The handbook of soap manufacture

by W. H. Simmons; H. A. Appleton

THE END.

---

INDEX.

A.
Acetic Acid, [10]
Acid, Acetic, [10]
---- Arachidic, [10]
---- Behenic, [10]
---- Butyric, [10]
---- Capric, [10]
---- Caproic, [10]
---- Caprylic, [10]
---- Carnaubic, [10]
---- Cerotic, [10]
---- Daturic, [10]
---- Doeglic, [11]
---- Elæomargaric, [12]
---- Elæostearic, [12]
---- Erucic, [11]
---- Ficocerylic, [10]
---- Hyænic, [10]
---- Hypogæic, [11]
---- Isolinolenic, [12]
---- Isovaleric, [10]
---- Jecoric, [12]
---- Lauric, [10]
---- Lignoceric, [10]
---- Linolenic, [12]
---- Linolic, [12]
---- Margaric, [10]
---- Medullic, [10]
---- Melissic, [10]
---- Moringic, [11]
---- Myristic, [10]
---- Oleic, [11]
---- Palmitic, [10]
---- Physetoleic, [11]
---- Pisangcerylic, [10]
---- Psyllostearylic, [10]
---- Rapic, [11]
---- Ricinoleic, [13]
---- Saponification, [19]-21
---- Stearic, [10]
---- Tariric, [12]
---- Telfairic, [12]
---- Theobromic, [10]
---- Tiglic, [11]
---- value, [118], [128]
Acids, Classification of fatty, [10]
---- Fatty, [9]-13
---- ---- Combination with Alkali, [45], [46]
Acids, Fatty, Preparation by acid process, [19]-21
---- ---- ---- by ferment process, [16]
---- ---- ---- by Twitchell's process, [20]
---- Saturated fatty, [11]
---- Unsaturated fatty, [11]
Albumen in soap, [90]
Alcohols, Estimation of, [128]
Aldehydes, Estimation of, [129]
Alkali, Caustic and carbonated, [38], [39], [123]-126
Alkali in soap, Determination of, [131], [132]
Amyl salicylate, [107]
Andiroba oil, [32]
Animal charcoal, [115]
---- fats, Treatment of, [43]
Anise (star) oil, [96]
Anisic aldehyde, [108]
Arachidic acid, [10]
Arachis oil, [28]
Artificial perfumes, [107]-110
Ash, Soda, [39], [124], [125]
Aspic oil, [96]
Aqueous saponification, [14]
Aubépine, [108]
B.
Bacteria, Decomposition of fats by, [18]
Baobab-seed oil, [36]
Bar soap, [54], [55]
Barring soap, [68]
Bay oil, [97]
Behenic acid, [10]
Benzyl acetate, [108]
Bergamot oil, [97]
---- ---- (artificial), [109]
Biniodide soaps, [87]
Birch-tar soap, [88]
Bitter almond oil, [97]
Bleaching palm oil, [41]
---- rosin, [43]
Boiling-on-strength, [51]
Bois de Rose Femelle oil, [99]
Bone-fat, [30]
---- ---- treatment of, [43]
Borax in soap, [88]
Boric acid in soap, [88]
Boric acid in soap, Determination of, [135]
Borneo tallow, [32]
Brine, [39]
Bromine absorption of oils and fats, [122]
Brown Windsor soap, [78], [98]
Butter goa, [33]
---- kokum, [33]
---- shea, [31]
Butyric acid, [10]
Butyrin, [8]
C.
