[1] The most noticeable difference in pronunciation, the
Castilian guttural soft G and J, and the lisping of the Z or soft C
seems to be of comparatively modern origin. However different such words
as 'chave' and 'llave,' 'filho' and 'hijo,' 'mão' and 'mano' may seem
they are really the same in origin and derived from clavis, filius,
and manus.
[2] From the name of this dynasty Moabitin, which means
fanatic, is derived the word Maravedi or Morabitino, long given in the
Peninsula to a coin which was first struck in Morocco.
[3] The last nun in a convent at Evora only died in 1903, which
must have been at least seventy years after she had taken the veil.
[4] A narcissus triandrus with a white perianth and yellow cup
is found near Lamego and at Louzã, not far from Coimbra.
[5] See article by C. Justi, 'Die Portugesische Malerei des
xvi. Jahrhunderts,' in vol. ix. of the Jahrbuch der K. Preussischen
Kunstsammlungen.
[7] These are the 'Annunciation,' the 'Risen Lord appearing to
His Mother,' the 'Ascension,' the 'Assumption,' the 'Good Shepherd,' and
perhaps a 'Pentecost' and a 'Nativity.'
[9] A. Hapt, Die Baukunst, etc., in Portugal, vol. ii. p.
36.
[10] These may perhaps be by the so-called Master of São Bento,
to whom are attributed a 'Visitation'—in which Chastity, Poverty, and
Humility follow the Virgin—and a 'Presentation,' both now in Lisbon.
Some paintings in São Francisco Evora seem to be by the same hand.
[11] Misericordia=the corporation that owns and manages all the
hospitals, asylums, and other charitable institutions in the town. There
is one in almost every town in the country.
[12] She seems almost too old to be Dona Leonor and may be Dona
Maria.
[13] His first wife was Dona Isabel, eldest daughter and
heiress to the Catholic Kings. She died in 1498 leaving an infant son
Dom Miguel, heir to Castile and Aragon as well as to Portugal. He died
two years later when Dom Manoel married his first wife's sister, Dona
Maria, by whom he had six sons and two daughters. She died in 1517, and
next year he married her niece Dona Leonor, sister of Charles v. and
daughter of Mad Juana. She had at first been betrothed to his eldest son
Dom João. All these marriages were made in the hope of succeeding to the
Spanish throne.
[14] Some authorities doubt the identification of the king and
queen. But there is a distinct likeness between the figures of Dom
Manoel and his queen which adorn the west door of the church at Belem,
and the portrait of the king and queen in this picture.
[15] It has been reproduced by the Arundel Society, but the
copyist has entirely missed the splendid solemnity of St. Peter's face.
[16] See 'Portuguese School of Painting,' by J. C. Robinson, in
the Fine Arts Quarterly of 1866.
[17] Vieira Guimarães, A Ordem de Christo, p. 150.
[19] Carriage hire is still cheap in Portugal, for in 1904 only
6
000 was paid for a carriage from Thomar to Leiria, a distance of over
thirty-five miles, though the driver and horses had to stay at Leiria
all night and return next day. 6
000 was then barely over twenty
shillings.
[20] It was the gift of Bishop Affonso of Portugal who held the
see from 1485 to 1522.
[21] This monstrance was given by Bishop Dom Jorge d'Almeida
who died in 1543, having governed the see for sixty-two years. ([Fig. 7].)
[23] D. Francisco Simonet, professor of Arabic at Granada. Note
in Paço de Cintra, p. 206.
[24] See Miss i. Savory, In the Tail of the Peacock.
[25] A common pattern found at Bacalhôa, near Setubal, in the
Museum at Oporto, and in the Corporation Galleries of Glasgow, where it
is said to have come from Valencia in Spain.
[26] Joaquim Rasteiro, Palacio e Quinta de Bacalhôa em
Azeitão. Lisbon, 1895.
[27] Columns with corbel capitals support a house on the right.
Such capitals were common in Spain, so it is just possible that these
tiles may have been made in Spain.
[28] Antonio ab Oliva=Antonio de Oliveira Bernardes, who also
painted the tiles in São Pedro de Rates.
