History of merchant shipping and ancient commerce, Volume 1 (of 4)

by W. S. Lindsay

[772] Add. MSS. 17364.

[773] MSS. Harl. 4819, fol. 123.

[774] Add. MSS. 4500, fol. 148.

[775] Add. MSS. 4500, fol. 149.

[776] MSS. Harl. 433.

[777] MS. Cott. Nero, B i. f. 18.

INDEX.

• Abdooli, value of the port of, as the chief station for the trade in ivory, p. [113]
• Acesines, at junction of, with Indus, Alexander builds a great city, p. [142]
• Ælanitic Gulf, ports on, Elath and Ezion-geber, p. [27]
• Africa, ships destined for the trade with, cleared Arabian Gulf before November, p. [113]
• —— largely supplies Rome with corn, horses, drugs, and with animals for the games, p. [179]
• Agricola, his wise government of Britain; the first, also, who sailed round the whole Island, p. [322]
• Aguado, a commission sent from Spain under the charge of, to examine into the affairs of Columbus, p. [600]
• Alexander the Great founds Alexandria, B.C. 331, with the view of connecting Eastern and Western commerce, p. [100]
• —— not a mere conqueror, but a great promoter of commerce and of civilization, pp. [134]-[137]
• —— is prevented from prosecuting his conquest of India by the mutiny of his Greek troops in Hyphasis (Setlege), p. [138]
• ——, Account of the fleet of, on the Indus, and of his conquests and of the voyage of Nearchus, as detailed by Arrian, pp. [138]-[143]
• ——, while dying, plans the conquest of Arabia, p. [146]
• ——, disruption of the empire of, on his death, B.C. 323, p. [147]
• Alexandria, Pharos, or lighthouse, at, the model for future buildings of the same kind, p. [58]
• Alexandria, course of Eastern trade thence, first by Arsinoe (Suez), then by Myos Hormus and Berenice, p. [101]
• ——, commerce of Rome with, chief items of, p. [177]
• Alfred the Great ascends the throne of England, A.D. 871, p. [347]
• —— finds England overrun by the Danes, and commences to create a Royal and Commercial Navy, pp. [349]-[50]
• —— justly called the “Father of the British Navy,” p. [348]
• —— said to have sent Missions to the East, p. [351]
• —— orders the compilation of the “Winchester Book,” the model of the later “Doomsday Book,” p. [351]
• Amalfi, invention of mariner’s compass traditionally, but erroneously, attributed to, p. [233]
• ——, settlements of the republic of, at Constantinople, Antioch, Jerusalem, and Alexandria, p. [238]
• ——, its trade suppressed by the Pisans, A.D. 1137, p. [233]
• ——, remarks of Mr. Hallam on the singular history of, p. [234], note
• Amasis, King, grants special privileges to the Greeks and founds the port of Naucratis, B.C. 556, p. [49]
• Amber, story of its first discovery, and curious anecdotes concerning the trade in, pp. [11], [12]
• Antwerp and Bruges take the lead in Flemish trade, pp. [417]-[18]
• Arabic language spoken for centuries at most ports between the Euphrates and Canton, p. [160]
• Aragon, gradual advance of the trade between it and Africa, p. [549]
• Archimedes invents a screw of great power for the launching of Hiero’s great ship, p. [67]
• Argonautic Expedition rather Phœnician than Greek, Introd. p. [xxvii], and probably a commercial enterprise in search of gold, p. [4]
• Aristotle states that the Phœnicians occasionally made their anchors of silver from Spain, p. [9]
• Ark of Noah, simply a raft of stupendous size, roofed over like a warehouse, Introd. p. [xxiii]
• ——, a notice of, recently discovered on Assyrian tablets by Mr. George Smith, Introd. p. [xxiv], note
• Arrest of Mariners, form for, Append. 11, p. [653]
• Arrest of Ships, form for, Append. 10, p. [652]
• Arrian, The Merchant, not the same as the more famous writer of Nicomedia, p. [111], note
• ——, various details given by, of the chief commodities passing from the East to West, and vice versâ, pp. [111]-[112]
• —— describes the voyage of Nearchus, &c., pp. [138]-[43]
• —— visits himself the Malabar coast, p. [149]
• Artemisium, naval engagement off, and defeat of the Persians, p. [73]
• Athens, its commercial importance and three harbours, the Piræeus, Munychia, and Phalerum, p. [72]
• ——, fleet of, mainly instrumental in repelling Xerxes, p. [73]
• Atlantic Ocean, testimony of Edrisi to the dread the ancients had of it, p. [553]
• Author’s views on the arrangement of ancient rowers and on their method of rowing, pp. [281]-[290]
• Baalbek, with Tadmor (Palmyra), founded by Solomon to obtain a share of the commerce with Babylon and the East, p. [94]
• Babylon, admirable position of, as the entrepôt of Eastern commerce, and early manufactories at, of cotton and linen, p. [33]
• ——, its commerce still of value, as late as Diocletian, A.D. 284, p. [34]
• Babylon, at the zenith of its greatness under Nebuchadnezzar, p. [97]
• Babylonia, ancient fertility of, confirmed by the statements of Messrs. Rich and Chesney, p. [32]
• Barcelona, early Republican Government of, p. [471]
• Barter, trade by, of Carthaginians with natives of W. Africa, p. [21]
• ——, the sole medium of caravan trade with the East, according to Ezekiel, p. [96]
• Barygaza (now Baroach), on the Nerbudda, a great commercial entrepôt for the West, p. [111]
• Bayeux Tapestry, representation on, of the ships of William the Conqueror, p. [362]
• Bede, The Venerable, the first writer after departure of the Romans who mentions London, p. [339]
• Behaim, Martin, invents the astrolabe about A.D. 1480, p. [559]
• Belgæ, method of caulking ships in use among, as recorded by Pliny, Introd. p. [xxix]
• Belzoni, M., discovers remains of ancient stations between Coptos and the Red Sea, p. [102]
• Berenice, fleets clear out thence eastwards in September for Arabia and Africa; in July for India, p. [102]
• Birch, Mr. Walter de Gray, publishes in the “Archæologia” a leaden tablet recording the aid given by Venice to Charlemagne at siege of Pavia, A.D. 774, p. [237], note
• Birds used in navigation by the Northmen, as, according to Pliny, by the ancient Cinghalese, p. [359]
• Bitumen exported from Babylonia to Egypt in the time of Thothmes, Introd. p. [xxv]
• Black Sea, nature of the trade of, and of the Sea of Azov, pp. [200], [201]
• Boats, the earliest, flat-floored and without decks, keel-less barges rather than ships, Introd. pp. [xxvii]-[xxviii]
• ——, Assyrian, on Tigris, &c., represented on the sculptures from Nineveh, pp. [35]-[39]
• ——, Assyria, resemble in shape those on the mediæval corporate seals, p. [37]
• ——, of the barbarians of the Euxine, description of, by Tacitus, p. [193]
• Boats of Skin on Assyrian sculptures, in use in Mesopotamia, Introd. p. [xxiv]
