20. The Interrelations of Emotions as Suggested by Recent Physiological Researches. By W. B. Cannon. American Journal of Psychology, 1914, xxv, pp. 256–282.
INDEX
- Adrenal extract: effect of, on muscular contraction, [82].
- Adrenal glands: nerve supply of, [37];
- stimulated in emotion, [52]-59, [62]–63;
- stimulated in pain, [59]–62, [63];
- in relation to blood sugar, [77];
- removal of, causes muscular weakness, [81];
- secretion of, improves contraction of fatigued muscle, [92];
- variations in adrenin content of, [171];
- latent period of, when splanchnics stimulated, [188];
- amount of secretion from, when splanchnics stimulated, [198];
- fatigue of, [199];
- stimulated by asphyxia, [206]–208.
- Adrenin: secreted by adrenal glands, [36];
- action of, identical with sympathetic impulses, [37], [64];
- secretion of, by splanchnic stimulation, [41]–43;
- secreted in emotional excitement, [44], [52]–59;
- method of testing for, in blood, [47]–50;
- secreted in emotion, [52]–59, [62]–63;
- disappearance of, from blood, [58];
- secreted in pain, [59]–62, [63];
- effects of, when injected into body, [64]–65;
- effect of, on distribution of blood in the body, [107];
- quickly restores fatigued muscle to normal irritability, [119]–123;
- specific in its restorative action, [124]–128;
- as an antidote to muscular metabolites, [129];
- restores fatigued denervated muscle to normal irritability, [130];
- point of action of, in muscle, [128]–133;
- antagonistic to curare, [132];
- induces rapid coagulation of blood, [136], [147] ff.;
- not the direct cause of rapid coagulation, [156]–158;
- fails to shorten coagulation time in absence of intestines and liver, [157]–158;
- variable amount of, in adrenal glands, [171];
- emergency functions of, [185] ff.;
- utility of, in bettering the contraction of fatigued muscle, [194]–195;
- not a check to use of sugar in the body, [197], [199];
- amount of, secreted when splanchnics stimulated, [198];
- a condition for increase of blood sugar, [199];
- stimulates the heart, [191], [201];
- dilates the bronchioles, [204];
- secretion of, increased in asphyxia, [206]–208.
- Amyl nitrite: effect of, on contraction of fatigued muscle, [126].
- Anger: associated with action, [188];
- energizing influence of, [216].
- Antagonisms: autonomic, [34];
- in relation to emotions, [38];
- between cranial and sympathetic divisions, [268]–270;
- between sacral and sympathetic divisions, [270]–272.
- Appetite: compared with hunger, [233], [235];
- operation of, after section of vagus and splanchnic nerves, [240].
- Arterial blood pressure: increased in excitement, [95];
- artificial methods of increasing, [97];
- influence of different heights of, on fatigue, [97]–102;
- influence of increase of, on fatigue, [97]–102;
- influence of decrease of, on fatigue, [102]–104;
- the “critical region” in decreasing, [104];
- explanation of effects on fatigued muscle, of varying, [104]–106;
- value of increased, in pain and emotion, [106].
- Arteries: innervation of, [26].
- Asphyxia: increases adrenal secretion, [206]–208;
- increases sugar in blood, [209].
- Athletes: glycosuria of, after games, [75].
- Autonomic nervous system: three divisions of, [25];
- arrangement of sympathetic division of, [26]–29;
- arrangement of cranial and sacral divisions of, [29]–30;
- general functions of cranial division of, [30]–32;
- general functions of sacral division of, [32]–34;
- antagonism between sympathetic and cranial-sacral divisions of, [34]–36;
- identity of action of sympathetic division of, and adrenal secretion, [36]–38;
- antagonisms between emotions expressed in, [268]–272.
- Behavior: biological explanation of, [2].
- Bile: flow of, inhibited by excitement, [13].
- Bladder: innervation of, [27], [32];
- effects of emotions on, [33].