[29]E.g. in the church of the Misericordia Vianna do
Castello, the cloister at Oporto, the Graça Santarem, Sta. Cruz Coimbra,
the Sé, Lisbon, and in many other places.
[30] Paço de Cintra, Cond. de Sabugosa. Lisbon, 1903.
[31] These yokes are about 4 or 5 feet long by 18 inches or 2
feet broad, are made of walnut, and covered with the most intricate
pierced patterns. Each parish or district, though no two are ever
exactly alike, has its own design. The most elaborate, which are also
often painted bright red, green, and yellow are found south of the Douro
near Espinho. Further north at Villa do Conde they are much less
elaborate, the piercings being fewer and larger. Nor do they extend far
up the Douro as in the wine country in Tras-os-Montes the oxen, darker
and with shorter horns, pull not from the shoulder but from the
forehead, to which are fastened large black leather cushions trimmed
with red wool.
[32] Originally there was a bell-gable above the narthex door,
since replaced by a low square tower resting on the north-west corner of
the narthex and capped by a plastered spire.
Theodomir rex gloriosus v. erex. & contrux. hoc. monast. can. B. Aug. ad. Gl. D. et V.M.G.D. & B. Martini et fecit ita so: lemnit:
sacrari ab Lucrec. ep. Brac. et alliis sub. J. iii.
P. M. Prid.
Idus. Nov. an. D. dlix. Post id. rex in hac eccl.
ab. eod. ep.
palam bapt. et fil. Ariamir cum magnat. suis. omnes conversi ad
fid. ob. v. reg. & mirab. in fil. ex sacr. reliq. B.M. a Galiis eo.
reg. postul translatis & hic asservatis Kal. Jan. An. D.
dlx.
[34] From M. Bernardes, Tratados Varios, vol. ii. p. 4. The
same story is told of the monastery of San Salvador de Leyre in Navarre,
whose abbot, Virila, wondering how it could be possible to listen to the
heavenly choirs for ever without weariness, sat down to rest by a spring
which may still be seen, and there listened, enchanted, to the singing
of a bird for three hundred years.
[35]E.g. the west door of Ste. Croix, Bordeaux, though it is
of course very much more elaborate.
[36] Namely, to give back some Galician towns which had been
captured.
[37] Bayona is one of the most curious and unusual churches in
the north of Spain. Unfortunately, during a restoration made a few years
ago a plaster groined vault was added hiding the old wooden roof.
The tomb is inscribed: Hic requiescit Fys: Dei: Egas: Monis: Vir: Inclitus: era: millesima: centesima: lxxxii i.e. Era of Caesar 1182, A.D. 1144.
[39] He died soon after at Medinaceli, and a Christian
contemporary writer records the fact saying: 'This day died Al-Mansor.
He desecrated Santiago, and destroyed Pampluna, Leon and Barcelona. He
was buried in Hell.'
[40] Another cloister-like building of even earlier date is to
be found behind the fourteenth-century church of Leça de Balio: it was
built probably after the decayed church had been granted to the Knights
of St. John of Jerusalem. ([Fig. 17].)
[41] A careful restoration is now being carried out under the
direction of Senhor Fuschini.
[42] The inscription is mutilated at both ends and seems to
read, 'Ahmed-ben-Ishmael built it strongly by order of ...'
[43] It is a pity that the difference in date makes it
impossible to identify this Bernardo with the Bernardo who built
Santiago. For the work Dom Miguel gave 500 morabitinos, besides a yoke
of oxen worth 12, also silver altar fronts made by Master Ptolomeu.
Besides the money Bernardo received a suit of clothes worth 3
morabitinos and food at the episcopal table, while Soeiro his successor
got a suit of clothes, a quintal of wine, and a mora of bread. The
bishop also gave a great deal of church plate showing that the cathedral
was practically finished before his death.
[44] Compare the doorlike window of Nossa Senhora da Oliveira
at Guimarães.
[45] The small church of São Salvador has also an old door,
plainer and smaller than São Thiago.
[46] The five small shields with the Wounds of Christ on the
Portuguese coat are supposed to have been adopted because on the eve of
this battle Christ crucified appeared to Affonso and promised him
victory, and because five kings were defeated.
