[167] As early as 1597, by an act passed in the 39th year of Queen Elizabeth's reign—Quarter Sessions were empowered to inflict transportation, but at first the law could not be enforced because there was no place to which convicts could be shipped. A number of royalists were transported to Barbadoes after its capitulation in 1651, but this was only a temporary measure.
[168] 4 Geo. i. c. 2.
[169] 8 Geo. iii. c. 15.
[170] Escott's "England," 1885 Edn., p. 240.
[171] 7 & 8 Geo. IV., c. 18.
[172] It is impossible to say how far Bentham was influenced by Beccaria; the two men arrived at similar conclusions, but their methods were essentially different. Beccaria's great work, "Dei Delitti e delle Pene," was first published (anonymously) in 1764, and Bentham's "Rationale of Punishments and Rewards" was written eleven years later.
[173] In 1800 six women were publicly flogged till the blood ran down their backs for hedge-pulling.
[174] 9 Geo. iv. c. 61.
[175] See "Encyclopædia of the Laws of England" under Licensing Acts.
[176] 7 and 8 Geo. iv. c. 31.