• —— noticed by Pliny as common in British waters, and occasionally still met with in Wales and called Coracles, Introd. pp. [xxiv]-[xxv]
• Boroughs, English, in the time of Edward the Confessor, nearly all in the hands of the King or of the nobility, p. [369]
• Bristol, trade from, to Iceland as early as King John, p. [393]
• Britain, position of, an island with dangerous coasts, rough seas and sandbanks, p. [299]
• ——, its vessels at first, according to Cæsar, with ribs and keels of light wood covered with leather, p. [299]
• ——, first known only to the Phœnicians or neighbouring tribes of the Continent, p. [301]
• ——, not noticed by any writer between the invasions of Cæsar and of the Emperor Claudius, p. [312]
• ——, list of towns in, recorded by Ptolemy, pp. [313]-[314]
• —— possessed a coinage of gold on Greek models before the time of Cæsar, p. [315], note
• —— for the first time “Mistress of the Seas” under the strong rule of Carausius, p. [326]
• ——, commerce of, at the time of the Conquest, in wool, lead, tin, iron, and slaves, p. [366]
• Britons closely connected with the Gauls, p. [302]
• —— ultimately gainers by the acquaintance they obtained with Rome through Cæsar’s invasions, p. [312]
• —— had no fleet wherewith to resist the invasions of the Northmen, p. [340]
• Bucentaur, state-barge of the Doge of Venice, historical details of, pp. [475]-[7]
• Cæsar, Julius, various reasons of, for invasion of Britain, p. [303]
• —— unable to obtain from the Gauls any information about Britain, p. [304]
• ——, first invasion of Britain, Aug. 26, B.C. 55, with, perhaps, 8000 men in 80 galleys, p. [305]
• ——, second invasion, B.C. 54, with, perhaps, 21,000 men and 2000 cavalry, p. [307]
• ——, in second invasion, crosses the Thames, probably between Walton and Shepperton, and beats Cassivelaunus, pp. [310]-[311]
• ——, invasions of Britain by, admitted by Tacitus and other Roman writers to have been only discoveries, p. [311]
• Canute ascends the throne, A.D. 1016, visits Rome and makes a treaty with Emperor Conrad in favour of the English pilgrims, and increases the number of mints in England, p. [360]
• Canynge, William, a celebrated merchant of Bristol in reign of Edw. IV., pp. [455]-[6]
• Caractacus, celebrated speech of, p. [315]
• Carausius, a Menapian soldier, seizes the fleet of Maximian, and reigns in Britain seven years, p. [197]
• Caravans, earliest notice of, in Genesis, ch. xxxvii., p. [25]
• ——, route of Scythian, through Mongolia, Balkh, to N. of India and China, pp. [42]-[43]
• ——, up to the time of Solomon, the only means of communication with the East, presumably used in the time of Moses—certainly in that of Gideon, pp. [86]-[7]
• ——, conduct and management of, pp. [88]-[92]
• ——, the more important routes of, pp. [89]-[99]
• ——, south-eastern from Petra to Yemen, and along Arabian Gulf to Ophir (Saphar), northern from Tyre to the nations along the Black Sea, and southern from Tyre to Egypt, pp. [89]-[90]
• ——, by Palmyra to Thapsacus and Mesopotamia, pp. [94]-[95]
• ——, from Thapsacus through Palestine to Memphis, and two routes from Petra—both terminating at Gerrha, p. [95]
• ——, route from Opis to Aradus, from Susa northwards, and thence to Candahar, &c., and from Susa, through Caspian gates, by Herât, Kâbul, and Peucela, to Central Asia, pp. [98]-[99]
• ——, through Bactra, the chief route for commerce between India and the West, before Alexander the Great, and the only method of trading with China in the most remote ages, pp. [127]-[129]
• ——, routes of, in India, chiefly for pilgrims to Benares and Juggernaut, p. [153].
• ——, from China to Constantinople in ninety days, viâ Oxus, Caspian, Cyrus, and Phasis, p. [161]
• Carthage, the most important of the colonies of Tyre, p. [16]
• ——, ancient site of, recognised by modern travellers as the “Hill of St. Louis,” p. [17]
• ——, in its commercial policy, adheres to the principles of Tyre, did not, as has been asserted, exhibit a lust of conquest, and only created a Navy in self-defence against the Romans, p. [19]
• ——, first expedition from, under Hanno, to western shores of Africa; second expedition under Himilco, to the N.W. of Europe, p. [20]
• ——, like the United States, indebted mainly to her merchant-shipping for her Navy, p. [24]
• ——, first Treaty with the Romans, B.C. 509, shows that Rome had at that period little commerce, p. [169]
• Carthaginian trade with Central Africa, Malta, Elba, Spain, &c., founded on reciprocity, while that of all her neighbours was rigidly protectionist, pp. [23]-[24]
• Cassiteros and “Insulæ Cassiterides,” most probable origin of these names, p. [10]
• Cerne, Island of, the chief Carthaginian depôt in W. Africa, p. [21]
• Ceylon, the great entrepôt of the trade from the farthest East, in the earliest days, in the time of the Persians and Arabs, and to the present day, pp. [112]-[150]
• ——, embassy from, to the Emperor Julian the Apostate, p. [151]
• ——, description of its commerce by Cosmas Indicopleustes, A.D. 535, p. [155]
• Chaldæans, Early, like the Egyptians, of Hamite origin, and shown, by the cuneiform inscriptions, to have been the greatest people of the remotest ages, p. [27]
• Chanca, Dr., the physician of Columbus, writes an excellent account of his Second Voyage, p. [592]
• Charlemagne makes treaty of commerce with Offa, and extends French commerce by alliance with Harún-al-Rashíd, A.D. 813, pp. [343]-[4]
• —— insists that the rights of Amalfi, Venice, &c., as commercial cities, shall be respected, p. [464]
• Charnock, Mr., his view on the subject of ancient rowing, pp. [269]-[271]
• Chaucer, description of the English seamen of his time in Prologue to “Canterbury Tales,” pp. [436]-[7]
• China, method of caulking ships used in 1792 not unlike that of more remote times, Introd. p. [xxix]
• —— (Thina), story of the trade with, in Herodotus, p. [128]
• Cicero’s defence of Roscius, argument in, turns on the method of book-keeping practised at Rome, p. [185]
• Cilician pirates, war with, and destruction by Pompey at Coracesium, p. [167]
• Cinnamon, one of the most valuable products of Ceylon, though not mentioned as coming thence in any ancient author, p. [156]
• Cinque Ports greatly distinguish themselves in action with the French, A.D. 1216, with the earliest existing charter of, from Edward I., A.D. 1272-1307, p. [394], note, and Appendix 4, pp. [629]-[632]
• ——, duties imposed on, in return for their existing privileges, p. [402]
• Claudius, Emperor, intelligent zeal of, with reference to the importation of corn, pp. [176]-[7]
• ——, by bounties, tries to improve the art of ship-building at Rome, p. [301]
