Byways in British Archaeology

by Walter Johnson

Abbots Bromley (Staffs.), [160], [185]
Abbotsbury (Dorset), [128] n.
Abbotsham (Devon), [345]
Aberdeen, [301]
Abinger (Surrey), mound, [62-3];
stocks, [165]
Achnacree (Argyle), [299]
Acoustic jars in churches, [446-9], [451]
Acoustic skulls in churches, [444-5], [449-51]
Addington (Kent), [46]
Addy, Mr S. O., on old Welsh courts, [64];
Touting Hills, [71];
old St Paul’s, [139];
Royal Arms in churches, [144];
theory respecting basilicas, [147-50], [151];
word “church,” [147-9];
“lord’s house,” [148];
ostiarius, [149]
Adonis, and Yuletide, [27]
Aeneas, and chariots, [429]
Aeneolithic Age, [249], [417], [419], [483]
Aerolites, in churches, [197];
superstition respecting, [198]
Aestheticism in architecture, [238-41]
Age of trees, how determined, [366-8]
Agglestone, the (Dorset), [35-6]
Ainus, burial customs of the, [247]
Aird Dhubh (mountain), [352]
Airy, Rev. W., on orientation of churches, [222], [226], [227], [233]
Aland Isles, [402]
Alciston (Sussex), [344]
Aldborough (Yorks.), [273]
Aldbourne (Wilts.), barrow, [314], [315]
Aldworth (Berks.), [374], [398]
“Ales” (= feasts), [175-9]
Alexander Severus, [422]
Alfold (Surrey), stocks, [165];
yew, [221] n.
Alfriston (Sussex), clergy house, [176];
elm, [176], [384]
Alinement of churches (see Orientation)
Allcroft, Mr A. H., on Chisbury camp, [14];
Burpham, [16];
Mediaeval earthworks, [16], [60];
defensive churches, [17];
churches near earthworks, [17];
Church Barrow, [30];
castle-mounds, [55], [67];
Cublington earthworks, [60];
mound at Walton-on-the-Hill, [67];
word “Toot,” [71];
window-slits, [116]
Allen, Grant, on grave-mounds, [260], [264];
trees on barrows, [270];
objects buried with the dead, [280], [319];
barrow burials, [320];
Evolution of the Idea of God, cited, [400]
Allen, Mr J. Romilly, on the Chi-Rho, [5];
Irish round towers, [121-2];
orientation of graves, [247];
evolution of “wheel-cross,” [269-70];
coped tombstones, [272];
burial customs of early Christians, [272], [275];
Charon’s penny, [296];
the comb in ritual, [311-12];
burial of crozier with bishops, [311-12];
chariot-burial, [430]
Allington (Kent), [75]
Alloa (Clackmannan), [275]
All Souls’ Day, [27];
Eve, [446]
Alnwick (Northumberland), [163]
Alpha Centauri, orientation to, [259]
Alphamstone (Essex), [84-6]
Altars, at East end of church, [205], [208-24];
at West end, [206], [207], [214-17]
Altar-tombs, [76], [346]
Alton (Hants.), [496]
Alvingham (Lincs.), [137]
Amber, beads in graves, [300-1];
as a charm, [301]
Amesbury (Wilts.), churchyard, [344];
discoveries at, [483]
Amulets, in graves, [298], [300];
teeth, used as, [301], [314]
Ancaster (Lincs.), [12]
Ancestor-worship, [280]
Anchitherium, [409]
Andrews, Dr C. W., on the horse, [408]
Angers (France), [447]
Anglo-Saxon remains (see under Saxon)
Animism, defined, [279];
Prof. Tylor on, [279-81]
Anketell, Rev. R. H., on Alphamstone discoveries, [85], [86]
Anne Boleyn’s Well (Surrey), [96]
Annual rings, in trees, [364], [365], [366-9]
Apostolical Constitutions, quoted, [211]
Applesham Creek (Sussex), [78]
Apsidal churches, [20], [22], [149], [213]
Arabs, and magnetic needle, [228];
burial customs, [293];
cardinal points of, [326];
and shoeing horses, [472]
Arbalest, or cross-bow, [385], [386]
Arber, Prof. E., his “English Scholar’s Library,” [244]
Archaeologia, cited, [430]
Archaeologia Cantiana, cited, [428]
Archery, British, [385-94];
statutes concerning, [389-90];
practised on the village green, [392];
traditions, [491]
Arcturus, orientation to, [259]
Arkholme (Lancs.), mound, [56], [61]
Arles (France), Council of, [2];
church of St Blaise, [447]
Arlington (Sussex), [79]
Armitage, Mrs E. S., on castle-mounds, [55]
Armour, stored in churches, [157-62];
parish, [158];
town, [158];
funeral, [159], [284];
at Repton, [159];
Darley, [159];
Mendlesham, [160];
Olaus Magnus, respecting, [161-2];
stands for, in churches, [496]
Arnold-Forster, Miss F., her Studies in Church Dedications, [234]
Arrichinaga (Spain), [29]
Arrow-heads, [283], [315], [388], [390]
Arrows, regulation of manufacture, [390]
Art, of primitive man, [411-12], [414], [420-1]
Aryans, early orientation among, [325], [328];
supposed Asiatic origin, [333], [382];
and horses, [421-2]
Ascension Day customs, [92]
Ascham, Roger, on archery, [391]
Ash (Kent), [283]
Ashburnham (Sussex), [201] n.