[47] Andre de Rezende, a fifteenth-century antiquary, says,
quoting from an old 'book of anniversaries': 'Each year an anniversary
is held in memory of Bishop D. Payo on St. Mark's Day, that is May 21st,
on which day he laid the first stone for the foundation of this
cathedral, on the spot where now is St. Mark's Altar, and he lies behind
the said place and altar in the Chapel of St. John. This church was
founded Era 1224,' i.e. 1186 A.D. D. Payo became bishop in 1181.
Another stone in the chancel records the death, in era 1321, i.e. 1283
A.D., of Bishop D. Durando, 'who built and enriched this cathedral with
his alms,' but probably he only made some additions, perhaps the central
lantern.
[48] It was built 1718-1746 by Ludovici or Ludwig the architect
of Mafra and cost 160:000
000 or about £30,000.
[49] The whole inscription, the first part occurring also on a
stone in the castle, runs thus:—
E (i.e. Era) mc : lx. viii. regnant : Afonso : illustrisimo rege Portugalis : magister : galdinus : Portugalensium : Militum Templi : cum fratribus suis Primo : die : Marcii : cepit edificari : hoc : castellu : nme Thomar : qod : prefatus rex obtulit : Deo : et militibus : Templi : e. m. cc. xx. viii : iii. mens. : Julii : venit rex de maroqis ducens : cccc milia equitu : et quingenta milia : peditum : et obsedit castrum istud : per sex Dies : et delevit : quantum extra : murum invenit : castellu : et prefatus : magister : cu : fratribus suis liberavit Deus : de manibus : suis Idem : rex : remeavit : in patria : sua : cu : innumerabili : detrimento : hominu et bestiarum.
[50] Cf. Templar church at Segovia, Old Castile, where,
however, the interior octagon is nearly solid with very small openings,
and a vault over the lower story; it has also three eastern apses.
[51] There is a corbel table like it but more elaborate at
Vezelay in Burgundy.
[53] So says Murray. Vilhena Barbosa says 1676. 1770 seems the
more probable.
[54] Indeed to the end the native builders have been very chary
of building churches with a high-groined vault and a well-developed
clerestory. The nave of Batalha and of the cathedral of Guarda seem to
be almost the only examples which have survived, for Lisbon choir was
destroyed by the great earthquake of 1755, as was also the church of the
Carmo in the same city, which perhaps shows that they were right in
rejecting such a method of construction in a country so liable to be
shaken.
[55] Cf. similar corbel capitals in the nave of the cathedral
of Orense in Galicia.
[56] Before the Black Death, which reduced the number to eight,
there are said to have sometimes been as many as 999 monks!
[57] It was a monk of Alcobaça who came to General Wellesley on
the night of 16th August 1808, and told him that if he wished to catch
the French he must be quick as they meant to retire early in the
morning, thus enabling him to win the battle of Roliça, the first fight
of the Peninsular War.
[58] Cf. the clerestory windows of Burgos Cathedral, or those
at Dunblane, where as at Guimarães the circle merely rests on the lights
below without being properly united with them.
[59] From the north-east corner of the narthex a door leads to
the cloisters, which have a row of coupled shafts and small pointed
arches. From the east walk a good doorway of Dom Manoel's time led into
the chapter-house, now the barrack kitchen, the smoke from which has
entirely blackened alike the doorway and the cloister near.
[60] Compare the horseshoe moulding on the south door of the
cathedral of Orense, Galicia, begun 1120, where, however, each horseshoe
is separated from the next by a deep groove.
[61] The town having much decayed owing to fevers and to the
gradual shallowing of the river the see was transferred to Faro in 1579.
The cathedral there, sacked by Essex in 1596, and shattered by the
earthquake of 1755, has little left of its original work except the
stump of a west tower standing on a porch open on three sides with plain
pointed arches, and leading to the church on the fourth by a door only
remarkable for the dog-tooth of its hood-mould.
[62] The towers stand quite separate from the walls and are
united to them by wide round arches.
[63] In the dilapidated courtyard of the castle there is one
very picturesque window of Dom Manoel's time (his father the duke of
Beja is buried in the church of the Conceição in the town).