• Coal-fields of Newcastle first opened temp. Edw. III., p. [410]
• Coal-vessels and barges, law for the admeasurement of, pp. [453]-[4]
• Coasting, the characteristic of all early navigation, p. [2]
• Coasting, difficulties and value of, as tending to form expert seamen, p. [2]
• Coasting character of the earliest voyages supports the story of the circumnavigation of Africa from E. to W., p. [86]
• Coasting trade from China to Bengal and Ceylon, p. [129]
• Coasts of English Channel defended by the West-Country merchantmen, and the French and Spanish fleets defeated, p. [434]
• Colchester, the principal city of Eastern Britain, made a Roman colony by Claudius, p. [320]
• Colonies, Phœnician, their respect for and friendship with the mother-country, p. [15]
• Colonists of Columbus, general disappointment of, at the scarcity of the gold they had anticipated, pp. [597]-[8]
• Columbus led by Ptolemy’s error in his longitude to fancy the New World much nearer Europe than it is really, Introd. p. xl
• —— repairs to Lisbon about 1470, and marries the daughter of one of Prince Henry’s most famous navigators, Bartolomeo de Palestrello, p. [555]
• —— obtains an audience with the King of Portugal about A.D. 1480, but is not able to convince the learned Junto to whom his scheme was referred, p. [559]
• —— is kindly welcomed by the prior of the Convent of La Rabida, in Spain, A.D. 1485, p. [560]
• —— is received by Ferdinand and Isabella about A.D. 1486, p. [561]
• ——, conditions on which he is to start on his voyage to the West finally settled, April 17, 1492, p. [565]
• ——, nature and character of the vessels employed by, in his first voyage, pp. [567]-[571]
• —— starts from Palos on his first voyage Aug. 3, 1492, and sights land at the Island of Guanahani, Oct. 12, 1492, pp. [571]-[7]
• —— is fully persuaded that the land he had discovered was part of Cathay, p. [578]
• ——, account of the natives by, in letter to the Treasurer of Ferdinand and Isabella, pp. [579]-[581]
• Columbus loses one of his ships, establishes a colony, and sails for Spain Jan. 4, 1493, p. [587]
• Columbus is received on his return with the highest honours and general rejoicings, pp. [588]-[590]
• ——, on second voyage, starts Sept. 26, 1493, p. [591]
• —— discovers Guadaloupe, the Antilles, Hispaniola, and builds a new city, which he calls Isabella, pp. [593]-[4]
• —— discovers Cuba and Jamaica, p. [599]
• —— returns to Spain March 1496, leaving his brother Bartholomew in command, p. [603]
• —— sets sail on his third voyage to the West, May 30, 1498, p. [604]
• —— discovers Trinidad, May 31, 1498, and shortly afterwards the Gulf of Paria, Tobago, and the islands of Margarita and Cubagna, pp. [605]-[7]
• —— is sent in chains to Europe in 1500, with his brother Bartholomew p. [610]
• ——, letter from, to Doña Juana de la Torres, recounting his wrongs and his sufferings, pp. [610]-[11]
• —— starts on his fourth and last voyage to the West, May 9, 1502, p. [614]
• —— discovers island of Guanaga, Honduras, the Mosquito Coast, Puerto Bello, and forms a settlement at the River Belem, pp. [615]-[18]
• —— reaches Spain on his return from his last voyage, Nov. 7, 1504, p. [619]
• —— dies, neglected by the Court, May 20, 1506, p. [620]
• Commerce, nature and usual routes of, between Rome and Britain under the Emperors, pp. [316]-[320]
• —— seriously restricted during the earlier Saxon period, pp. [342]-[3]
• Compass, Mariners’, not an invention of the Chinese, Introd. pp. [xlii]-[xliii]
• ——, or, as used to be thought, of the people of Amalfi, p. [233]
• Consul, the first English, appointed at Florence, p. [460]
• “Consuls of the Sea,” board of “The Six,” created by Florence, their powers and duties, pp. [524]-[530]
• Consuls appointed to each ship, with their duties and emoluments, p. [496]
• Constantinople founded A.D. 323, p. [197]
• ——, its splendid position for the purposes of trade, pp. [198]-[200]
• ——, efforts made by its founder to induce merchants to settle at, p. [201]
• ——, commerce of, increased by the seizure of Alexandria and Syria by the Muhammedans, p. [223]
• ——, Siege of, by the Crusaders mainly promoted by the commercial jealousy of Venice, p. [244]
• ——, Trade of, much injured during the sixty years of the sway of the Latins there, p. [246]
• —— taken by Muhammed II. A.D. 1453, p. [252]
• Coptos, on Nile, goods sent thence by caravans to Myos Hormus or Berenice, p. [102]
• Corinth, excellent position of, as an entrepôt for commerce, p. [71]
• ——, Isthmus of, called Diolcus, as the place where ships were drawn across, p. [77]
• Corinthians, the first, according to Thucydides, to build triremes, p. [70]
• Corn, bounties on, given at Rome on the importation of, p. [176]
• Corn-trade, enormous extent of, at Rome, at the commencement of the Empire, p. [188]
• Corsairs, Genoese, performed the duties of the men-of-war of our time, in searching neutral and friendly vessels, p. [519]
• Cosmas Indicopleustes, voyage to India and description of Ceylon, A.D. 535, pp. [154]-[155]
• Crete, vast armament for the reduction of, prepared at Constantinople, p. [225]
• Crusades, the four first, their objects and results, pp. [238]-[246]
• ——, the first and second, disastrous to those who planned them, p. [238]
• ——, the third, successful in the capture of Acre, Cæsarea, and Jaffa, p. [239]
• ——, the fourth, diverted from its original purpose to the aid of Venice in the capturing of Zara and Constantinople, pp. [240]-[246]
• Custom-houses, Roman, with garrisons, in all the ports of the Red Sea, p. [106]
• Dacia, province of, ceded to the Goths by Aurelian, p. [192]
• Danes, The, land in the Island of Thanet, A.D. 753, p. [345]
• ——, nature, names, and outfit of their ships, pp. [345]-[6]
• Danish Kings rule in Ireland and over Orkneys and Shetland Islands, p. [347]
• David, King, the first to open out the trade with Ophir, p. [27]
• ——, the Jews owe to him their first practical knowledge of commerce, p. [28]
• Dead-reckoning by observation of the sun and stars all that the ancients had really to rely on, Introd. p. [xli]
• Dias, Bartholomew, discovers the Cape of Good Hope on his return voyage from Algoa Bay to Portugal, p. [553]
• Duties, higher, imposed by Augustus on articles of luxury than of necessity, p. [174]
• Eastern Empire, its vast extent, from the Adriatic to Æthiopia and Persia, p. [215]
• Edgar, the first to have separate fleets at different stations to resist the Danish invasions, p. [358]
• English Fleet, wages of sailors of the fleet of Edward I., Append. 5, pp. [632]-[4]