- Blood: method of obtaining, for test for adrenin, [45]–46;
- method of testing, for adrenin, [47]–50;
- sugar in, [66], [73]–74;
- distribution of, as affected by adrenin, pain and excitement, [107]–108, [200];
- functions of, [135];
- rapid coagulation of, by adrenin, [136] ff.;
- drawing of, for testing coagulation time, [140]–142;
- treatment of, in testing coagulation time, [142]–145;
- faster coagulation of, after subcutaneous injections of adrenin, [147]–150,
- and after intravenous injections, [150]–156;
- oscillations in the rate of coagulation of, [155];
- rapid coagulation of, not due directly to adrenin, [156]–158;
- rapid coagulation of, not caused by adrenin in absence of liver and intestines, [157]–158,
- and not caused by increase of blood sugar, [159], [170];
- coagulation of, hastened by splanchnic stimulation, [162]–167,
- but not in absence of adrenal glands, [167]–171;
- possible delay of coagulation of, after stimulation of hepatic nerves, [170];
- coagulation of, hastened by “painful” stimulation, [172]–177;
- coagulation of, hastened in light anesthesia, [174]–177;
- rapid coagulation of, after excitement, stopped by severing splanchnic nerves, [180]–182;
- utility of increased sugar in, [188]–193;
- distribution of, in pain and excitement, favorable to muscular effort, [201];
- sugar in, increased by asphyxia, [209];
- utility of rapid coagulation of, [211].
- Bronchioles: dilated by adrenin, [204].
- Bulimia: explanation of, [262].
- Coagulation, see [Blood].
- Coagulometer: graphic, [138]–147.
- Combat: relation of emotion and endurance in, [225]–226;
- nature of ancient, [294].
- Constipation: as result of worry and anxiety, [271].
- Cortex, cerebral: insensitiveness of, [242].
- Cranial autonomic division: functions of, to conserve bodily resources, [30]–32, [268];
- activities of, suppressed by activities of sympathetic division, [268]–272.
- Curare: action of, antagonized by adrenin, [132].
- Dances: relation of excitement and endurance in, [222]–224.
- Danger: stimulating effect of, [230].
- Dervishes: exhibitions of endurance by, [224].
- Digestion: interruption of, by strong emotion, [9]–12, [13]–18, [268]–269.
- Emotions: surface signs of, [3];
- favorable to digestive secretions, [4]–8;
- unfavorable to digestive secretions, [9]–13;
- persistence of effects of, on digestive secretions, [12];
- effects of, on gastric and intestinal contractions, [13]–18;
- in relation to sympathetic division, [36];
- in relation to adrenal secretion, [44], [52]–59, [62]–63;
- increase of blood sugar in, [66], [73];
- glycosuria in, [70]–76;
- influence of, on distribution of blood in body, [108];
- faster coagulation of blood in, [177]–182,
- but stopped by cutting splanchnics, [180]–182;
- value of forced respiration in, [203];
- value of bronchiolar dilation in, [204];
- relation to action, [215];
- displayed in a “pattern” response, [218], [282];
- in relation to exhibitions of power and endurance, [215], [229];
- antagonisms between cranial and sympathetic, [268]–270,
- and between sacral and sympathetic, [270]–272;
- similarity of visceral changes in strong, [275]–279;
- dependence of, on cerebral cortex, [282]–283.
- Endurance: feats of, related to great emotion, [217]–218;
- in the excitements of mania and dancing, [222]–224;
- stimulated by music, [228].
- Esophagus: contractions of, associated with hunger sensation, [259]–260.
- Fatigue: of muscle, [84];
- muscular, lessened by splanchnic stimulation, [89]–93;
- as affected by increase of arterial pressure, [97]–102;
- irritability of muscle in, increased by splanchnic stimulation, [101];
- explanation of effects of varied arterial pressure on, [104]–106;
- lessens neuro-muscular irritability, [114]–117, [120];
- effect of, on curarized muscle, [132];
- utility of adrenin in lessening effects of, [194], [195];
- of adrenal glands, [199];
- cessation of hunger contractions in, [262].
- Fear: anticipatory character of, [186]–187;
- associated with action, [188];
- explanation of paralyzing effect of, [189];
- energizing influence of, [216];
- relation to rage, [275];
- bodily changes in, like those in rage, [276]–277;
- importance of, as a fighting emotion, [286].
- “Fesselungsdiabetes,” [69].
- Fever: absence of hunger in, [242], [263].
- Fighting emotions: bodily changes in, like those in competitive sports, [219]–221, [296];
- anger and fear as, [285];
- importance of, [286];
- satisfactions for, in competitive sports, [301].
- Food: effect of sight and smell of, on gastric secretion, [6].
- Football: glycosuria in players of, [75];
- relation of excitement and power in, [219]–221.
- Frenzy: endurance in, [223], [224].
- Ganglia: autonomic, [23].
- Gastric glands: turgescence of, not the cause of hunger sensation, [249]–250.
- Gastric juice: psychic secretion of, [5]–8, [11];
- importance of, for intestinal digestion, [7];
- flow of, inhibited by excitement, [9]–12,
- and by pain, [19].
- Generative organs: innervation of, [32], [33];
- effects of strong emotions on activities in, [271].
- Glycosuria: in pain, [69]–70;
- in emotion, [70]–76;
- after football, [75], [221];
- after examinations, [76];
- dependence of, on adrenal glands, [77].