Calico-printer's soap, [93]
Cananga oil, [98]
Candle-nut oil, [33]
Capric acid, [10]
Caprin, [8]
Caproic acid, [10]
Caproin, [8]
Caprylic acid, [10]
Caprylin, [8]
Carapa oil, [32]
Caraway oil, [98]
Carbolic acid in soap, Determination of, [134]
Carbolic soap, [88]
Carbonate potash, [39], [125], [126]
---- soda, [39], [124], [125]
Carnaubic acid, [10]
Cassia oil, [98]
Castor oil, [30]
Caustic potash, [39], [123]
---- soda, [39], [123]
Cayenne linaloe oil, [99]
Cedarwood oil, [98]
Cerotic acid, [10]
Charcoal, Animal, [115]
Chinese vegetable tallow, [31]
Cholesterol in unsaponified matter, [120]
Cinnamon oil, [98]
Citral, [108]
Citronella oil, [99]
Citronellal, [108]
Cleansing soap, [60], [61]
Close-piling soap, [71]
Clove oil, [99]
Coal tar soaps, [88]
Cocoa-nut oil, [25], [26]
Cohune-nut oil, [34]
Cold process soap-making, [46], [47]
Colouring soap, [66], [80], [82]
Compressing soap, [83], [85]
Concrete orris oil, [100]
Constitution of oils and fats, [6], [7]
Conversion of oleic acid into solid acids, [11], [12]
Cooling soap, [74], [76]
Coprah oil, [25], [26]
Cotton-seed oil, [27], [42]
---- ---- Refining, [42]
---- soapstock, [40]
---- stearine, [28]
Coumarin, [108]
Crude glycerine, [113], [136]-139
Crutching soap, [63]
Curcas oil, [33]
Curd mottled soap, [52], [53]
Curd soaps, [52]
Cutting and stamping toilet soap, [85]
D.
Daturic acid, [10]
Decolorisation, Glycerine, [115]
Decomposition of fats by bacteria, [18]
Detergent action of soap, [4], [5]
Diglycerides, [7]
Dika fat, [36]
Disinfectant soaps, [66]
Distearine, [7]
Distillation, glycerine, [114]
Distilled glycerine, [114]
Doeglic acid, [11]
Double distilled glycerine, [115]
Dregs in fats and oils, Determination of, [120], [121]
Drying soap, [71], [78]-80
Dynamite glycerine, [115]
E.
Elaidin reaction, [12]
Electrical production of soap, [59]
Elæomargaric acid, [12]
Elæostearic acid, [12]
Enzymes, Action of, [15]-18
Erucic acid, [11]
Essential oils, [96]-107
---- ---- Examination of, [127]-130
Ester value, [119], [128]
Ether soap, [90]
Eucalyptus oil, [100]
Evaporation to crude glycerine, [112], [113]
F.
Fat, Bone, [30]
---- Dika, [36]
---- Maripa, [34]
---- Marrow, [30]
---- Niam, [34]
---- Tangkallah, [37]
---- Treatment of bone, [43]
Fats, Decomposition by bacteria of, [18]
---- Treatment of animal, [43]
---- Waste, [30]
Fats and oils, Determination of acid value of, [118]
---- ---- ---- of bromine absorption of, [122]
---- ---- ---- of dregs, etc., in, [120], [121]
---- ---- ---- of free acidity of, [117]
---- ---- ---- of iodine absorption of, [121], [122]
---- ---- ---- of saponification
---- ---- ---- equivalents of, [118]
---- ---- ---- of saponification value, [118]
---- ---- ---- of specific gravity of, [117] of titre of, [122], [123]
---- ---- ---- of unsaponifiable matter in, [119]
---- ---- ---- of water in, [120]
---- ---- ---- Yield of glycerine from, [116]
Fatty acids, [9]-13, [31]
---- ---- Classification of, [10]
---- ---- Direct combination with alkali of, [45], [46]
---- ---- in soap, Determination of, [131]
---- ---- ---- Examination of, [133], [134]
---- ---- Preparation by acid process, [19]-21
---- ---- ---- by ferment process, [16]
---- ---- ---- by Twitchell's process, [20]
---- ---- Saturated, [11]
---- ---- Unsaturated, [11]
Fennel oil, [100]
Ferment process for preparation of fatty acids, [16]
Ferments, action of, [15]-18
Ficocerylic acid, [10]
Filling soap, [65]
Fish oils, [30]
"Fitting," [51]
Floating soap, [90], [91]
Fluorides in soap, [88]
Formaldehyde soap, [88]
Framing soap, [66]
Free alkali in soap, Estimation of, [132]
---- caustic in soap, Neutralising, [66]
---- fat in soap, Determination of, [133]
---- fatty acids, Determination of, [117]
G.