'Era 1362 [i.e. A.D. 1324] anos foi esta tore co (meçad) a (aos) 8 dias demaio. é mandou a faze (r o muito) nobre Dom Diniz rei de P...'
[65] Just outside the castle there is a good romanesque door
belonging to a now desecrated church.
[66] Some of the distinctive features of Norman such as cushion
capitals seem to be unknown in Normandy and not to be found any nearer
than Lombardy.
[67] Sub Era mcccxlviii. idus Aprilis, Dnus Nuni Abbas
monasterij de Alcobatie posuit primam lapidem in fundamento Claustri
ejusdem loci. presente Dominico Dominici magistro operis dicti Claustri.
Era 1348 = A.D. 1310.
[68] It is interesting to notice that the master builder was
called Domingo Domingues, who, if Domingues was already a proper name
and not still merely a patronymic, may have been the ancestor of Affonso
Domingues who built Batalha some eighty years later and died 1402.
[69] In this cloister are kept in a cage some unhappy ravens in
memory of their ancestors having guided the boat which miraculously
brought St. Vincent's body to the Tagus.
[70] Cf. the aisle windows of Sta. Maria dos Olivaes at
Thomar.
[71] It was at Leça that Dom Fernando in 1372 announced his
marriage with Dona Leonor Telles de Menezes, the wife of João Lourenço
da Cunha, whom he had seen at his sister's wedding, and whom he married
though he was himself betrothed to a daughter of the Castilian king, and
though Dona Leonor's husband was still alive: a marriage which nearly
ruined Portugal, and caused the extinction of the legitimate branch of
the house of Burgundy.
[72] Opening off the north-west corner of the cathedral is an
apsidal chapel of about the same period, entered by a fine pointed door,
one of whose mouldings is enriched by an early-looking chevron, but
whose real date is shown by the leaf-carving of its capitals.
[73] A note in Sir H. Maxwell's Life of Wellington, vol. i.
p. 215, says of Alcobaça: 'They had burned what they could and destroyed
the remainder with an immense deal of trouble. The embalmed kings and
queens were taken out of their tombs, and I saw them lying in as great
preservation as the day they were interred. The fine tesselated
pavement, from the entrance to the Altar, was picked up, the facings of
the stone pillars were destroyed nearly to the top, scaffolding having
been erected for that purpose. An orderly book found near the place
showed that regular parties had been ordered for the purpose'
(Tomkinson, 77).
[74] There is in the Carmo Museum at Lisbon a fine tomb to Dom
Fernando, Dom Pedro's unfortunate successor. It was brought from São
Francisco at Santarem, but is very much less elaborate, having three
panels on each side filled with variously shaped cuspings, enclosing
shields, all beautifully wrought.
[75] Another trophy is now at Alcobaça in the shape of a huge
copper caldron some four feet in diameter.
[76] This site at Pinhal was bought from one Egas Coelho.
[77] Though a good deal larger than most Portuguese churches,
except of course Alcobaça, the church is not really very large. Its
total length is about 265 feet with a transept of about 109 feet long.
The central aisle is about 25 feet wide by 106 high—an unusual
proportion anywhere.
[78] Albrecht Haupt, Die Baukunst der Renaissance in
Portugal, says that 'Der Plan durchaus englisch ist (Lang-und
Querschiff fast ganz identisch mit dener der Kathedral zu Canterbury,
nur thurmlos).'
[79] This spire has been rebuilt since the earthquake of 1755,
and so may be quite different from that originally intended.
[80] In his book on Batalha, Murphy, who stayed in the abbey
for some months towards the end of the eighteenth century, gives an
engraving of an open-work spire on this chapel, saying it had been
destroyed in 1755.
[81] Huguet witnessed a document dated December 7, 1402,
concerning a piece of land belonging to Margarida Annes, servant to
Affonso Domingues, master of the works, and his name also occurs in a
document of 1450 as having had a house granted to him by Dom Duarte, but
he must have been dead some time before that as his successor as master
of the works, Master Vasquez, was already dead before 1448. Probably
Huguet died about 1440.
