International Language, Past, Present & Future / With Specimens of Esperanto and Grammar

by Walter John Clark

-nj denotes feminine affectionate diminutives: Manjo = Polly; patrinjo (or panjo) = mamma.

-uj denotes containing or producing: inkujo = inkpot; Anglujo = England.

-ul denotes characteristic: timulo = a coward: avarulo = a miser.

[The suffix -aĉ (not in the Fundamento) is coming into use as a pejorative (= Italian -accio): ridi = to laugh; ridaĉi = to grin, sneer.]

V

table of correlative words

	Demonstrative.	Relative and Interrogative.	Negative.	Universal.	Indefinite.
Person*	tiu that	kiu who, which	neniu no one	ĉiu every, all, every one	iu some, some one
Thing*	tio that (thing)	kio what, which	nenio nothing	ĉio everything	io something
Quality	tia that kind of a	kia what kind of a	nenia no, no kind of	ĉia each, every kind of	ia any, some kind of
Time	tiam then	kiam when	neniam never	ĉiam always	iam ever, at some time
Place	tie there	kie where	nenie nowhere	ĉie everywhere	ie somewhere
Manner	tiel thus, so	kiel how	neniel in no way	ĉiel in every way	iel in some way, somehow
Motive	tial therefore	kial why	nenial for no reason	ĉial for all reasons	ial for some reason
Quantity	tiom so/as much so/as many	kiom how much how many	neniom none	ĉiom the whole amount	iom somewhat, a certain amount
Possession	ties of that	kies whose, of which	nenies nobody's	ĉies everybody's	ies somebody's

In the demonstrative column, to express "this" instead of "that," add ĉi.

*N.B.—Tiu, kiu, etc., are used in agreement with a noun expressed, even when it does not represent a person.