The Courtship of Animals

by W. P. Pycraft

INDEX

• Alcock, Colonel, on courtship of crabs, [255]
• Alder-flies, claspers of, [233]
• Amorousness, a factor in evolution, [24]
• — power of, [6], [9]
• — where absent, [6]
• Andrews, Dr. C. W., on display of Frigate-bird, [111]
• Antelopes, battles of, [64]
• — horns of, [63]
• — scent glands of, [67]
• Antennæ, sense of smell in, [199]
• Antlers, branching of, [61]
• — eaten when shed, [58]
• — in female deer, [62]
• — shedding of, [53]
• — types of, [60]
• — use of, [55]
• Ants, nuptial flight of, [297]
• — dismal fate of queen, [298]
• Apes, brilliant colours of, [45]
• — — — use of, [46]
• — family relations of, [43]
• — polygamy in, [48]
• — power of voice in, [42]
• — related to man, [41]
• Aphides, appalling fertility of, [301]
• — parthenogenesis in, [301]
• Argonaut, remarkable egg-cradle of, [269]
• Armature in birds, [117]
• Argus Pheasant, display of, [96]
• — — ocelli of, [97]
  
• Baboons, mane of, [44]
• Bailador, dances of, [121]
• Barrett Hamilton, Major, on Fur-seals, [85]
• Bee, Bumble, life of, [292]
• — drone, life of, [281], [289]
• — queen, as executioner, [279]
• — — execution of, [286]
• — — nuptial flight of, [279]
• — worker, evolution of, [290]
• Beetles, fighting between, [214]
• — stridulating organ of, [217]
• — vivid coloration in, [209]
• “Behaviour,” specific character of, [157]
• Birds, secondary sexual characters of, [94]
• Birds-of-Paradise, display of, [101]
• Bower-birds, coloration of, [158]
• — — origin of “bowers,” [160]
• — — singular behaviour of, [157]
• Brine-shrimp, vitality of, [304]
• Bug, extraordinary armature of, [216]
• Bustard, Australian, display of, [108]
• Bustard, Great, display of, [107]
• Butterflies, courtship of, [195]
• — excess of males in, [192]
• — experiments on, [205]
• — and female choice, [193]
• — females larger than males, [193]
• — fighting between, [194]
• — fragrance of, [200]
• — males mobbing females, [196]
• — methods of pairing, [204]
• — scent scales of, [199]
• Butterfly, Small-blue, method of folding wings of, [187]
  
• Caiman, Dr. W. T., on A pus, [306]
• Campbell on courtship of spiders, [247]
• Cassowary, roar of, [112]
• Castration, effects of, [144]
• Chamæleons, armature of, [167]
• Cicada, music of, [222]
• Cockles, blindness of, [274]
• Coloration, cause of iridescent, [189]
• — forms of, [186]
• Conger-eel, huge size of females in, [178]
• Cooke, Mr. John, and the behaviour of sheep, [69]
• Courtship, meaning of, [21]
• Crabs, courtship of, [258]
• — seizing mates, [260]
• — stridulating organs of, [255]
• Crane, dances of, [120]
• Crocodile, courtship of, [164]
• Cunningham, J. T., and secondary sexual characters, [14]
  
• Dancing in birds, [119]
• Darwin, his theory of Sexual Selection, [12]
• Darwin on coloration of beetles, 210, [211]
• — on coloration of mollusca, [275]
• — on “horns” of beetles, [212]
• — on mane of baboons, [44]
• — on sexual selection in butterflies, [194]
• Deer, antlers of, [53], [62]
• — courtship of, [53]
• — fatal encounters of, [55]
• “Diathetic” types, meaning of, [50]
• “Display,” function of, [183]
• — in birds, need of, [147], [149]
• Double-eyed fish, [176]
  
• Dragon-flies, antiquity of, [227]
• Dragonet, courtship of, [177]
• Eland, horns of, [65]
• — strange habits of, [68]
• Elephant, courtship of, [71]
• — remarkable scent glands of, [69]
• — use of tusks in, [70]
• Elephant-seal, courtship of, [87]
• Emotions and human evolution, [32]
• — and sexual selection, [17]
• Emu, air-sacs of, [112]
• Eunuchs, peculiar features of, [145]
• Extinction, causes of, [17]
  