- Heart: innervation of, [26], [31];
- use of sugar by, [191];
- stimulated by adrenin, [191], [201].
- Hunger: compared with appetite, [233], [235];
- description of, [234]–236;
- theories of, [237];
- as a general sensation, [237];
- disappearance of, as time passes, [238]–239;
- when stomach full, [239];
- may be absent in bodily need, [242]–243;
- temporarily abolished by indigestible materials, [243];
- quick onset and periodicity of, [244]–245;
- reference of, to stomach region, [245]–247;
- not due to emptiness of stomach, [248];
- not due to hydrochloric acid in empty stomach, [248];
- not due to turgid gastric glands, [249]–250;
- as the result of contractions, [251]–253;
- inhibited by swallowing, [254];
- method of recording gastric contractions in, [255]–256;
- associated with gastric contractions, [256]–259,
- and with esophageal contractions, [259]–260;
- function of, [263]–264, [272]–275.
- Hydrochloric acid: not the cause of hunger sensation, [248].
- Intestine: contractions of, inhibited by excitement, [16];
- innervation of, [27], [31];
- use of, as test for adrenin in blood, [47]–50;
- contracts when empty, [251]–253;
- contractions of, may originate hunger sensations, [263].
- Instincts: relation of, to emotions, [187], [188].
- Irritability: increased in fatigued muscle by splanchnic stimulation, [101];
- neuro-muscular, lessened by fatigue, [114]–117, [120];
- when lowered, restored slowly by rest, [119];
- when lowered, restored quickly by adrenin, [119]–123, [195].
- “Jumpers”: exhibition of endurance by, [223].
- Mania: endurance in, [222].
- Martial virtues: claims for, by militarists, [287];
- importance of preserving, [290]–291;
- preserved in competitive sports, [297]–299.
- Metabolites: influence of, on muscular contraction, [104];
- action of, opposed by adrenin, [129];
- increase adrenal secretion, [206]–208.
- Militarists: emphasis of, on strength of fighting instincts, [286]–288;
- claims of, as to values of war, [287];
- support for claims of, [287].
- Muscle: weakness of, after removal of adrenal glands, [81];
- improved contraction of, after injection of adrenal extract, [82];
- fatigue of, [84];
- method of recording fatigue of, [85]–86;
- fatigue of, lessened by splanchnic stimulation, [89]–93;
- contraction of, when fatigued, improved by increased arterial pressure, [97]–102;
- irritability of, when fatigued, increased by splanchnic stimulation, [101];
- contraction of, when fatigued, lessened by decreased arterial pressure, [102]–104;
- explanation of effects of varied arterial pressure on fatigued, [104]–106;
- irritability of, decreased in fatigue, [114]–117, [120];
- decreased irritability of, slowly restored by rest, [117]–118,
- and quickly restored by adrenin, [119]–123;
- contraction of fatigued denervated, increased by adrenin, [130];
- point of action of adrenin in, [128]–133;
- use of, in struggle, [189];
- energy of, from carbonaceous material, [190]–193;
- disappearance of glycogen from, [190];
- increased efficiency of, with increase of blood sugar, [192]–193;
- utility of adrenin in lessening fatigue of, [194]–195;
- efficiency of, increased by distribution of blood in pain and excitement, [201].
- Music: stimulating influence of, [227];
- influence of martial, [228].
- Neurones, autonomic: extensive distribution of sympathetic, [26];
- arrangement of sympathetic for diffuse action, [28];
- restricted distribution of cranial and sacral, [29];
- arrangement for specific action, [30].
- Olympic games: as physical substitutes for warfare, [297]–298.
- Operations: in light anesthesia hasten coagulation of blood, [174]–177.
- “Ordeal of rice,” [9].
- Pain: disturbing effect of, on digestion, [18]–19;
- as occasion for adrenal secretion, [59]–62, [63];
- glycosuria in, [69]–70;
- influence of, on distribution of blood in body, [108];
- hastens coagulation of blood, [172]–177;
- reflex nature of responses in, [185]–187;
- associated with action, [189];
- stimulating and depressive effects of, [189].
- Pancreatic juice: flow of, inhibited by excitement, [13].
- Philippine Islands: substitution of sports for warfare in, [297].
- Power: the feeling of, [229].
- Psychic secretion: of gastric juice, [5]–8, [11];
- of saliva, [6];
- dependent on cranial autonomic innervation, [31].
- Psychic “tone”: of gastro-intestinal muscles, [13].
- Racing: relation of excitement and power in, [221].
