany, the, of Honduras, [144].
Maplin Sands lighthouse described, [206], [207].
Marstrand, Sweden, revolving apparatus for illumination at, [71].
Martineau, Miss, quoted, [269], [270].
May, isle of, the light on, [140].
Messina, pharos at the mole of, [13].
Michelet, M. Jules, on the Gulf of Gascony, [212];
on Cordouan and its lighthouse, [218–221].
“Moderator” lamp, the, described, [80].
Montfaucon on Roman light-towers, [14], [15];
on the pharos at Alexandria, [17], [18], [26–29];
on the etymology of the word “pharos,” [18], [19].
Morlent, author of “Monographie du Havre,” his description of Sainte-Adresse, [225].
Needles Down, the, Isle of Wight, old lighthouse on, [97].
Needles Point, Isle of Wight, lighthouse on, erection recorded, [97], [189];
described, [189–191].
New Caledonia, the lighthouse at described, [250], [251];
inauguration of, [252].
Nore, the, lightship at, mentioned, [132].
Northern Lights, the commission of, its composition, [54], [55].
North Foreland, the, lighthouse at, [201].
Oil, the, employed in lighthouses of Great Britain and France, [81].
Ostia, pharos erected at, by Emperor Claudian, [13].
Paris, Matthew, the chronicler, cited, [213].
Past, a nation’s, importance of cherishing, [36].
“Permanent level” lamp, the, described, [80].
Pharos, island of, lighthouse erected on, [13];
position and history of, [20], [21].—See [Alexandria].
Pharos, etymology of the word, [18], [19];
its employment by historians, [19], [20].
Philips, Mr., the founder of the Smalls lighthouse, [133], [134].
Philo of Byzantium, his reference to the Rhodian Colossus, [47], [48].
Pliny, his account of the pharos at Alexandria, [18], [21], [22];
his reference to Boulogne, [30];
his information concerning the Colossus of Rhodes quoted, [47], [48].
Plymouth breakwater, the lighthouses at, [199].
Point of Ayre lighthouse, the, referred to, [208].
Pompey’s Pillar, historical memoranda concerning, [266–269].
Ponts et Chaussées, department of, in France, its functions and functionaries, [57].
Portland Bill, the lighthouse at, mentioned, [201].
Ptolemæus, the Emperor, supposed founder of the pharos of Alexandria, [17], [18].
Ptolemæus, the geographer, his reference to Boulogne, [30].
Puckle, Rev. J., the historian of Dover Castle, quoted, [39–41].
Puteoli, pharos at the port of, referred to, [13].
Quatrefages, M. de, quoted, [243], [244].
Ravenna, pharos erected at, by Augustus, [13].
Reflectors, the plan of, in lighthouse illumination, [70].
Renard, M., author of “Le Phares,” quoted, [10], [63], [223].
Revolving light, the, of the catoptric system, how produced, [74].
Revolving red and white light of the catoptric system, how produced, [74], [75].
Reynaud, M. Léonce, the engineer, his erection of lighthouse at Héaux of Bréhat, [233–240];
cited, [71].
Rhodes, the Colossus of.—See [Colossus].
Ronaldshay, North, the lighthouse at, mentioned, [142].
Ronsard, the French poet, his tribute to Charles IX., quoted, [20].
Rudyerd, John, his lighthouse on the Eddystone described, [113–115];
its destruction, [116–118];
a romantic episode connected with, [118], [119].
Rumford, the engineer, his efforts to increase the illuminating power of lamps, [80].
Sainte-Adresse, the vale of, described, [225];
origin of the word, [225], [226].
Saint-Pierre, Bernardin de, the French writer, [226–228].
Scilly Isles, wrecks on the, [196].
Scotland, coast of, administration of lights on, [139–141].
Scott, Sir Walter, quoted, [145].
Sea-birds as lighthouse signals, [107].
Serapion, the, historical memoranda concerning, [266], [269].
Shovel, Sir Cloudesley, wrecked on Scilly Isles, [196].
Sigeum, pharos erected on the promontory of, [13].
Skerries, the, Stevenson’s lighthouse on, [141], [142].
Skerryvore Rock, the, its position, [171];
danger and desolation, [172];
Mr. Alan Stevenson’s inspection of, [172], [174].
Skerryvore Lighthouse, the story of its erection, [174–180];
its illuminating apparatus described, [180].
Smalls lighthouse, the, its founder, [133], [134];
its engineer, [134];
and adventure of, [134–137];
a painful incident connected with, [137], [138].
Smeaton, John, his career sketched, [119], [120];
his erection of a lighthouse on Eddystone described, [121–129].
Smiles, Mr. Samuel, cited, [110], [119], [122], [129].
Sostrates, architect of the pharos of Alexandria, story of, [17], [18].
South Foreland, lighthouse on the, [282].
South Stock lighthouse, warning apparatus at, [107].
Southey, the poet, his ballad of “Ralph the Rover,” [147–149].
St. Agnes Light, the, mentioned, [130].
Start Point, lights at, referred to, [130];
Stevenson’s erection of a beacon at, [142–144].
St. Catherine’s Down, old lighthouse on, [192];
proposed new lighthouse on, [97], [192].
St. Catherine’s Point, lighthouse on, referred to, [192], [193].
Stevenson, Mr. Thomas, the engineer, quoted, [66], [72], [76], [85], [88], [89];
his holophotal system of illumination, [91], [92], [94];
his marine dynamometer, [98];
his suggestions for lighting beacons and buoys, [169], [170].