• ——, first roll of, A.D. 1347, p. [411]; and at length in Append. 6, pp. [634]-[6]
• ——, item of repairs of ships of Edward III., at Bayonne, Append. 7, pp. [636]-[641]
• ——, pay of sailors, soldiers, &c., on board of, pp. [412]-[13]
• Egypt, the oldest granary for corn, as proved from Genesis, ch. xli., p. [26]
• ——, under Pharaohs, an agricultural country, p. [46]
• ——, commerce of, greatly promoted by the Greeks of Naucratis, p. [49]
• ——, sailors of, bargemen employed on the Nile and canals rather than seamen, p. [50]
• ——, boats of, how built and navigated, according to Herodotus, pp. [50]-[57]
• ——, many and various kinds of vessels in, for cargoes, passengers, funeral purposes, but no large sea-going boats in, till the period of the Ptolemies, pp. [52]-[57]
• ——, conquest of, by Octavianus, enormously promotes Roman commerce with the East, p. [173]
• Egyptian Records not to be harmonized with the Bible, p. [45]
• Egyptian Tombs, value of wall-paintings in, as delineating most of the customs of the country, p. [46]
• Egyptians, not Caucasians, or Semites, as shown by their skulls from the mummy-pits, p. [45]
• ——, the first to build deck-houses on their vessels, p. [58]
• Eratosthenes draws a parallel of latitude through Gibraltar, Rhodes, and Lycia, to India, Introd. p. [xl]
• Essex, the Earl of, the first to fit out an expedition to the Holy Land, p. [376]
• Ethelred, Law under, that every owner of 310 hides of land should furnish a ship for the Navy, p. [355]
• Eudoxus the First, voyage of, from Arabian Gulf to Gades, under Ptolemy Lathyrus, p. [81]
• Eudoxus the Second, of Cyzicus, story of the finding of the prow of an Egyptian ship, confirmed by Humboldt, p. [83]
• ——, voyages to India, under Ptolemy Physcon and Cleopatra (his queen), pp. [81]-[83]
• Europe, the commerce of, during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, wholly in the hands of the Lombard (or Italian) merchants, p. [478]
• Excise, value of, at Rome under Augustus, p. [175]
• Ezekiel, prophecy relating to Tyre and mainland of Phœnicia, in ch. xxvii., examined, pp. [7]-[14]
• Ezion-geber, the “Giant’s backbone,” description of, by Dean Stanley, p. [29]
• Fairs, the Statute, sprung out of the religious assemblies of the Sundays, p. [343]
• Festus Avienus, curious poem of, noticing early settlements in Britain and Ireland, p. [20]
• Firmus, a paper-maker, heads the revolt of Alexandria, A.D. 273, p. [159]
• Flanders, great increase of its trade, especially with the Italian republics and the East (viâ Constantinople), pp. [416]-[17]
• Flood, Scriptural account of, confirmed by the discoveries of Mr. George Smith, Introd. p. [xxiv], note
• Florence, early reputation of its banking establishments, pp. [523]-[4]
• ——, naval expeditions of, to Egypt, Constantinople, and Majorca, pp. [525]-[6]
• ——, the freedom of trade at, not unlike the practice of ancient Tyre, p. [527]
• ——, the public galleys of, and their trade, pp. [530]-[1]
• ——, consulates belonging to, established in various foreign countries as early as A.D. 1339, p. [531]
• ——, principal causes of its commercial decline, pp. [532]-[3]
• Florin, a gold coin struck by the Florentines in imitation of the Venetian ducat, p. [526]
• Flotation, first invention of, in the hollowed log and raft, ascribed by the ancients to the gods, Introd. pp. [xxi]-[xxii]
• Foreign Trade, especially that of Flanders and of the Italian republics, greatly advantaged by the wars in which England wasted her strength, pp. [416]-[22]
• Frankincense, enormous consumption of, at Babylon, p. [98]
• Franks, celebrated return of, from Black Sea through Straits of Gibraltar to Frisian coasts, p. [164]
• French, The, during the Middle Ages, with the exception of the Marseillais, chiefly notorious as wreckers, p. [470]
• Galley, French, description of, in 1701, pp. [262]-[5]
• Galleys, ancient, their various sizes and mode of rating, p. [253]
• —— of large size attributed by the ancients to Dionysius I. and to Demetrius Poliorcetes, pp. [255]-[6]
• ——, general character of the ancient, pp. [256]-[9]
• ——, difficulty of arranging the oars according to any ancient account which has been preserved, pp. [260]-[1]
• ——, central portion of all, probably covered with awning or tarpaulin, p. [292]
• ——, general conclusions relative to their rating or classing of, p. [296]
• Gaul supplies Rome with minerals, corn, salt pork, and cloths, p. [180]
• Genoa of comparatively little importance till it obtained the chief power in the East by its restoration of the Greek empire, whereby it obtained settlements at Galata and Pera, p. [247]
• —— gradually absorbs the whole commerce of Constantinople with the Black Sea and Central Asia, p. [248]
• —— makes war on Constantinople, whose Emperor, Cantacuzene, appeals to the Venetians and Turks for aid, p. [250]
• ——, long struggle between it and Venice, ending in its ruin, p. [250]
• —— restores Greek dynasty at Constantinople, p. [509]
• Genoese famous as ship-builders—vessels built by them for Louis IX., A.D. 1268, pp. [510]-[14]
• Genoese pirates destroyed by the Turcoman ruler of Sinope, A.D. 1323, p. [519]
• Genoese ship of thirteenth century, probable representations of, from the MS. Virgil in Riccardi library, p. [513]
• —— of the sixteenth century, as given by Charnock, p. [518]
• Genoese ships, improbability of those described by Napier in his “History of Florence,” pp. [514]-[16]
• Genseric seizes Carthage, crosses to Ostia, and captures Rome, pp. [210]-[212]
• —— destroys the fleet of Leo the Emperor of Constantinople, who had attempted to take Carthage, p. [213]
• Gessoriacum (Boulogne), Pharos or lighthouse at, constructed by Caligula, p. [180]
• Glesum (glass?), the native name for amber among the Suionæ, according to Tacitus, p. [12]
• Gnomon the most usual ancient nautical instrument, Introd. p. [xl]
• Goods, restitution of, ancient form for, Append. 13, pp. [654]-[6]
• Goths, first invasion of, A.D. 217, repressed by Caracalla, and divided, generally, into Ostro (east) and Visi (west), p. [191], note
• ——, general character of, ascertainable from the narrative of Tacitus in his essay “De Germanis,” p. [192]
• —— take Philippopolis and slay the Emperor Decius, A.D. 257, p. [192]
• Grants, register of, Append. 12, pp. [653]-[4]
• Greece the only European country which reared silkworms from the time of Justinian to the twelfth century, p. [224]
• Greek Empire at Constantinople restored by the Genoese, A.D. 1261, p. [246]
• Guanahani, the first land reached by Columbus, one of the cluster of the Lucayos or Bahama Islands, now known as Watling Island, p. [577]