Geraniol, [108]
Geranium oils, [101]
Geranium-sur-rose oil, [101]
Ginger-grass oil, [101]
Glycerides, [7], [8]
Glycerine, Chemically pure, [115]
---- Crude, [113], [136]-139
---- decolorisation, [115]
---- distillation, [114]
---- Distilled, [114]
---- dynamite, [115]
---- in soap, Determination of, [134], [135]
---- manufacture, [111]-114
---- saponification, [116]
---- soaps, [89]
---- Yield of, from fats and oils, [116]
Glycerol determination, acetin method, [136]
---- ---- bichromate method, [137], [138]
---- in lyes, Estimation of, [135]
Goa-butter, [33]
"Graining-out," [50]
Grease, Animal, [30]
---- Bone, [30]
---- Kitchen, [30]
---- Skin, [30]
Guaiac wood oil, [101]
H.
Halphen's reaction, [134]
Heliotropin, [108]
Hemp-seed oil, [29]
Hyacinth, [108]
Hyænic acid, [10]
Hydrated soaps, [48], [49]
Hydrolysis accelerated by heat and electricity, [14], [15]
---- accelerated by use of chemical reagents, [19]-23
---- accelerated with acid, [19], [21]
---- Enzymic, [15]-18
---- of oils and fats, [13]-23
---- of soap, [3]
Hypogæic acid, [11]
I.
Ichthyol soap, [89]
Inoy-kernel oil, [37]
Iodine absorption of rose oil, [130]
---- absorption of oils and fats, [121],122:
---- soap, [89]
Ionone, [108]
Isolinolenic acid, [12]
Isovaleric acid, [10]
Isovalerin, [8]
J.
Jasmine, [109]
Jecoric acid, [12]
K.
Kananga oil, [98]
Kapok oil, [32]
"Kastilis," [88]
Kokum butter, [33]
L.
Lard, [25]
Lauric acid, [10]
Laurin, [8]
Lavender oils, [101]
Lemon-grass oil, [102]
Lemon oil, [102]
Lignoceric acid, [10]
Lime oil, [102]
---- saponification, [22]
Linaloe oil, [102]
Linalol, [109]
Linalyl acetate, [109]
Linolenic acid, [12]
Linolic acid, [12]
Linseed oil, [29]
Lipase, [18]
Liquoring of soaps, [64]
Lyes, analysis of, [135]
---- Determination of glycerol in, [135]
---- Evaporation of, [112]
---- Treatment of, [111], [112]
Lysol soap, [89]
M.
Mafura tallow, [35]
Magnesia, Hydrolysis by, [22]
Maize oil, [28]
Margaric acid, [10]
Margosa oil, [35]
Marine animal oils, [30]
---- soap, [49]
Maripa fat, [34]
Marjoram oil, [103]
Medicated soaps, [86]-90
Medullic acid, [10]
Melissic acid, [10]
Melting point, [130]
Mercury soaps, [87]
Milled toilet soaps, [78]
Milling soap, [80], [81]
---- soap-base, [54], [78]
Mineral oil, saponifying, [58], [59]
Mirbane oil or nitrobenzene, [109]
Mixed glycerides, [8]
Monoglycerides, [7]
Monostearin, [7]
Moringic acid, [11]
Mottled soaps, [52], [53]
---- ---- Pickling, [54]
Moulds, Soap, [72], [85], [86]
Mowrah-seed oil, [31]
Musk (artificial), [109]
Myristic acid, [8]
Myristin, [8]
N.
Naphthol soap, [89]
Neroli Bigarade oil, [103]
---- oil (artificial), [109]
Neutralising free caustic in soap, [66], [80]
Niam fat, [34]
Nigre, [56]
Nigres, Utilisation of, [56]
Niobe oil or ethyl benzoate, [110]
Nitrobenzene, [109]
O.