Stevenson, Mr. Alan, quoted, [103], [104], [121];
his inspection of the Skerryvore Rock, [172–174];
erection of a lighthouse on the Skerryvore, [174–180];
account of the Skerryvore quoted from, [172], passim.
Stevenson, Mr. Robert, his erection of a lighthouse on the Skerries, [141], [142];
the story of his Bell Rock lighthouse, [149–164];
his erection of a beacon on Carr Rock, [168];
quoted from, [142], passim.
St. Hilaire, the church of, its conflagration described by Gregory of Tours, [19].
Strabo, the historian, his reference to the pharos at Capio, [14];
his account of the Colossus of Rhodes, [44];
his mention of the Pillar of Hercules, [265], [266].
Suetonius, the historian, cited, [13].
Sunderland, the lighthouse at, its erection described, [182–186].
Teulère, the engineer, his studies and inventions in lighthouse illumination, [70], [71].
Thames, the, steamer, wrecked on Scilly Isles, [196].
Thetis, the ocean-goddess, legend of, [12].
Thucydides, the historian, quoted, [43].
Tithonus, legend of, [12].
Tour de Cordouan, lamp in, described by Mr. Stevenson, [88].
Tour d’Ordre, the, of Boulogne, built by Caligula, [130];
early history of, [31];
destruction of, [32];
the tribute connected with, [32];
description of its remains, [35], [36];
the worthy substitute for, [36], [37].
Tradition, how carelessly accepted, [43].
Trinity House, history of, summarized, [50–53];
interior organization of, [53], [54];
functions of its members, [54];
the building, described by Esquiros, [58–61].
United Kingdom, number of lighthouses in, enumerated, [56].
Unst, North, island of, lighthouse at, described, [181].
Ventilation for lighthouses, Professor Faraday’s system of, stated, [101], [102].
Virgil, the poet, quoted, [196].
Vivian, the engineer of Cayenne, on the Enfant Perdu, [250].
Vossius, Isaac, story of the Alexandrian pharos, quoted from, [26].
Walde, the lighthouse of, referred to, [250].
White, Walter, quoted, [193], [194], [200], [201].
Whiteside, the engineer of the Smalls lighthouse, an adventure of, [134–137].
Wight, isle of, lights of, mentioned, [131].
Wilde, Mr., of Manchester, his invention of an electro-magnetic apparatus for lighthouse illumination, [83], [84].
Winstanley, Henry, his eccentric genius, [109];
the erection of his lighthouse on the Eddystone described, [110–113].
Wolf’s Crag lighthouse, the, described, [195], [196].
Wordsworth, the poet, on Grace Darling, [281].
Zach, the Baron de, cited, [10], [11].

List of Illustrations.

[Eddystone Lighthouse] (Frontispiece).
The Beacon Fire,	[1]
A Roman Pharos,	[15]
A Medal of Apameia,	[16]
Ancient Pharos of Alexandria,	[23]
Modern Lighthouse of Alexandria,	[27]
Tour d’Ordre of Boulogne,	[33]
The Tower at Dover,	[39]
The Colossus of Rhodes,	[45]
Trinity House,	[58]
Lighthouse on a Rocky Headland,	[64]
Catoptric Apparatus,	[72]
An Argand Fountain Lamp,	[74]
Revolving Apparatus on the Catoptric Principle,	[75]
Annular-built Lens,	[78]
Electric Apparatus for Fixed Light,	[82]
Annular Lens of First Order,	[85]
Diagram, Illustrating Progress of Luminous Ray in a Catadioptric Ring,	[87]
Fresnel’s Revolving Light,	[90]
Stevenson’s Holophotal Light,	[91]
Stevenson’s Fixed Light varied by Flashes,	[92]
Fresnel’s Fixed Light Apparatus,	[93]
French Fixed Light Apparatus,	[93]
Cupola of First-class Lighthouse,	[100]
Sea-Birds attracted by Lighthouse Rays,	[105]
Winstanley’s Eddystone Lighthouse,	[111]
Smeaton’s Lighthouse at the Eddystone,	[127]
The Lightship at the Nore,	[131]
The Smalls Lighthouse,	[135]
Inchkeith Lighthouse,	[146]
Building the Bell Rock Lighthouse,	[150]
The Bell Rock Lighthouse,	[163]
Skerryvore Lighthouse,	[178]
North Unst Lighthouse,	[183]
Transporting a Lighthouse,	[187]
Needles Lighthouse,	[190]
Wolf’s Crag Lighthouse,	[195]
Bishop Rock Lighthouse,	[197]
Lizard Point Lighthouse,	[198]
Plymouth Breakwater Lighthouse,	[199]
North Foreland Lighthouse,	[201]
South Foreland Lighthouse,	[202]
Holyhead Lighthouse,	[203]
Kinsale Lighthouse,	[204]
Fastnet Rock Lighthouse,	[205]
Maplin Sands Lighthouse,	[206]
Alguada Reef Lighthouse,	[209]
Ancient Tower of Cordouan,	[215]
Present Lighthouse of Cordouan,	[219]
Interior of Cordouan Lighthouse,	[222]
Lighthouse of Cape La Hève,	[229]
Erection of Lighthouse at the Héaux,	[241]
Lighthouse of the Enfant Perdu,	[247]
Lighthouse at New Caledonia,	[251]
The Lightship,	[257]
Pompey’s Pillar,	[267]
A Floating Beacon,	[271]
The Arnish Beacon,	[274]
Eddystone Lighthouse in a Storm,	[283]
Girdleness Lighthouse,	[298]
Whalsey Skerries Lighthouse,	[300]
Ship Rock of Sanda Lighthouse,	[301]