History of merchant shipping and ancient commerce, Volume 1 (of 4)

by W. S. Lindsay

[296] Livy, xxi. 63.

[297] Cicer. De Offic. i. c. 151.

[298] Gibbon, c. 2.

[299] Pliny, H. N. xii. 84.

[300] Gibbon, c. 2.

[301] Gibbon, vol. i. c. 6.

[302] Pliny, vi. 101; xii. 84.

[303] Gibbon, c. 6.

[304] Dion. lv. and lvi.

[305] Portoria existed from early times; were abolished by Metellus Nepos, A.U.C. 694, and were restored by Augustus. The senate under Nero declared that such taxes were absolutely necessary.—Tacit. Ann. xiii. 50. Cicero, in Pison. c. 36.