[220] Spencer, Data of Ethics, p. 26.
[221] Darwin, Origin of Species (1859), pp. 43, 131, 466.
[222] Spencer, Biology, i. 257.
[223] First Principles, p. 404 f.
[224] Cf. Clifford, Lectures and Essays, i. 101.
[225] Descent of Man, 2d ed., p. 137, cf. pp. 198, 618; cf. A. R. Wallace, Contributions (1870), p. 330.
[226] Vierteljahrsschrift f. wiss. Phil., i. (1877), 543 ff.
[227] Rolph, Biol. Probl., p. 33.
[228] Darwin, Origin of Species, p. 336.
[229] Thus Darwin, Descent of Man, p. 51, speaking of the "advantage to man" it must have been "to become a biped," says: "The hands and arms could hardly have become perfect enough to have manufactured weapons, or to have hurled stones and spears with a true aim, as long as they were habitually used for locomotion and for supporting the whole weight of the body; or, as before remarked, as long as they were especially fitted for climbing trees." The hands had to lose their dexterity for the latter purposes before they could acquire the more delicate adjustments necessary for skill in the former. The transition was of course a gradual one; but the initial variations required would seem to have been at first unfavourable to man's chances in the struggle for existence, though it was through them that he rose to his place at the summit of the organic scale.