• Fabre on courtship of scorpions, [252]
• Fashions among savages, [33] et seq.
• Fighting-fish, ferocity of, [182]
• Fish, disparity in size of sexes [178]
• Forbes, Dr. H. O., on deceptive coloration in a spider, [240]
• Frigate-bird, air-sacs in display of, III
• Frilled-lizard, courtship of, [165]
• Frogs, concerts of, [171]
• — courtship of, [169]
• — singing like a Greenfinch, [173]
• Fur-seals, courtship of, [81]
• — polygamy of, [81]
• — precocious sexual instincts in, [86]
  
• Germ-plasm, nature of, [11]
• Giraffe, kick of, [73]
• — strong smell of, [68]
• Grasshopper, air-bladder of, [219]
• — stridulating organs of, 218, [221]
• Grebe, Great-crested, courtship of, [151]
• Groos, Professor, on emotions, [18]
  
• Hippopotamus, bloody sweat of, [69]
• — teeth of, [72]
• Hooded-seal, air-sac of, [88]
• Hormones, nature of, [16]
• — part played by, [146], [147]
• Horns, evolution of, [51]
• Hottentots, remarkable peculiarities of, [31]
• Howard, H. E., on importance of “territory” [140]
• — on play in warblers, [121]
• — on sexual selection, [138]
• Huxley, Mr. Julian, on the behaviour of Mallard, [149]
• — on the Great-crested Grebe, [151]
• Hypertely, meaning of, [125], [127]
  
• Image, Professor Selwyn, on Vapourer Moth, [201]
• Impotency, possible consequences of, [155]
• Ingram, Sir William, on display of King Bird-of-Paradise, [102]
• Insects and sexual selection, [192]
  
• Katydid, song of, [222]
• Kinetogenesis, meaning of, [80]
  
• Leptodora, olfactory sense of, [262]
• Life, lowest forms of, [3] et seq.
• Lion, mane of, [77]
• — polygamy in, [81]
• Lizards, courtship of, 165 et seq.
• — fighting among, [167]
• Locusts, ear of, [220]
• — remarkable ornaments of, [225]
• Lucas, Dr. F. A., on sea-lions, [86]
  
• Males, degenerate, [307]
• — first to acquire new features, [9]
• — lead in new departures, [190]
• — where superfluous, [307]
• Mallard, remarkable behaviour of, [149]
• Man, evolution of, [22] et seq.
• “Mate-hunger,” part played by, [147]
• — power, importance of, [5]
• Mating, preferential, [155]
• May-flies, dance of death of, 229, [232]
• — nuptial flight of, [232]
• — remarkable eyes of male, [231]
• May-flies, remarkable use of stomach in, [230]
• Mayer, Mr., experiments on moths, [205]
• Moina, claspers of, [262]
• Moose, peculiar habits of, [58]
• Morgan, Professor Lloyd, on emotions, [18]
• — on factors in selection, [19], [126]
• Moth, aquatic females in, [204]
• — Eyed-hawk, display of, [201]
• — Ghost, scent-bottle of, [200]
• — Kentish Glory, sexual differences in, [203]
• — Oak-eggar, remarkable sense of smell in, [202]
• — Vapourer, remarkable sense of smell in, [201]
• Moths, bright colours of, [188]
• — diurnal, [189]
• — males, sense of smell of, [199]
• — scent organs of, [200]
• Mouth, brilliant colour in birds, [142]
• Muller, Fritz, on fragrant butterflies, [200]
• Music in birds, [123] et seq.
  