• Hadramaut, chief trade of, frankincense, p. [120]
• Hadrian builds the famous Roman wall from Walls End to the Solway, p. [325]
• Hanseatic League, the first between Hamburg and Lübeck, commences A.D. 1241, p. [397]
• ——, its method of trading, pp. [420]-[2]
• Hanse-Towns, important treaty with, made by Henry IV., A.D. 1401, p. [437]
• ——, its charges of piracy against the English, and counter-charges, pp. [438]-[9]
• Haweis, Rev. J. O. W., suggestions as to the arrangements of the oars and seats, Appendix 1, pp. [625]-[8]
• Henry V. raises the finest fleet yet created in England, and builds large ships at Southampton, pp. [441]-[2]
• Henry, Prince of Portugal, justly termed “the Navigator,” sends expeditions along the Western Coast of Africa, pp. [550]-[1]
• Hiero, King of Syracuse, ship of, called the Alexandrian, probably not unlike the large American inland steamers, pp. [66]-[68]
• Hieroglyphics, Egyptian, key to the interpretation of, first discovered by Dr. Thomas Young, M.D., p. [44]
• Hindustan, the fame of its great wealth likely to attract conquerors at any period of history, p. [125]
• Hippalus, the discoverer of the Monsoons, believed to have lived in the reign of the Emperor Claudius, p. [104], note
• Hipparchus the first to construct a map on the principle of “Mercator’s Projection,” Introd. p. [xl]
• Hoest, trade by silent barter between Moors and Negroes, noticed by, p. [22]
• Holy Writ, the only source of our earliest information about the most ancient ships and commerce, Introd. p. [xvi]
• Howell, Mr., views of, on ancients’ rowing, pp. [275]-[281]
• —— deems it impossible that vessels of more than five banks could have been rowed, p. [275]
• India, value of the trade with, and ancient and modern fear lest it should absorb too much of the precious metals required for the currency, p. [105]
• ——, no reliable account of its actual resources before the invasion of Darius, p. [127]
• ——, commerce of, with the West before Alexander the Great, chiefly by caravans through Bactra (Balkh), but scarcely known historically till he descends the Indus, pp. [127]-[134]
• ——, comparative length of voyages to, in ancient and modern times, p. [145]
• —— to the E. of Indus little known till the time of the Romans, p. [148]
• —— shown by Arrian in his “Periplus” to have been very rich in manufactures, p. [152]
• ——, caravans in, to Benares and Juggernaut, p. [153]
• ——, Roman trade with, lasted more than five centuries, but interrupted by the Sassanian rulers of Persia, p. [157]
• ——, Chinese trade with Western, and Ormuz, p. [158]
• Indian trade, no record of the ships, employed in, which, however, probably resembled that of St. Paul, p. [108]
• ——, nature of the cargoes, freights thence for Europe, p. [109]
• Italian Republics, great variety of shipping employed by, pp. [486]-[493]
• ——, custom of selling ships not required for the State, by proclamation, pp. [497]-[8]
• Jews, atrocious treatment of, during the whole of the Crusading period, pp. [469]-[470]
• Junks, Chinese, and other Chinese vessels have varied little, if at all, in the last 2000 years, pp. [131]-[3]
• Junto, the Spanish, are unwilling to admit the arguments of Columbus, pp. [561]-[3]
• Justinian, Reign of, distinguished by the overthrow of the Vandals in Africa, and of the Ostro-Goths in Italy, p. [215]
• Kane (in Hadramaut), in remote times, a place, having a direct trade with India, p. [119]
• Latitude, ancient, reckoned in stadia (of 201 yds. 1 ft. each) from the Equator to Syracuse, Introd. p. [xli]
• Laws, Maritime, propounded by Richard I., founded on the “Rôles d’Oléron,” pp. [379]-[392]
• Leghorn, sale of, by Genoa to Florence, in A.D. 1421, a heavy loss to Pisa, p. [524]
• Liburnians, their light and swift galleys adopted by Octavianus at the battle of Actium, pp. [163]-[4]
• Lighthouses, ancient, at Alexandria, Ostia, Ravenna, Brundusium, Capreæ, and Gessoriacum—perhaps, too, at Dover Castle, and Moel Van in Flintshire, p. [59]
• London first mentioned by Tacitus, and then as a place of considerable trade, p. [313]
• ——, charges on ships trading to, p. [355]
• ——, merchants of, so powerful as to secure the throne for Canute’s son Harold, p. [361]
• ——, William the Conqueror discerns its value, and gives its citizens special privileges, p. [369]
• Low Countries, principal commercial towns of, pp. [418]-[20]
• Lully, Raymund, attempts to prevent trade between Christians and Muhammedans, pp. [505]-[6]
• Lydia, Persians invade, in the hope of attaining thence a navy, p. [40]
• Lydians the first to strike coins, p. [40]
• Lyon, Capt., R.N., notice of trade by barter in the Soudan, p. [22]
• Machin, Mr., reasonable grounds for believing him the discoverer of Madeira, p. [551]
• Magna Charta granted by King John, A.D. 1215, p. [393]
• Magnesia, storm off the coast of, and heavy loss of Persian ships, p. [75]
• Major, Mr. R. H., edits two editions of “The Select Letters of Columbus,” p. [555]
• Malabar, ships for, left Berenice about the 10th of July, p. [107]
• ——, ships from, left early in January, p. [108]
• ——, notice in Arrian of the class of vessels employed in the trade of, p. [130]
• Malmesbury, William of, speaks of the great trade of London in reign of King John, p. [393]
• Mariners greatly favoured by the Emperors of Constantinople, pp. [203]-[5]
• ——, lands granted for the support of, by the Emperors Valentinian and Valens, p. [205]
• Maritime commerce illustrated by the legislative measures of different nations, and traced from Phœnicia, through Greece, Rome, and the Middle Ages to the present time, Introd. pp. [xvi]-[xviii]
• Marque, Letters of, first issued by Edward I., p. [404]
• Marseilles a port of importance about A.D. 500, p. [463]
• ——, shipping of, profit largely by the crusading rage, pp. [466]-[9]
• ——, passage money exacted by, from pilgrims, &c., pp. [468]-[9]
• Mediterranean peculiarly adapted, from its islands and bays, for the employment of small undecked craft, p. [3]
• Melvill, General, theory of the arrangement of ancient oars, pp. [266]-[9]
• Merchandise, rapid demand at Rome for the most costly, at the close of the Roman Republic, p. [172]
• Merchant Navy of England, state of during reign of Edward III., p. [414]
• Merchant vessels during the Middle Ages, armed and used as ships of war, p. [501]
• Merchant vessels charged by Henry IV., A.D. 1406, with the defence of the English coasts, pp. [439]-[40]
• Merchants, College of, established at Rome, B.C. 494, p. [169]