- Rage: relation of, to fear, [275];
- transformation of other emotions into, [276];
- bodily changes in, like those in fear, [276]–277;
- importance of, as a fighting emotion, [286].
- Reflexes: “purposive” character of, [185]–186.
- “Reservoirs of power,” [216].
- Respiration: utility of increased, in pain and excitement, [202];
- value of forced, in lessening distress, [203].
- Rest: restores irritability lessened by fatigue, [117]–118.
- Sacral autonomic division: functions of, in mechanisms for emptying, [32]–34;
- activities of, suppressed by activities of sympathetic division, [270]–272.
- Saliva: psychic secretion of, [6];
- importance of, for taste, [6];
- flow of, inhibited by excitement, [9].
- Salivary glands: innervation of, by cranial autonomic, [31].
- “Second wind”: explanation of, [210].
- Sex: instinct of, suppressed by fear and anger, [271].
- “Sham feeding,” [5].
- Splanchnic nerves: stimulation of, causes adrenal secretion, [41]–43;
- method of stimulating, [87]–88;
- stimulation of, improves contraction of fatigued muscle, [89];
- stimulation of, hastens coagulation of blood, [162]–167,
- but not in absence of adrenal glands, [167]–171;
- severance of, stops rapid coagulation following excitement, [180]–182;
- eating after severance of, [240].
- Sports: relation of excitement and power in, [219]–221, [296];
- as physical substitutes for warfare, [297]–301;
- moral values of, [300].
- Stomach: psychic tonus of, [13];
- contractions of, inhibited by excitement, [14]–15, [17],
- and by pain, [19];
- innervated by sympathetic neurones, [27],
- and by cranial autonomic, [31];
- reference of hunger sensation to, [245]–247;
- emptiness of, not the cause of hunger, [248];
- contractions of, when empty, [251]–253;
- method of recording contractions of, [255]–256;
- contractions of, when empty, associated with hunger sensations, [256]–259;
- function of contractions of empty, [263]–264.
- Strength: feats of, related to great emotion, [217]–218, [229].
- Sugar: in blood, [66], [73];
- in urine, [69]–76;
- relation of adrenal glands to, in blood, [77];
- increase of, in blood, does not hasten clotting, [159], [170];
- utility of, when increased in blood, [188]–193;
- a source of muscular energy, [191]–193;
- a means of increasing muscular efficiency, [192]–193;
- use of, in body, not checked by adrenin, [197]–199.
- Swallowing: inhibits hunger sensation, [254].
- Sweating: value of, in emotion and pain, [203].
- “Sympathetic” autonomic division: extensive distribution of neurones of, [26];
- arranged for diffuse action, [28];
- antagonistic to cranial and sacral divisions, [34]–36;
- active in pain and strong emotion, [36];
- emotions expressed in, opposed to those expressed in cranial and sacral divisions, [268]–272;
- dominance of, temporary, [273].
- Threshold stimulus: as measure of irritability, [111];
- method of determining, [111]–114;
- increased in fatigue, [114]–117, [120];
- when increased, slowly restored by rest, [117]–118,
- and quickly restored by adrenin, [119]–123.
- Trial by battle: feats of endurance in, [226].
- Vagus nerves: severance of, does not abolish appetite, [240]–241,
- and does not abolish hunger contractions of the stomach, [261].
- Viscera: similar changes in, in various strong emotions, [275]–279;
- changes in, not distinctive for emotions, [280]–281.
- Vomiting: in consequence of pain, [19].
- Warfare: as an expression of strong emotions, [286];
- physical and moral values claimed for, [287];
- barbarities of, and opposition to, [289]–290;
- moral substitutes for, [292]–293;
- physical substitutes for, [293]–297;
- contrast between ancient and modern, [294]–295.
- Witnesses: stimulating influence of, [227].
- Work: effect of, on neuro-muscular irritability, [117];
- done with use of carbonaceous material, [190]–193.
Transcriber's Notes
The following changes have been made to the text as printed.
1. Illustrations and end-of-page footnotes (marked with an asterisk) have been located in appropriate paragraph breaks. References, marked with numbered indices, are listed at the end of each chapter as in the book.
2. Obvious typographical errors have been corrected.
3. Where a word is used repeatedly in the same way, spelling and hyphenation have been made consistent, preferring the form most often used in the printed work, or failing that the more usual form in general use at the time of publication. No typographical change has been made within direct quotes from other works.
4. [Page 25]: "or thoradico-lumbar division" has been changed to "or thoracico-lumbar division".
5. [Page 58]: The name "Emden" in "Emden and v. Furth" has been changed to "Embden" in agreement with Footnote 1 on [Page 65]. (Gustav Embden, 1874–1933.)