[650] One of the most atrocious massacres of the Jews on record is that which broke out on the departure of Richard I. (who had protected them) for the Holy Land in A.D. 1190. (William of Newbury, iv. c. 1. Matthew Paris, p. 157.)
[651] See full details of the course of the trade of Marseilles in Pardessus, i. pp. 62-5; ii. p. 6, &c. Ruffi, Hist. de Marseille, 2 vols. fol. 1696; and Fabre, Hist. de Marseille, i. p. 301, &c.
[652] Pardessus, ii. p. 66. Capmany, “Memorias,” vol. ii.
[653] Barcelona was indebted to the French for ridding it of the Saracen rule, and subsequently to the wise rule of Raymond Berenger. Pardessus, vol. ii.
[654] Pardessus observes that in reading the history of the period of the Crusades, any one would suppose that the great maritime cities of the Mediterranean imagined that these expeditions were made merely to promote and extend their commerce. In vol. ii. p. 39, he gives a remarkable list of the various privileges conceded to Marseilles, Genoa, Pisa, and Venice, with the view of securing their aid (or at least their neutrality) during these expeditions. See also Smedley, “Sketches of Venet. Hist.,” i. p. 25-45, for details of exactions made by the Venetians from the leaders of the Crusades.
[655] Vol. i. pp. 34-5.
[656] History of Venice, Universal History, xxiii. p. 414, and E. Smedley, “Sketches of Venetian History,” i. p. 72.
[657] Though much has been written on the subject, no satisfactory derivation has been given for this remarkable name.
[658] Smedley, “Sketches of Venetian History,” p. 74.
[659] History of Charles V. i. p. 94.