• Merchants, no senators permitted to be, and, as a class, looked down upon by Cicero and others, pp. [170]-[1]
• ——, English form commercial associations of, abroad, especially with Flanders, A.D. 1248, p. [397]
• ——, statute of, for the recovery of debts enacted by Edward I., A.D. 1283, p. [405]
• ——, English, additional privileges given to, by Edward II. and Edward III., A.D. 1326,7-77, p. [409]
• ——, laws greatly favouring, under Richard II., A.D. 1377, pp. [425]-[6]
• Merchants of Bristol, Northumberland, &c., largely dealers in slaves at the time of the Conquest, p. [366]
• Miletus, the parent of many colonies along the Black Sea, &c., p. [40]
• Moncenigo, Tomaso, famous speech of, as Doge, A.D. 1421, recapitulating the revenues of Venice, and opposing wars as unprofitable, pp. [480]-[2]
• Monsoons, periodical winds so called, first made known by voyage of Hippalus, in the time of Claudius, p. [104]
• Mosaic narrative of early history confirmed by antiquarian and linguistic research, and especially by the discoveries in Egypt and Nineveh, p. [123]
• Muhammedans, rise and rapid conquests of; their effects on commerce, pp. [218]-[19]
• —— found the town of Bussorah, and carry their trade to Sumatra and Canton, pp. [159]-[60]
• —— secure the entrepôt of Alexandria, and compel the natives of the West to seek new routes for the trade with the East, p. [160]
• —— take Jerusalem A.D. 636, Alexandria A.D. 638, and Africa A.D. 647, p. [219]; but fail in all their early attempts to take Constantinople, pp. [219]-[21]
• ——, papal bulls to prevent trade with, generally disregarded by the Venetians, pp. [504]-[6]
• Musiris, the furthest port to the East to which the ships of the West traded directly, p. [112]
• Naucratis, story of the port of, p. [48]
• Navigation Act, the first, A.D. 1381, of short duration, p. [427]
• Navy, English, great increase of, under Edward the Elder, Athelstan, and Edgar, pp. [351]-[3]
• ——, special tax for the support of, p. [433]
• Nearchus, nowhere specifies the size of his ships, p. [144]
• ——, length of voyage of, from the Indus to Susa, p. [145]
• Nebuchadnezzar builds Teredon, near Bussorah, p. [14]
• Needle, variation of, causes great alarm to Columbus and to his sailors, pp. [573]-[4]
• Nile, The, the chief source of the wealth and prosperity of Egypt, p. [50]
• Norman Power in Italy first limited to Aversa, but soon comprehends the modern kingdom of Naples, p. [232]
• Normans, origin of the; settlements in France and in Italy, p. [231]
• —— make two futile attempts to take Constantinople, A.D. 1081-1084, pp. [234]-[5]
• Norway, commercial treaty with, A.D. 1217, p. [396]; and mandate in favour of the king’s ship, the Cogge, Append. 3, p. [629], and note
• Oars, oblique arrangement of, shown on the relief from Trajan’s Column and on sculpture from Kouyunjik, p. [275]
• Offa, accession of, A.D. 755, his able reign and attention to commerce, pp. [340]-[341]
• ——, dispute, but ultimate commercial treaty, with Charlemagne, pp. [341]-[344]
• Oleron, Rôles d’, principal articles in, and various details, pp. [379]-[392], and note, p. [379]
• Omana (Oman), vessels and trade with, in dates, &c., the same now as in ancient times, pp. [120]-[121]
• Ophir, various opinions of learned men as to its true position, p. [28]
• ——, the “gold of,” probably a qualitative name, like “guinea-gold,” p. [28]
• Opis, a centre of caravan routes to Aradus and other places, p. [98]
• Ostia, port of, proposed by Cæsar, but executed by Claudius and Nero, commemorated on a brass medal of Nero, p. [189]
• Ovando, Nicholas de, sent as Governor to the West Indies, with the object of re-establishing the authority of Columbus, Feb. 1502, p. [613]
• Oxus, doubt whether the main stream of, ever flowed into the Caspian, p. [43]
• Paddle-wheel Steamer greatly resembles the row-galley of the ancients, p. [291]
• Pardessus, M., valuable work by, on the Maritime Laws of the Mediæval Nations, pp. [379]-[390]
• Pattala (near Kurachi), the most western mart of India, p. [111]
• Petra, the great centre of Arabian commerce, p. [95]
• Phœnicia, the leading maritime state at the earliest period, its average length and breadth, and mainland trade of, with the chief causes of its commercial success, pp. [4]-[14]
• Phœnicians, original seat of the, Introd. p. [xxvi]
• ——, advance of, from Persian Gulf to Mediterranean, illustrates the great law of migration westwards, p. [5]
• —— form the connecting link between the civilization of the East and of Europe and Western Africa, p. [6]
• ——, the inventors of the alphabet, and the discoverers of the Cynosure or last star in the Little Bear, p. [14]
• ——, the first to double the Cape, by order of Pharaoh Necho, B.C. 610-594, p. [80]
• Piracy, universal, during the long weak reign of Henry III., A.D. 1216-72, p. [395]
• Piræeus, port of, planned by Themistocles and executed by Pericles, p. [72]
• Pisa, early importance of, and trade with Saracens, p. [520]
• ——, representation of ship on the Leaning Tower at, p. [521]
• ——, long and bloody war with the Genoese for nearly two centuries, p. [522]
• Pliny, dread by, of the absorption of the precious metals for the useless luxuries of the East, p. [173]
• “Policie—Libel of English,” curious poem so called, asserting England’s right to the “dominion of the narrow sea,” and notice in of the trade of England with Flanders, Prussia, Germany, Spain, Italian Republics, Iceland, &c., pp. [443]-[9]
• Polo Marco, effects of the travels of, and of Sir John Maundeville, on the enthusiastic spirits of the fifteenth century, p. [557]
• Ports of England, the chief, temp. Edward I., p. [407]
• Portuguese take care to keep to themselves the secret of the “Guinea Trade,” p. [552]
• ——, maritime discoveries of, pp. [549]-[553]
• Probus, Emperor, wall of, 200 miles long, from Danube to the Rhine, p. [196]
• Ptolemy (the Geographer), by an error in longitude, places China 60° nearer Europe than it is really, Introd. p. [xl]
• —— in error with respect to the size but not to the commercial importance of Ceylon, p. [148]
• ——, his account of India beyond the Ganges shows that it had been reached by navigators before his time, p. [149]
• —— places many “Emporia,” or places of call for merchants, along the coasts of India, p. [151]
• Ptolemy, son of Lagos, first Greek ruler of Egypt, p. [58]
• —— carries out the designs of Alexander the Great with reference to Alexandria, pp. [58] and [101]
• Ptolemy (Philopater), description, in Athenæus, of his great ship, built probably for show rather than use, of his Thalamegus, and of other smaller vessels, pp. [60]-[64]