• Narwhal, tusk of, [90]
• Newts, courtship of, [170]
• — remarkable pairing habits of, [170]
  
• Ocelli in birds, nature of, [98]
• Octopus, courtship of, [267]
• — remarkable mating habits of, [268]
• Ornament, controlling factors of, [168]
• Orthogenesis, nature of, [17]
• Osborne, Professor, on factors in evolution, [17]
• Ostrich, roar of, [112]
• Oysters, helpless condition of, [274]
• — and social reformers, [275]
  
• Painted Terrapin, remarkable courtship of, [168]
• Parthenogenesis in Crustacea, [304]
• — occurrence of, [276]
• — significance of, [308]
• — types of, [300]
• Peacock, display of, [95]
• Peckham, Mr., on courtship in spiders, [241]
• Pheasants, display of, [100]
• Pigment intensification, cause of, [150]
• Plovers, fatal conflicts among, [117]
• — dances of, [119]
• Plumage, evolution of, [143]
• Polyandry, human, [29]
• — in birds, [134]
• — interpretation of, [136]
• Polygamy, human, [27]
• — in birds, [115], [135]
• — in ungulates, [75]
• — interpretation of, [76], [115], [135], [136]
• Poulton, Professor E. B., on animal coloration, [186]
• — on courtship of spiders, [245]
• — on sexual selection in spiders, [245]
• Prairie-hen, air-sacs in display of, [109]
• Pugnacity in birds, [116]
  
• Rays, remarkable teeth of, [176]
• Reproduction, forms of, [10]
• Rhinoceros, horns of, [75]
• Ruff, amorous instincts of, [115]
• — display of, [113]
• — variability of, [114]
  
• Sabre-toothed tiger, huge canines of, [80]
• — jaw-flanges of, [80]
• Salmon, coloration of, [180]
• — courtship of, [179]
• Sandpiper, Pectoral, air-sacs in display of, [108]
• Scent glands, [67]
• Scorpions, courtship of, [242]
• Secondary Sexual Characters, meaning of, [13]
• Selection, forms of, [7]
• Selous, Mr. F. C., on habits of moose, [59]
• — on the mane of the lion, [78]
• Sex, beginnings of, [4]
• — birth of, [12]
• Sex-antagonism, [9]
• Sexual instincts, dominance of, [162]
• — grades of, [183]
• — importance of, [27]
• Sexual selection, definition of, [20]
• — and human evolution, [38]
• — in the human race, [32]
• — instance of working of, [147]
• Sexual Selection Theory, modification of, [154]
• Sharp, Dr. David, on stridulating organs, [219]
• Sheep, scent of, [69]
• Skull, human, malformation of, [35]
• Smith Woodward, Dr. A., on factors in evolution, [17]
• Smynthurus, remarkable courtship of, [26]
• Snail, hermaphrodite state of, [271]
• — “love-darts” of, [271]
• — significance of coloration of, [272]
• Somato-plasm, nature of, [11]
• South, Mr., on Oak-eggar moth, [202]
• Spiders, courtship of, [242] et seq.
• — dread sequel to nuptial rites, [246]
• — drumming of, [237]
• — nuptial rites in, [248]
• — remarkable coloration of, [239]
• — stridulating organs in, [237]
• Starling, Prof., on Hormones, [14], [16]
• State executions v. State pensions, [286]
• Stickle-back, paternal care in, [181]
• — remarkable nest of, [181]
• Stone-flies, degenerate wings in, [234]
• — nuptial rites performed in ice, [233]
• Stridulating organs of grass hoppers, [218]
• — nature of, [217]
• Sun-bittern, display of, [142]
• Syrinx in birds, [123]
  
• Termite, amazing fertility of queen, [302]
• “Territory,” importance of, [154]
• Thomson, Prof. J. A., on evolution of sex, [12], [309]
• Townsend, Mr., on sea-elephants, [87]
• Tragopans, display of, [100]
• Trimen, Dr., on deceptive coloration in a spider, [240]
• Turkey, display of, [99]
  
• Use, inherited effects of, [59]
  
• Virgin births, belief in, [296]
• Voice in birds, [123]
  
• Wallace, Alfred Russell, and Sexual Selection, [13], [137], [196]
• Warblers, play in, [121]
• Water-fleas, olfactory organs of, [261]
• Water-fleas, mating apparatus of, [226]
• Weismann, Professor, on coloration of butterflies, [187]
• Whales, armature of, [89]
• — battering-rams of, [179]-89
• Wheel-animalcule, vitality of, [307]
• Windpipes, where coiled, [128]
  
• Zebras, fighting among, [73]

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Printed at The Chapel River Press, Kingston, Surrey.

ERRATUM

For the first line of page 16, instead of “by certain glands of the ductless glands,” read: “by certain of the ductless glands.”