The Pituitary Gland.
Turning back to the comparison of Fig. [106], B, and Fig. [106], C, which represent respectively an imaginary sagittal section through an Eurypterus-like animal and through Ammocœtes at a larval stage, all the points for comparison mentioned on p. [244] have now been discussed with the exception of the suggested homology between the coxal glands of the one animal and the pituitary body of the other.
This latter gland undoubtedly arises posteriorly to the hypophysial tube, or Rathke's pouch (as it is sometimes called), and, as already mentioned, is supposed by Kupffer to be formed from the posterior wall of this pouch. More recently, as pointed out in Haller's paper, Nusbaum, who has investigated this matter, finds that the glandular hypophysis is not formed from the walls of Rathke's pouch, but from the tissue of the rudimentary connection or stalk between the two premandibular cavities, which becomes closely connected with the posterior wall of Rathke's pouch, and becoming cut off from the rest of the premandibular cavity on each side, becomes permanently a part of the 'Hypophysis Anlage.'
The importance of Nusbaum's investigation consists in this, that he derives the glandular hypophysis from the connecting stalk between the two premandibular cavities, and therefore from the walls of the ventral continuation of this cavity on each side.
This may be expressed as follows:—
The cœlomic cavity, known as the premandibular cavity, divides into a dorsal and a ventral part; the walls of the dorsal part give origin to the somatic muscles belonging to the oculomotor nerve, while the walls of the ventral part on each side form the connecting stalk between the two cavities, and give origin to the glandular hypophysis.
Now, as already pointed out, the premandibular cavity is homologous with the 2nd prosomatic cœlomic cavity of Limulus, and this 2nd prosomatic cœlomic cavity divides, according to Kishinouye, into a dorsal and a ventral part; and, further, the walls of this ventral part form the coxal gland. Both in the vertebrate, then, and in Limulus, we find a marked glandular tissue in a corresponding position, and the conclusion is forced upon us that the glandular hypophysis was originally the coxal gland of the invertebrate ancestor. As in all other cases already considered, when the facts of topographical anatomy, of morphology and of embryology, all combine to the same conclusion as to the derivation of the vertebrate organ from that of the invertebrate, then there must be also a structural similarity between the two. What, then, is the nature of the coxal gland in the scorpions and Limulus? Lankester's paper gives us full information on this point as far as the scorpion and Limulus are concerned, and he shows that the coxal gland of Limulus differs markedly from that of Scorpio in the size of the cells and in the arrangement of the tubes. In Fig. [126], A, I give a picture of a piece of the coxal gland of Limulus taken from Lankester's paper.
Turning now to the vertebrate, Bela Haller's paper gives us a number of pictures of the glandular hypophysis from various vertebrates, and he especially points out the tubular nature of the gland and its solidification in the course of development in some cases. In Fig. [126], B, I give his picture of the gland in Ammocœtes.
The striking likeness between Haller's picture and Lankester's picture is apparent on the face of it, and shows clearly that the histological structure of the glands in the two cases confirms the deductions drawn from their anatomical and morphological positions.