• Ptolemy Philadelphus builds the port of Berenice, on the Red Sea, and attempts to cut a canal from Arsinoe, on the Red Sea, to the Pelusiac (or eastern) arm of the Nile, p. [59]
• Pytheas, the first to make a voyage to the North, account of, in Pliny, p. [11]
• Rámáyana, description in, of the wealth of Ayodhya (Oude), p. [126]
• Reciprocity, Treaties of, and extension of maritime commerce under Richard III., A.D. 1485, p. [459]
• Relics, disgusting purchase of, by ecclesiastics of the tenth and eleventh centuries, p. [368]
• Revenue and Expenditure, first accounts of, A.D. 421, pp. [452]-[3]
• Rhodian Maritime Law, remark of M. Aurelius relative thereto, p. [183]
• —— accepted by the Romans, and ultimately embodied in the “Rôles d’Oléron” and “Hanse Town Ordinances,” p. [184]
• ——, the chief rule also for the ships of the Italian Republics, p. [502]
• Rhodians, their character as merchants and jurists, p. [181]
• —— the first to establish regulations for co-partnership, payment of officers, &c., p. [183]
• Richard I., Cœur de Lion, fits out an expedition in aid of the Holy Land (the Second Crusade), A.D. 1189, p. [375]
• ——, results of the expedition under, p. [378]
• —— Ordinances of, for seafaring men, Append. 2, p. [628]
• Richard II., strangely inconsistent and protective laws of, pp. [428]-[430]
• Robertson, Dr., remarks on the story of Sesostris’s conquest of India, p. [124]
• Roman Commerce, its extraordinary extent and value under the first Emperors, pp. [177]-[180]
• Roman Commerce with the East, its general effect, the enriching a select few of the people, p. [173]
• Roman Empire, corruption and decay of, after the Antonine Princes, pp. [190]-[191]
• Roman Navy, chief stations of, at the commencement of the Empire, p. [164]
• ——, slow in construction and at first very rude, with a list of ships built and their fate, during the Punic Wars, pp. [165]-[6], note
• Romans in early times averse to maritime affairs, and dependent on Greece and foreign nations for the supply of their commercial wants, p. [163]
• ——, first pay real attention to commerce on the destruction of Carthage and Corinth, p. [166]
• ——, their method of book-keeping, pp. [184]-[6]
• Rome, the extremes of wealth and poverty visible there under the later Emperors, pp. [206]-[7]
• ——, enormous baths at, for the free use of rich and poor, under the later Empire, p. [208]
• ——, siege of, by Alaric and Goths, A.D. 408, p. [208]
• Romney Marsh, or Lymne, on each occasion the probable scene of Cæsar’s disembarkations, p. [307]
• Routes of Commerce, by land and sea, between West and East, p. [100]
• Rowers, action of, mainly regulated by the size of the galley, p. [289]
• Rowing of Ancient Galleys, peculiar view on the, by the Rev. J. O. W. Haweis, Append. 1, p. [625]
• Russians first mentioned in history as the owners of the entrepôts of Novgorod and Kief, and as settlers in Constantinople, pp. [228]-[9]
• ——, ships of, scarcely more than large canoes, p. [229]
• —— make four unsuccessful attempts to seize Constantinople, pp. [229]-[30]
• ——, ancient tradition that, in the last days, they should become masters of Constantinople, p. [231]
• Rymer’s Fœdera, condensed syllabus of, Append. 8, pp. [642]-[650]
• Safe Conduct, form of, Append. 9, pp. [650]-[2]
• Sailors, in ancient ships, chiefly of two classes, viz. mariners and rowers, Introd. p. [xxxiii]
• Sailors, Greek, ordinary pay of, in the time of Demosthenes, p. [73]
• Saints, Biographies of the, the only historical documents from the fourth to the eighth centuries, p. [339]
• Sardes, Royal Road from, to Susa, described by Herodotus, pp. [92]-[93]
• Sataspes, Voyage of, and visit to a nation of dwarfs (Bosjesmans?), p. [81]
• Saxons, first coming of, and of other Teutonic tribes; their early ships probably copies of Roman galleys, pp. [327]-[8]
• Scale, Sliding, the first, applied to the importation of corn, p. [457]
• Scotland, no maritime force or trade in, till Alexander III., A.D. 1249, p. [406]
• Sculptures from Assyria exhibit most of the ordinary mechanical implements, as the pulley, saw, pick-axe, &c., p. [39]
• Scythians, according to Herodotus, carry on their trade in seven distinct languages, and are partly nomad owners of caravans, partly agriculturists, pp. [41]-[2]
• Sea, the dominion of, formally claimed by England in A.D. 1416, pp. [449]-[450]
• ——, the limits of, determined A.D. 1674, by treaty with States-General, and not a mere barren title, pp. [451]-[2]
• Seals, Corporate, of the towns of Sandwich, Poole, Dover, Faversham, &c., A.D. 1238-1325, pp. [398]-[402]
• Seamen, English, wages of, in reigns of Harold and Hardicanute, p. [361]
• Seamen, European, manners, customs, and superstitions of, during Middle Ages, pp. [531]-[546]
• Seamen of London play important part in the coronation of Harold at Oxford, p. [361]
• Search, Right of, first enforcement of, in the case of Flemish ships, pp. [424]-[5]
• Seleucus, in treaty with Ptolemy the son of Lagos, establishes the trade between Red Sea and Hindustan, p. [148]
• Semiramis not a mythical personage, but an historical Queen of Nineveh, p. [5]
• Senators forbidden to engage in trade, lest they should neglect their duties to the State, p. [170]
• Sesostris (or Rameses II.), sculptured memorials of, at Nahr-el-Kelb, near Beyrût, and near Sardes, pp. [47]-[8]
• ——, no evidence that he really conquered any part of India, pp. [123]-[4]
• Sheba, Queen of; her visit to Solomon, p. [29]
• Ships, decorations of, various names of, ceremonies at the launching of, officers employed in—the master, mate, boatswain, with various details of—rig and sails, undergirders, anchors and cables, and decks, Introd. pp. [xxx]-[xxxvii]
• ——, speed of, recorded instances of, in ancient authors, Introd. p. [xliv]
• ——, tin-freighted, anecdote of the captain of a, p. [11]
• ——, possible that some as large as those of Ptolemy Philopater may have been constructed, p. [65]
• ——, remarkable, of Olaf and Swein, Kings of Norway, and of Earl Godwin, pp. [357]-[8]
• —— of Italian Republics, stringent regulations regarding, when at sea, p. [502]
• —— of the Middle Ages, their decorations, &c., pp. [536]-[7]
• Silkworms brought from China by two monks, and reared by order of Justinian, in Greece, p. [216]
• Silver so abundant in Spain that Aristotle states that the Phœnicians made their anchors of it, p. [9]
• Singhalese at no period fond of maritime pursuits, p. [155]
• Slaves, a considerable item in the trade from Ireland, Saxony, Denmark, &c., p. [358]