Oeillet, [10]
Oil, Andiroba, [32]
---- Arachis, [28]
---- Aspic (lavender spike), [96]
---- Baobab-seed, [36]
---- Bay, [97]
---- Bergamot, [97]
---- Bitter almond, [97]
---- Bleaching palm, [41]
---- Bois de Rose Femelle, [99]
---- Cananga, [98]
---- Candle-nut, [33]
---- Carapa, [32]
---- Caraway, [98]

---- Cassia, [98]
---- Castor, [30]
---- Cayenne linaloe, [99]
---- Cedarwood, [98]
---- Cinnamon, [98]
---- Citronella, [99]
---- Clove, [99]
---- Cocoa-nut, [25], [26]
---- Cohune-nut, [34], [35]
---- Concrete orris, [100]
---- Coprah, [25], [26]
---- Cotton-seed, [27], [42]
---- Curcas, [33]
---- Eucalyptus, [100]
---- Fennel, [100]
---- Geranium, [101]
---- Ginger-grass, [101]
---- Guaiac-wood, [101]
---- Hemp-seed, [29]
---- Inoy-kernel, [37]
---- Kananga, [98]
---- Kapok, [32]
---- Lemon, [102]
---- Lemon-grass, [102]
---- Lime, [102]
---- Linaloe, [102]
---- Linseed, [29]
---- Maize, [28]
---- Margosa, [35]
---- Marjoram, [103]
---- Mowrah-seed, [31]
---- Neroli Bigarade, [103]
---- Olive, [26]
---- Olive-kernel, [27]
---- Orange, [163]
---- Palm, [27], [41]
---- Palm-nut, [26]
---- Palmarosa, [103]
---- Patchouli, [103]
---- Peppermint, [103], [104]
---- Persimmon-seed, [36]
---- Peru-balsam, [104]
---- Petit-grain, [104]
---- Pongam, [35]
---- Refining cotton-seed, [42]
---- Rose, [105]
---- Rosemary, [105]
---- Safflower, [33], [34]
---- Sandalwood, [105], [106]
---- Saponifying mineral, [58], [59]
---- Sassafras, [106]
---- Sesame, [28], [29]
---- Star-anise, [96]
---- Sunflower, [29]
---- Thyme, [106]
---- Verbena, [106]
---- Vetivert, [106]-107
---- Wheat, [36]
---- Wild mango, [36]
---- Wintergreen, [107]
---- Ylang-ylang, [107]
Oils and fats, Constitution of, [6], [7]
---- ---- Examination of, [117]-123
---- ---- Hydrolysis of, [13]-22
---- Fish and marine animal, [30]
---- Lavender, [101]
---- Refractive Index of, [122]
---- treatment of vegetable, [43]
Oleic acid, [11]
---- ---- into solid acids, Conversion of, [11], [12]
Olein, [8], [9], [31]
---- Cocoa-nut, [31]
---- Palm-nut, [31]
Oleodidaturin, [8]
Oleodipalmitin, [8]
Oleodistearin, [8]
Oleopaimitostearin, [8]
Olive-kernel oil, [27]
Olive oil, [26]
Open-piling soap, [71]
Optical rotation, [127]
Orange oil, [103]
Orchidée, [107]
Orris oil, concrete, [100]
P.
Palm oil, [27], [41]
---- ---- Bleaching, [41]
Palmarosa oil, [103]
Palmitic acid, [10]
Palmitin, [8]
Palmitodistearin, [8]
Palm-nut oil, [26]
Pasting or saponification, [49]
Patchouli oil, [103]
Patent textile soaps, [94]
Pearl-ash, Analysis of, [125], [126]
Peppermint oil, [103], [104]
Perfumer's soaps, [77], [78]
Perfumes, Artificial and synthetic, [107]-110
---- Soap, [95]-110
Perfuming soaps, [94]
Persimmon seed oil, [36]
Peru-balsam oil, [104]
Petit-grain oil, [104]
Phenols, Determination of, [129]
Physetoleic acid, [11]
Phytosterol in unsaponifiable matter, [120]
Pickling mottled soap, [54]
Pisangcerylic acid, [10]
Polishing soaps, [94]
Pongam oil, [35]
Potash, Carbonate, [39], [125], [126]
---- Caustic, [89], [123]
Potassium chloride, [126]
---- Determination of, [126], [132]
Powders, Soap, [94]
Psyllostearylic acid, [10]
R.
