Methods & Aims in Archaeology

by W. M. Flinders Petrie

I have to thank my friends for six of the photographs here used.

W. M. FLINDERS PETRIE.

University College, London.

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CONTENTS

CHAPTER I
The Excavator
	PAGE
Purpose, [1]; Character, [2]; Experience, [3]; Organization, [5]; Acquirements, [5]; Demands of the work, [6]	[1–8]
CHAPTER II
Discrimination
Temples, [9]; Towns, [10]; Cemeteries, [11]; Indications, [12]; Productions, [14]; Pottery, [16]; Style, [17]; Visual memory, [19]	[9–19]
CHAPTER III
The Labourers
Quality, [20]; Education, [21]; Control, [22]; Substitution, [23]; Overseers, [24]; Direct system, [26]; Day pay, [27]; Piecework, [29]; Day and piece work, [30]; Rewards, [33]; Accounts, [35]; Native ways, [37]	[20–40]
CHAPTER IV
Arrangement of Work
Clearances, [41]; Turning over, [43]; Raising earth, [44]; Tracing walls, [46]	[41–47]
CHAPTER V
Recording in the Field
Need of record, [48]; Value of record, [50]; Resulting view, [50]; Marking, [51]; Nature of notes, [52]; Planning, [53]; Plotting, [55]	[48–59]
CHAPTER VI
Copying
Paper squeezes, [60]; Dry squeezes, [61]; Casting, [64]; Drawing, [68]; Restored forms, [71]; Copying inscriptions, [72]	[60–72]
CHAPTER VII
Photographing
The Camera, [73]; Preparing objects, [76]; Lighting, [77]; Arrangement of objects, [79]; Stereographs, [81]; Developing, [82]	[73–84]
CHAPTER VIII
Preservation of Objects
Stone, [86]; Pottery, [88]; Textiles, [89]; Wood, [89]; Ivory, [91]; Papyri, [93]; Bead-work, [95]; Stucco, [96]; Gold, [98]; Silver, [98]; Copper, [99]; Bronze, [100]; Lead, [102]; Iron, [102]; Sorting, [102]	[85–104]
CHAPTER IX
Packing
Blocks, [105]; Long objects, [106]; Heavy stones, [107]; Pottery, [108]; Softening, [109]; Cases, [110]; Unpacking, [111]	[105–113]
CHAPTER X
Publication
Arrangement, [114]; Plates, [115]; Processes, [117]; Editions, [119]; Text, [120]; Publishing, [120]	[114–121]
CHAPTER XI
Systematic Archaeology
Systems of work, [122]; Need of a corpus, [123]; Example of corpus, [124]; Utility, [125]; Successive ages, [126]; Sequences, [127]; Sequence dates, [129]; Conservation, [130]; Buildings, [130]; Lighting, [131]; Grouping, [132]; National Repository, [133]	[122–135]
CHAPTER XII
Archaeological Evidence
Nature of proof, [136]; Legal evidence, [136]; Witnesses, [138]; Material facts, [138]; Exhaustion, [139]; Probabilities, [139]; Legal proof, [140]; Egypt and Europe, [141]; In XXVIth Dynasty, [142]; XVIIIth Dynasty paintings, [144]; Burnt groups, [145]; Rubbish mounds, [147]; Houses, [148]; Scarabs, [149]; Tombs in Egypt, [150]; Tombs in Greece, [152]; Variation with date, [153]; Style, [154]; Recapitulation, [155]; XIIth Dynasty, Kahun, [156]; XIIth Dynasty in Crete, [158]; Pan-graves, [159]; VIth to IIIrd Dynasties, [162]; 1st Dynasty Aegean, [164]; 1st Dynasty Cretan, [166]; Prehistoric, [167]	[136–168]
CHAPTER XIII
Ethics of Archaeology
Individual rights, [169]; Destruction, [170]; Restoration, [172]; Sacrifices, [173]; Responsibility, [174]; Rights of the future, [175]; Rights of the past, [176]; Duties, [178]; Future of museums, [180]; Publications, [182]; State claims, [183]; State rights, [184]; Excavating laws, [187]	[169–188]
CHAPTER XIV
The Fascination of History	[189–193]
INDEX	[195–208]

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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

FIGURE		PAGE
1.	Chain of boys clearing the Osireion	[Front.]
2.}	Going up the desert	[1]
3.}
4.	Tent-life	[6]
5.	Hut-life	[6]
6.	Temple at El Hibeh	[9]
7.	Temple at Tanis	[9]
8.	Mound at Defeneh	[10]
9.	Cemetery of Zuweleyn	[10]
10.	Copper and bronze adzes	[14]
11.	Cutting-out knives	[15]
12.	Typical forms of pottery	[16]
13.	Lad and girl at Tanis	[20]
14.	Three little Muhameds	[20]
15.	Girls and boys at Tanis	[24]
16.	Girls sorting durra	[24]
17.	Line of carrier boys, Abydos	[30]
18.	Heaps thrown out, Abydos	[30]
19.	Lifting and carrying, Abydos	[32]
20.	Carrying at Royal Tombs	[32]
21.	Account card for wages	[38]
22.	Carrier boys throwing, Abydos	[41]
23.	Town site, turned over, Kahun	[41]
24.	Cutting down top of work	[42]
25.	Cemetery, Tell el Yehudiyeh	[43]
26.	Clearing a tomb, Abydos	[43]
27.	Chain at tomb of Usertesen II	[44]
28.	Chains of men at tomb of Den	[44]
29.	Plan measured from two lines	[54]
30.	Method of plotting survey	[56]
31.	Copy drawn on paper squeeze	[62]
32.	System of numbering sheets	[63]
33.	Paper squeeze	[64]
34.	Plaster cast from paper	[64]
35.	Inventory sheet	[70]
36.	Frame for drawing vases	[71]
37.	Weathered stone, sanded	[71]
38.	Throwing sand; drop-shutter view	[75]
39.	Girls resting; diagonal mirror view	[75]
40.	Tablet, with black and white filling	[76]
41.	Hypocephalus, with white filling	[76]
42.	Wooden floor of Azab	[77]
43.	Prehistoric grave, Naqada	[77]
44.	Ebony negress	[78]
45.	In tomb of Sem-nefer	[78]
46.	Foundation deposit, Aahmes II	[80]
47.	Bracelet of King Zer	[80]
48.	Pavement, Tell el Amarna	[88]
49.	Fresco of princesses, Tell el Amarna	[88]
50.	Box with diagonal bars	[106]
51.	Tray for heavy stones	[107]
52.	Box with three-way grain	[110]
53.	Box end, nailed diagonally	[111]
54.	Nile boat	[112]
55.	Camels, starting and returning	[112]
56.	Naukratite warrior	[144]
57.	Graeco-Egyptian figures	[144]
58.	Aegean vase, Tahutmes III	[152]
59.	False-necked vases	[154]
60.	Celtic and pan-grave pottery	[160]
61.	Black incised pottery	[161]
62.	Buttons, VIIth Dynasty	[162]
63.	Aegean pottery, Royal Tombs	[165]
64.	Black pottery, Cretan	[166]
65.	Khufu, builder of the great pyramid	[178]
66.	Mer-en-ptah, Pharaoh of the Exodus	[178]

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