• Solomon, King, promotes Jewish commerce, by commercial arrangements with Hiram, King of Tyre, his fleets being manned by Tyrian sailors, but under Jewish supercargoes, pp. [29]-[30]
• —— his fleets essentially coasters, p. [31]
• ——, commerce promoted by him died almost with his death, p. [32]
• Spain largely supplied Rome with mineral products, p. [179]
• ——, commercial treaty with England A.D. 1351, p. [424]
• Spices, enormous quantities of, imported from India to Rome, p. [110]
• St. Paul, account of the ship of, from a work by Mr. Smith, of Jordan Hill, Introd. p. [xxxvii]
• Stanhope, Michael, Vice-Admiral of Suffolk, fine seal of, p. [401]
• Swyn, splendid victory off, A.D. 1340, and superiority of English sailors in naval tactics and intrepidity, p. [435]
• “Tarshish, ships of,” probably a phrase like our modern one of “Indiamen,” p. [9]
• Tennent, Sir Emerson, excellent work on Ceylon by, p. [156]
• Tin brought in the largest quantities from the Scilly Islands, partly in Phœnician ships to Gades, partly on horses’ backs across France to Narbonne, and early used with alloy of copper in “lion-weights” from Nineveh, and “Celts” from European graves, p. [10]
• Toscanelli, P., the best cosmographer of his days, supports the views of Columbus, p. [556]
• Trajan, Emperor, supposed galley of, found at the bottom of Lake Riccio, Introd. p. [xxix]
• Treaty between Charlemagne and Offa, A.D. 796, pp. [343]-[4]
• Triremes, the first, said to have been built by the Corinthians, p. [254]
• Truro, pig of tin preserved there, p. [10]
• Tudela, Benjamin of, his testimony as to the state of Constantinople and the East in the twelfth century, p. [224]
• Turks, The, first make good their footing in Europe A.D. 1341, and gradually secure the country round Constantinople and Adrianople A.D. 1360-1389, p. [251]
• Tyre, traders of, extended their commercial intercourse to the Northern and Erythræan seas, Introd. p. [xix]
• ——, its commerce with the East carried on by caravans from Arabia Felix to Petra, and thence to Gaza, Askalon, and Ashdod, p. [13]
• ——, merchants of, the first to establish agencies and factories and regular colonies, with a commercial policy liberal and enlightened in intercourse with other peoples, and worthy of imitation by some of the nations of our own times, pp. [15]-[16]
• Ulysses, ship of, described by Homer, Od. v. 243, Introd. p. [xxvii]
• Vandals plunder Spain and Africa, p. [209]
• Venice, its rapid rise, and the cause thereof, pp. [235]-[8]
• ——, exorbitant demands of, for shipping supplied for the Fourth Crusade, p. [243]
• ——, galleys of, rob Alexandria of the body of St. Mark, p. [465]
• —— raises a fleet to suppress the Istrian and Dalmatian pirates, p. [465]
• ——, annual ceremonial at, of the espousal of the Adriatic, p. [475]
• ——, laws and commercial policy of, liberal, but, on the whole, protective, p. [479]
• ——, special laws of, excluding from participation in her trade, German, Hungarian, or Bohemian merchants, pp. [479]-[480]
• ——, character and extent of its arsenal, p. [482]
• ——, tradition of enormous ship built there, A.D. 1172, and probability that she was so constructed, pp. [483]-[5]
• ——, a fixed number of young and indigent nobles sent with each ship, p. [494]
• ——, rejoicings at, when a ship was ready to start on its voyage, p. [500]
• Venetian Merchant Ships, value of their cargoes, p. [495]
• Venetians, in agreeing to carry Crusaders to Holy Land, demand an exorbitant freight, with leave to establish factories, p. [472]
• ——, complaint against, on part of the troops employed on shore at siege of Tyre, p. [474]
• ——, the Pope grants the dominion of the Adriatic to the, A.D. 1159, p. [474]
• ——, contract by, to supply ships for Louis of France, A.D. 1268, pp. [485]-[486]
• Vienne, Sir John de, with a French fleet, plunders the English coasts from Rye to Plymouth, p. [432]
• Vikings of Scandinavia, account of, and of their remarkable skill as seamen, pp. [331]-[5]
• ——, occupy the Hebrides, sea-lochs of the Highlands, and the north of Ireland; discover America (Vinland), and cruise along the Mediterranean to Constantinople, pp. [334]-[5]
• ——, ancient clinker-built boat of, discovered in Denmark, pp. [335]-[7]
• Vincent, The Rev. Dr., doubts any circumnavigation of Africa before that of the Portuguese, p. [84]
• ——, reply to his argument on this subject, pp. [85]-[6]
• Vinisauf, Geoffrey de, describes the crusading fleet of Richard I., pp. [376]-[8]
• Vossius’s discussion of ancient rowing in his “Construction of Ancient Ships,” pp. [271]-[3]
• Waghen, John de, of Beverley, privateering commission granted to, p. [432]
• Warwick, Earl of, “the King-maker,” piratical attack by, on a fleet of Genoese merchantmen, p. [454]
• Wealth of England at the time of the Conquest almost wholly in the hands of the great ecclesiastics, pp. [367]-[8]
• West, Evidences of land to the, recognisable in objects washed upon the western shores of Madeira, p. [563]
• Whales caught as far south as Biarritz, p. [391], note, and Append. 8, p. [648]
• William the Conqueror, character and number of vessels with which he invaded England, pp. [362]-[3]
• ——, his fleet, really of inferior vessels, small in size and hastily put together—not, perhaps, unlike the present Lerwick fishing-boats, pp. [363]-[4]
• ——, state of commerce, &c., in England when he invaded it, and taxation of different towns unequal, and on no determinate principle, pp. [365]-[372]
• ——, remarkable decay of many leading towns during his reign, as shown by the returns of his “Domesday,” pp. [371]-[2]
• —— greatly increases the power of the English fleet mainly by aid of the Cinque Ports, p. [374]
• Winds, periodical, in Persian and Arabian gulfs and in Indian Ocean, favourable to early navigation in boats of small capacity, p. [3]
• —— the Etesian (or annual), blow steadily from the N. in July, between the Euxine Sea and Syene, during the period the Nile is at its highest, p. [103]
• Wine-Ships, return of all that entered at any English ports (except the Cinque Ports) for A.D. 1299, p. [408]
• Wisby, merchants of, adopt all essential particulars of the “Rôles d’Oléron,” p. [392]
• Xerxes, ships of, difficulty as to the drawing them up on a lee shore, with a gale coming on, pp. [75]-[6]
• ——, ship-canal of, across Mount Athos, confirmed by recent observations, p. [76]
• Yemen (Arabia Felix), early notices of its remarkable wealth, and of the importance of the trade with, pp. [116]-[18]

END OF VOL. I.

LONDON: PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS,
STAMFORD STREET AND CHARING CROSS.