Rancidity, [18], [24]
Rapic acid, [11]
Refining cotton-seed oil, [42]
Refractive index of oils and fats, [122]
Remelted soaps, [77], [78]
Resinate of soda, [43], [44]
Ricinoleic acid, [13]
Ricinolein, [8]
Rose oil, [105]
---- ---- (artificial), [110]
Rosemary oil, [105]
Rosin, [37], [38], [43], [44], [55]
---- Bleaching, [43]
---- Determination of, [133], [134]
---- treatment, [43], [44]
S.
Safflower oil, [33], [34]
Safrol, [110]
Salt, [39], [126]
---- Determination of, [124], [125], [126], [132]
Sandalwood oil, [105], [106]
Santalol, [110]
Saponification, [13]-22, [49]
---- accelerated by heat and electricity, [14], [15]
---- accelerated by use of chemical reagents, [19], [23]
---- accelerated with Twitchell's reagent, [20]
---- Acid, [19], [21]
---- Aqueous, [14]
---- by ferment process, [20]
---- equivalent, [118]
---- Glycerine, [116]
---- Lime, [22]
---- under pressure, [47]
---- value, [118], [128]
Saponifying mineral oil, [58], [59]
Sassafras oil, [106]
Saturated acids, [11]
Scouring soaps, [92], [93]
Sesame oil, [28], [29]
Settled soap, Treatment of, [60]-76
Shaving soaps, [91]
Shea butter, [31]
Silicate of soda in soap, [65]
Silicates of soda and potash, [127], [138]
Silk scouring soaps, [93]
---- dyer's soap, [93], [94]
Slabbing soap, [68]
Soap, Albumen in, [90]
---- Analysis of, [130]-35
---- Bar, [54], [55]
---- Barring, [68]
---- -base, Milling, [54], [78]
---- Biniodide, [87]
---- Birch-tar, [88]
---- Borax, [88]
---- Boric acid in, [88]
---- ---- ---- ---- Determination, [135]
---- Carbolic, [88]
---- Classification of, [45]
---- Cleansing, [60], [61]
---- Coal-tar, [88]
---- Cold process, [46], [47]
---- Compressing, [83], [85]
---- Cooling, [74]-76
---- Crutching, [63]
---- Curd, [52]
---- Curd mottled, [53]
---- Definition of, [1], [2]
---- Detergent action of, [4], [5]
---- Determination of carbolic acid in, [134]
---- ---- of fatty acids in, [131]
---- ---- of free alkali in, [132]
---- ---- of free fat in, [133]
---- ---- of glycerine in, [134], [135]
---- ---- of total alkali in, [131]
---- ---- of water in, [133]
---- Drying, [71], [78]-80
---- Electrical production of, [59]
---- Ether, [90]
---- Examination of fatty acids [133], [134]
---- Filling, [65]
---- Fluorides in, [90]
---- formaldehyde, [88]
---- frame, [66]
---- framing, [66]
---- from fatty acids, [45], [46]
---- Glycerine, [89]
---- Hydrated, [48], [49]
---- Hydrolysis of, [3]
---- Ichthyol, [89]
---- Iodine, [89]
---- Lysol, [89]
---- Marine, [49]
---- Milling, [80], [81]
---- Monopole, [94]
---- Mottled, [52], [53]
---- moulds, [72], [85], [86]
---- Naphthol, [89]
---- Neutralising, colouring and perfuming, [66], [80], [82]
---- Open and close piling, [71]
---- perfumes, [95]-110
---- Pickling mottled, [54]
---- powders, [94]
---- Properties of, [2]
---- Salicylic acid, [88]
---- Settling of, [55]
---- Slabbing, [68]
---- Soft, [41]
---- Stamping, [71], [72], [85], [86]
---- Sulphur, [89]
---- Terebene, [90]
---- Thymol, [90]
---- Transparent, [57], [58]
---- Treatment of settled, [60]-76
---- Yellow household, [54], [55]
Soap-making, [45]-59
---- ---- Blue and grey mottled, [53]