[82] Caspar Estaço, writing in the sixteenth century, says that
this triptych was made of the silver against which King João weighed
himself, but the story of its capture at Aljubarrota seems the older
tradition.
[83] These capitals have the distinctive Manoelino feature of
the moulding just under the eight-sided abacus, being twisted like a
rope or like two interlacing branches.
[84] The church was about 236 feet long with a transept of over
100 feet, which is about the length of the Batalha transept.
[85] She also sent the beautiful bronze tomb in which her
eldest brother Affonso, who died young, lies in the cathedral, Braga.
The bronze effigy lies on the top of an altar-tomb under a canopy upheld
by two slender bronze shafts. Unfortunately it is much damaged and
stands in so dark a corner that it can scarcely be seen.
[86] In one transept there is a very large blue tile picture.
[87] The Aleo is still at Ceuta. In the cathedral Our Lady of
Africa holds it in her hand, and it is given to each new governor on his
arrival as a symbol of office.
Memoria de D. Duarte de Menezes Terceiro conde de Viana, Tronco dos condes de Tarouca. Primeiro Capitão de Alcacer-Seguer, em Africa, que com quinhentos soldados defendeu esta praça contra cemmil Mouros, com os quaes teve muitos encontros, ficando n'elles com grande honra e gloria. Morreu na serra de Bonacofú per salvar a vida do seu rei D. Affonso o Quinto.
[89] When the tomb was moved from São Francisco, only one
tooth, not a finger, was found inside.
[90] Besides the church there is in Caminha a street in which
most of the houses have charming doors and windows of about the same
date as the church.
[92] The rest of the west front was rebuilt and the inside
altered by Archbishop Dom José de Braganza, a son of Dom Pedro ii.,
about two hundred years ago.
[93] A chapel was added at the back, and at a higher level some
time during the seventeenth century to cover in one of the statues, that
of St. Anthony of Padua, who was then becoming very popular.
[94] This winding stair was built by Dom Manoel: cf. some
stairs at Thomar.
[96] The kitchens in the houses at Marrakesh and elsewhere in
Morocco have somewhat similar chimneys. See B. Meakin, The Land of the
Moors.
[97] 'Esta fortaleza se começou a xiij dagosto de mil cccc.l.
P[N. of T. horizonal line through it] iiij por mãdado del Rey dõ Joam o
segundo nosso sõr e acabouse em tpõ del Rey dom Manoel o primeiro nosso
Sñor fela per seus mãdados dom Diogo Lobo baram dalvito.'
[98] The house of the duke of Cadaval called 'Agua de Peixes,'
not very far off, has several windows in the same Moorish style.
[99] Vilhena Barbosa, Monumentos de Portugal, p. 324.
[100]
Though the grammar seems a little doubtful this seems to
mean
Since these by service were And loyal efforts gained, By these and others like to them They ought to be maintained.
[101] One blank space in one of the corners is pointed out as
having contained the arms of the Duque d'Aveiro beheaded for conspiracy
in 1758. In reality it was painted with the arms of the Coelhos, but the
old boarding fell out and has never been replaced.
[102] Affonso de Albuquerque took Ormuz in 1509 and Gôa next
year.
[109] See in Oliveira Martims' Historia de Portugal, vol. ii.
ch. i., the account of the Embassy sent to Pope Leo ix. by Dom Manoel in
1514. No such procession had been seen since the days of the Roman
Empire. There were besides endless wealth, leopards from India, also an
elephant which, on reaching the Castle of S. Angelo, filled its trunk
with scented water and 'asperged' first the Pope and then the people.
These with a horse from Ormuz represented the East. Unfortunately the
representative of Africa, a rhinoceros, died on the way.
000 a month. He died soon after and his widow
undertook to finish his work with the help of his assistant Muñoz.
[113] See the drawing in A Ordem de Christo by Vieira
Guimarães.
[114] The last two figures look like 15 but the first two are
scarcely legible; it may not be a date at all.
[115] All the statues are rather Northern in appearance, not
unlike those on the royal tombs in Santa Cruz, Coimbra, and may be the
work of the two Flemings mentioned among those employed at Thomar,
Antonio and Gabriel.
