[17] A summary of the Russian explorations of the Pamir, by Sievertzof, has been published in Kettler’s “Zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche Geographie.”
[22] Cuir-bouilli, leather softened by boiling, during which process it took any form or impression required, and afterwards hardened.
[35] Probably malachite, or carbonate of copper.
[41] The Hon. Robert Lindsay writes:—“At night each man lights a fire at his post, and furnishes himself with a dozen joints of the large bamboo, one of which he occasionally throws into the fire, and the air it contains being rarefied by the heat, it explodes with a report as loud as a musket.”—“Lives of the Lindsays,” iii. 191.
[89] G. F. Ruxton, “Adventures in Mexico and the Rocky Mountains.” London, 1861.
[156] Heinrich Barth, “Travels and Discoveries in North and Central Africa.” Second edition. London, 1857.
[159] The scenery of the Tchossowaia valley is warmly praised by Sir Roderick Murchison. “A more picturesque river-gorge,” he says, “was certainly never examined by geologists. Between the hamlet of Kinist and Ust-Koiva we passed through scenes even surpassing in beauty those higher up the stream, and to which it would require the pencil of a professed artist to do justice. The river runs in a limestone gorge, in which are cliffs of every variety of form, occasionally exposing large caverns along their vertical faces, with trees and flowers grouped about in the clefts—rocks varying in colour from black to white.”—“Geology of the Oural,” p. 188.
[166] A four-wheeled waggon, made without either nail, bolt, or springs.
[211] Mrs. Somerville, “Physical Geography,” i. 105.
[212] Humboldt, “Ansichten der Natur,” i. 8.