Third Crusade.—To avenge the capture in A.D. 1187 of Jerusalem by Saladin; and led by Frederick Barbarossa, Richard Cœur-de-Lion, and Philip of France, A.D. 1188. Results: Acre, Joppa, and Askalon taken from Saladin, A.D. 1192.
Fourth Crusade.—Led by Baldwin, Count of Flanders, with aid from Venice, A.D. 1202. Results: taking of Zara and of Constantinople, A.D. 1204.
The remaining Crusades were, comparatively, unimportant.
[368] Gibbon, ch. lxiii.
[369] So late as Chardin, four hundred sail of vessels were occupied at Caffa during forty days in the corn and fish trade. (“Voy. en Pérse,” i. pp. 46-48.) Clarke found it wholly demolished by the Russians (“Travels,” i. p. 144)—and so it is now.
[370] Gibbon, ch. lxiii.
[371] The precise era of the invention and application of gunpowder is involved in doubt, and has formed the subject of many learned disquisitions, not the least interesting of which will be found in the 1st and 2nd vols. of Bishop Watson’s “Chemical Essays.”
CHAPTER IX.
Ancient galleys—Different descriptions—Their outfit—Beaks—Stern—Masts and sails—Oars—Mode of rowing—Single-banked galleys—French galley—General Melvill’s theory—Charnock’s theory—Vossius’s views—Mr. Howell’s plan—Plan of Revd. J. O. W. Haweis ([Appendix No. 1])—Our own views—Biremes—Triremes—Quadriremes—Quinqueremes—Hexiremes and larger galleys—Suggested plan of placing the rowers—Summary.
Ancient galleys.