[116] The door—notwithstanding the supposed date, 1515—was
probably finished by João after 1523.
[117] Cf. the carving on the jambs of the Allah-ud-din gate at
Delhi.
[118] Such heads of many curves may have been derived from such
elaborate Moorish arches as may be seen in the Alhambra, or, for
example, in the Hasan tower at Rabat in Morocco, and it is worth
noticing that there were men with Moorish names among the workmen at
Thomar—Omar, Mafamede, Bugimaa, and Bebedim.
[120] The inscription says: 'Aqui jaz Matheus Fernandes mestre
que foi destas obras, e sua mulher Izabel Guilherme e levou-o nosso
Senhor a dez dias de Abril de 1515. Ella levou-a a....'
[122]As Capellas Imperfeitas e a lenda das devisas Gregas.
Por Caroline Michaëlis de Vasconcellos. Porto, 1905.
[123] The frieze is now filled up and plastered, but not long
ago was empty and recessed as if prepared for letting in reliefs. Can
these have been of terra cotta of the della Robbia school? Dom Manoel
imported many which are now all gone but one in the Museum at Lisbon.
There are also some della Robbia medallions at the Quinta de Bacalhôa at
Azeitão near Setubal.
[124] J. Murphy, History of the Royal Convent of Batalha.
London, 1792.
[125] One of the first was probably the chapel dos Reys Magos
at São Marcos near Coimbra.
[127] It is no use telling a tramway conductor to stop near the
Torre de São Vicente. He has never heard of it, but if one says 'Fabrica
de Gas' the car will stop at the right place.
[128] Similar roofs cap the larger angle turrets in the house
of the Quinta de Bacalhôa near Setubal, built by Dona Brites, mother of
Dom Manoel, about 1490, and rebuilt or altered by the younger
Albuquerque after 1528 when he bought the Quinta.
[135] The university was first accommodated in Sta. Cruz, till
Dom João gave up the palace where it still is. It was after the return
of the university to Coimbra that George Buchanan was for a time
professor. He got into difficulties with the Inquisition and had to
leave.
[136] Nicolas the Frenchman is first mentioned in 1517 as
working at Belem. He therefore was probably the first to introduce the
renaissance into Portugal, for Sansovino had no lasting influence.
[137] 'To give room and licence to Dioguo de Castylho, master
of the work of my palace at Coimbra, to ride on a mule and a nag seeing
that he has no horse, and notwithstanding my decrees to the
contrary.'—Sept. 18, 1526.
[138]Vilhena Barbosa Monumentes de Portugal, p. 411.
[139] Other men from Rouen are also mentioned, Jeronymo and
Simão.
[140] The stone used at Batalha and at Alcobaça is of similar
fineness, but seems better able to stand exposure, as the front of Santa
Cruz at Coimbra is much more decayed than are any parts of the buildings
at either Batalha or Alcobaça. The stone resembles Caen stone, but is
even finer.
[141] João de Ruão also made some bookcases for the monastery
library.
[142] 'Aqui jas o muito honrado Pero Rodrigues Porto Carreiro,
ayo que foy do Conde D. Henrique, Cavalleiro da Ordem de San Tiago, e o
muyto honrado Gonzalo Gil Barbosa seu genro, Cavalleiro da Ordem deto, e assim o muito honrado seu filho Francisco Barbosa: os quaes
forão trasladados a esta sepultura no anno de 1532.'—Fr. Historia de
Santarem edificada. By Ignacio da Piedade e Vasconcellos. Lisboa
Occidental, mdccxxxx.
[143] The date 1522 is found on a tablet on Ayres' tomb, so the
three must have been worked while the chancel was being built.
[144]Les Arts en Portugal: letters to the Berlin Academy of
Arts. Paris, 1846.
[145]São Marcos: E. Biel. Porto, in A arte e a natureza em
Portugal: text by J. de Vasconcellos.
[146] There is also a fine reredos of somewhat later date in
the church of Varziella near Cantanhede not far off: but it belongs
rather to the school of the chapel dos Reis Magos; there is another in
the Matriz of Cantanhede itself.
