The Origin of Vertebrates

by Walter Holbrook Gaskell

Fig. 124.—Diagram constructed from a series of Transverse Sections through a Branchial Segment, showing the arrangement and relative positions of the Cartilage, Muscles, Nerves, and Blood-Vessels.

Nerves coloured red are the motor nerves to the branchial muscles. Nerves coloured blue are the internal sensory nerves to the diaphragms and the external sensory nerves to the sense-organs of the lateral line system. Br. cart., branchial cartilage; M. con. str., striated constrictor muscles; M. con. tub., tubular constrictor muscles; M. add., adductor muscle; D.A., dorsal aorta; V.A., ventral aorta; S., sense-organs on diaphragm; n. Lat., lateral line nerve; X., epibranchial ganglia of vagus; R. br. prof. VII., ramus branchialis profundus of facial; J.v., jugular vein; Ep. pit., epithelial pit.

Is this prophecy borne out by the examination of Limulus? In the first place, these muscles were dorso-ventral and segmental, and, referring back to Chapter VII., Lankester arranges the segmental dorso-ventral muscles in three groups: (1) The dorso-ventral somatic muscles; (2) the dorso-ventral appendage muscles; and (3) the veno-pericardial muscles. Of these the first group is represented in the vertebrate by the muscles which move the eye, the second group by the striated constrictor and adductor muscles and the muscles for the lower lip. There is, then, the possibility of the third group for this system of tubular muscles.

Looking first at the structure of these muscles as previously described, so different are they in appearance from the ordinary muscles of Limulus, that Milne-Edwards, as already stated, called them "brides transparentes," and did not recognize their muscular character, while Blanchard called them in the scorpion, "ligaments contractils."

Consider their attachment and their function. They are attached to the longitudinal sinus, according to Lankester's observation, in such a way that the muscle-fibres form a hollow cone filled with blood; when they contract they force this blood towards the gills, and thus act as accessory or branchial hearts. According to Blanchard, in the scorpion they contract synchronously with the heart; according to Carlson, in Limulus they contract with the respiratory muscles. In Ammocœtes, where the respiration is effected after the fashion of Limulus, not of Scorpio, the tubular muscles are respiratory in function.

Look at their limits. The veno-pericardial muscles in Limulus are limited by the extent of the heart, they do not extend beyond the anterior limit of the heart. In Fig. [70] (p. [176]) two of these muscles are seen in front of the branchial region also attached to the longitudinal venous sinus, although in front of the gill-region. In Ammocœtes the upper limit of the tubular muscles is the group found in the velum; this most anterior group belongs to a region in front of the branchial region—that of the trigeminal.

Moreover, the supposition that the segmental tubular muscles belong throughout to the veno-pericardial group gives an adequate reason why they do not occur in front of the velum; for, as their existence is dependent upon the longitudinal collecting sinus in Limulus and Scorpio, which is represented by the ventral aorta in Ammocœtes, they cannot extend beyond its limits. Now, Dohrn asserts that the ventral aorta terminates in the spiracular artery, which exists only for a short time; and, in another place, speaking of this same termination of the ventral aorta, he states: "Dass je eine vorderste Arterie aus den beiden primären Aesten des Conus arteriosus hervorgeht, die erste Anlage der Thyroidea umfasst, in der Mesodermfalte des späteren Velums in die Höhe steigt um in die Aorta der betreffenden Seite einzumunden." These observations show that the vessel which in Ammocœtes represents the longitudinal collecting sinus in the Merostomata does not extend further forwards than the velum, and in consequence the representatives of the veno-pericardial muscles cannot extend into the segments anterior to the velum. One of the extraordinary characteristics of these tubular muscles which distinguishes them from other muscles, but brings them into close relationship with the veno-pericardial group, is the manner in which the bundles of muscle-fibres are always found lying freely in a blood-space; this is clearly seen in the branchial region, but most strikingly in the velum, the interior of which, apart from its muco-cartilage, is simply a large lacunar blood-space traversed by these tubular muscles.

All these reasons point to the same conclusion: the tubular muscles in Ammocœtes are the successors of the veno-pericardial system of muscles.

If this is so, then this homology ought to throw light on the extraordinary innervation of these tubular muscles by the branchialis profundus branch of the facial nerve and the velar branch of the trigeminal. We ought, in fact, to find in Limulus a nerve arising exclusively from the ganglia belonging to the chilarial and opercular segments, which, instead of being confined to those segments, traverses the whole branchial region on each side, and gives off a branch to each branchial segment; this branch should supply the veno-pericardial muscle of that side.