---- ---- "Boiling-on-strength," [51]
---- ---- Cold process, [46], [47]
---- ---- Combination of fatty acids with alkali, [45], [46]
---- ---- Curd, [52]
---- ---- Curd, Mottled, [53]
---- ---- "Fitting," [51]
---- ---- "Graining-out" or separation, [50]
---- ---- Hydrated, [49]
---- ---- "Pasting" or saponification, [49]
---- ---- Soft, [48]
---- ---- Transparent, [57], [58]
---- ---- under pressure, [47]
Soaps, Calico-printer's, [93]
---- Disinfectant, [66]
---- Floating, [90], [91]
---- Liquoring of, [64], [65]
---- Medicated, [86]-90
---- Milled toilet, [78]
---- Miscellaneous, [94]
---- Perfumer's, [77], [78]
---- Polishing, [94]
---- Remelted, [77], [78]
---- Scouring, [92]
---- Shaving, [91]
---- Silicating, [65]
---- Silk dyer's, [93], [94]
---- Textile, [91]-94
---- Toilet, [77], [78]
---- Woollen dyer's, [92]
Soap-stock, [40]
Soda ash, [39], [124], [125]
---- ---- Caustic, [39], [125]
---- Carbonate, [39], [124], [125]
---- Caustic, [39], [123]
---- Resinate, [43], [44]
Soft soap-making, [48]
Solidifying-point, [130]
Specific gravity, Determination of, [117], [127]
Stamping soap, [71], [72], [85], [86]
Starch, Detection of, [121], [135]
Steapsin, [18]
Stearic acid, [10]
Stearin, [8], [9]
Stearine, Cotton-seed, [28]
Stearodipalmitin, [8]
Sulphides and sulphites, Determination of, [125]
Sulphur soap, [89]
Sunflower oil, [29]
Superfatting material, [83]
Synthetic perfumes, [107]-110
T.
Table of caustic potash solutions, [151]
---- of caustic soda solutions, [149], [150]
---- of comparative densities, [147]
---- of thermometric equivalents, [148]
Tablet soap, [55]
Talc, [65]
Tallow, [24]
---- Borneo, [32]
---- Chinese vegetable, [31]
---- Mafura, [35]
Tangkallah fat, [37]
Tariric acid, [12]
Telfairic acid, [12]
Terebene, [110]
---- soap, [90]
Terpineol, [110]
Textile soaps, [91]-94
---- ---- Patent, [94]
Theobromic acid, [10]
Thyme oil, [106]
Thymol soap, [90]
Tiglic acid, [11]
Titre test, [122], [123]
Toilet soaps, [77], [78]
---- ---- Compressing, [83], [85]
---- ---- Milled, [78]
---- ---- Milling, [80], [81]
---- ---- Stamping, [85], [86]
Transparent soaps, [57], [58]
Treatment of animal fats, [43]
---- ---- bone fat, [43]
---- ---- lyes, [111], [112]
---- ---- rosin, [43]
---- ---- settled soap, [60]-76
---- ---- Vegetable oils, [43]
Trèfle, [107]
Triglycerides, [7], [8]
Trilaurin, [9]
Triolein, [9]
Tripalmitin, [9]
Tristearin, [7], [9]
Twitchell's process, [22]
U.
Unsaponifiable matter, Constitution of, [119], [120]
---- ---- Determination of, [119]
Unsaturated acids, [11]
Utilisation of nigres, [56]
V.
Vanillin, [110]
Vegetable oils, Treatment of, [43]
---- tallow, Chinese, [31]
Verbena oil, [106]
Vetivert oil, [106]
Violet soap, [54]
Volhard's method for chloride determination, [132]

W.
Waste fats, [30]
Water, [39]
---- ---- in fats, Determination of, [120]
---- ---- in soap, Determination of, [133]
Wheat oil, [36]
Wild mango oil, [36]
Wintergreen oil, [107]
Wool scouring soaps, [92]
Woollen dyer's soap, [92]
Y.
Ylang-ylang oil, [107]
Z.
Zinc oxide, Hydrolysis by, [22]
---- soap, [87]

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