[147] Johannis iii. Emanuelis filius, Ferdinandi nep. Eduardi
pronep. Johannis i. abnep. Portugal. et Alg. rex. Affric. Aethiop.
arabic. persic. Indi. ob felicem partum Catherinae reginae conjugis
incomparabilis suscepto Emanuele filio principi, aram cum signis pos.
dedicavitque anno mdxxxii. Divae Mariae Virgini et Matri sac.
[148] The only other object of any interest in the São Marcos
is a small early renaissance pulpit on the north side of the nave, not
unlike that at Caminha.
[149] During the French invasion much church plate was hidden
on the top of capitals and so escaped discovery.
[150] João then bought a house in the Rua de Corredoura for
80
000 or nearly £18.—Vieira Guimarães, A Ordem de Christo, p. 167.
[151] There is preserved in the Torre do Tombo at Lisbon a long
account of the trial of a 'new Christian' of Thomar, Jorge Manuel, begun
on July 15, 1543, in the office of the Holy Inquisition within the
convent of Thomar.—Vieira Guimarães, p. 179.
[152] From book 34 of João iii.'s Chancery a 'quitaçã' or
discharge given to João de Castilho for all the work done for Dom João
or for his father, viz.—'In Monastery of Belem; in palace by the
sea—swallowed up by the earthquake in 1755—balconies in hall, stair,
chapel, and rooms of Queen Catherine, chapel of monastery of São
Francisco in Lisbon, foundation of Arsenal Chapel; a balcony at Santos,
and divers other lesser works. Then a door, window, well balustrade,
garden repairs; work in pest house; stone buildings at the arsenal for a
dry dock for the Indian ships; the work he has executed at Thomar, as
well as the work he has done at Alcobaça and Batalha; besides he made a
bastion at Mazagão so strong,' etc.—Raczynski's Les Artistes
Portugais.
[153] Vieira Guimarães, A Ordem de Christo, pp. 184, 185.
[154] Foi erecta esta cap. No A.D. 1572 sed prof. E. 1810 foi
restaur E. 1848 por L. L. d'Abreu Monis. Serrão, E. Po. D Roure,
Pietra concra. Muitas Pessoas ds. cideç.
[155] Ferguson (History of Modern Architecture, vol. ii. p.
287) says that some of the cloisters at Gôa reminded him of Lupiana, so
no doubt they are not unlike those here mentioned.
[157] One chapel, that of São Martin, has an iron screen like a
poor Spanish reja.
[158] It has been pulled down quite lately. Lorvão, in a
beautiful valley some fifteen miles from Coimbra, was a very famous
nunnery. The church was rebuilt in the eighteenth century, has a dome, a
nuns' choir to the west full of stalls, but in style, except the ruined
cloister, which was older, all is very rococo.
[159] This reredos is in the chapel on the south of the Capella
Mor.
[160] This aqueduct begun by Terzi in 1593 was finished in 1613
by Pedro Fernandes de Torres, who also designed the fountain in the
centre of the cloister.
[161] It was here that Wellington was slung across the river in
a basket on his way to confer with the Portuguese general during the
advance on Salamanca.
[162] Terzi was taken prisoner at Alcacer-Quebir in 1578 and
ransomed by King Henry, who made him court architect, a position he held
till his death in 1598.
[163] Some of the most elaborate dated 1584 are by Francisco de
Mattos.
[164] It was handed over to the cathedral chapter on the
expulsion of the Jesuits in 1772.
[165] São Bento is now used as a store for drain-pipes.
[166] The Matriz at Vianna has a fifteenth-century pointed
door, with half figures on the voussoirs arranged as are the
four-and-twenty elders on the great door at Santiago, a curious
arrangement found also at Orense and at Noya.
[167] There was only one other house of this order in Portugal,
at Laveiras.
[168] Not of course the famous son of Charles v., but a son of
Philip iv.
[169] In that year from June to October 45,000 men are
inscribed as working on the building, and 1266 oxen were bought to haul
stones!
[170] The area of the Escorial, excluding the many patios and
cloisters, is over 300,000 square feet; that of Mafra, also excluding
all open spaces, is nearly 290,000.
[171] Compare also the front of the Misericordia in Oporto.