Ashburton (Devon), manorial courts, [137];
yew-tree, [391];
acoustic jars, [449], [450]
Ashby, Dr Thomas, explorations at Caerwent, [25]
Ashby-de-la-Zouch (Leicester), [349]
Ashford (Middlesex), [250] n.
Ashtead (Surrey), Roman camp, [11];
cedar and yew in churchyard, [384]
Ash-trees, in churchyards, [384]
Ash-Wednesday, symbolism of, [317];
and yew, [382]
Assandun, battle of, [200]
Aston, as place-name, [339]
Astronomy, early, [254], [257];
cycles, [256]
As You Like It, quoted, [460]
Athelstan, and horse-breeding, [422]
Athenaeum, cited, [4], [441]
Athenian coins, [484];
sacrifices, [484]
Atkinson, Canon J. C., on Whitby Abbey, [234], [239];
charcoal in graves, [289-90];
funeral feasts, [319];
“averils,” [320];
grave-mounds, [357]
Aubrey, John, on horseshoe custom, [157];
dancing in church, [185];
burial in a
North-and-South direction, [244];
Tandridge yew, [370-1]
Augurs, divination by the left hand, [326], [327];
by the horse, [434], [435]
Augustine, and churches, [26]
Augustus, Emperor, his villa at Capri, [198];
burial of his horse, [432]
Aurochs, the, [477]
Austen, Canon G., on Whitby Abbey, [234] n., [235]
Australia, burial customs, [247], [313], [322]
Austria, [452]
Auvergne, churches of, [216]
Avebury (Wilts.), earthwork, [13], [30];
church, [13];
Palm Sunday celebration, [194]
Avebury, Lord, on the horse, [416]
Aveley (Essex), [189]
“Averils,” or averil bread, [320]
Avisford (Sussex), [314]
Axes, made of amber, [299]
Aylesford (Kent), “urn-field,” [261];
flat-earth burials, [276];
discovery of bucket, [434]
Aysgarth (Yorks.), [259]
Baal-worship, [218], [220]
Bagshot Sands, [35], [40]
Bailey, or bailey-court, [52], [61]
Bailiff, chosen in church, [143]
Bakewell (Derby), churchyard cross, [329]
Bakewell, Robert, on shoeing oxen, [473]
Baldock (Herts.), [159]
Bale, Bishop, his Protestant plays, [183]
Bamberg (Bavaria), [27]
Bampton (Norfolk), [222]
Banquets, in churches, [178-80];
funeral, [319-21], [419]
Baptism, at the church door, [143];
St Jerome on, [220];
superstition, [331]
Barclay, E., on Stonehenge, [219]
Bards, assemblies of, [33], [98]
Bardsey (Yorks.), [59]
Barfreston (Kent), [239]
Baring-Gould, Rev. S., on holy wells of Cornwall, [96];
wheels of fortune, [202];
deflected chancels, [231];
animals suspended from trees, [443]
Barkway (Herts.), [448]
Barnet (Herts.), [344]
Barrington, Daines, on Fortingal yew, [376];
on “shelter theory,” [384]
Barrows, at Abinger, [62-3];
early respect for, [64], [83], [87];
Over Worton, [75];
Ryton, [76];
Brinklow, [76];
Speeton, [78];
Taplow, [81-2];
Ludlow, [82];
of Neolithic and Bronze Ages, [99], [249], [417];
trees planted on, [270];
discussion on word, [270-1];
objects found in, [280], [282-3], [285], [300-1], [430], [483];
fire-kindlers in, [293], [294];
fossils, [302-4], [305];
Aldbourne, [314], [315];
feasts, [320], [438];
North side of, [357];
horse in, [416], [417], [419];
oxen in, [483]
Bartholomew Anglicus, quoted, [456]
Barwick-in-Elmet (Yorks.), [59]
Basildon (Berks.), [373]
Basilica, at Southwell, [9];
Reculver, [20];
Silchester, [23];
meaning of word, [146], [151];
Roman, [148], [150];
British, [148], [213];
at Jarrow, [149];
Rome, [150], [214-15];
orientation of, [213], [214-15];
at Bosham, [495]
Bateman, T., his excavations of barrows, [416]
Battlements, [117]
Bavaria, [497]
Baye, Baron J. de, on sacrificial custom, [321]
Bayeux tapestry, and long-bow, [387];
oxen, [455]
Bayonne (France) Cathedral, [231]
Beads, in graves, [300-1], [305], [314]
Becket’s shrine, [131]
Beckett, Sir E. (Lord Grimthorpe), on orientation, [216];
acoustic jars, [447]
Beckmann, J., on shoeing horses, [470] n.
Bedale (Yorks.), [107]
Bede, the Venerable, on St Alban, [4];
St Martin’s, [20];
temple at Godmanham, [32];
Wessex, [36];
Jarrow, [43];
orientation of graves, [244], [247];
witchcraft, [397];
horse-races, [422];
story of Coifi, [436]
Beehive huts, [120]
Beeston (Norfolk), [353]
Belemnites, in barrows, [307]
Belfries, in Ireland, [120-2];
origin of word, [126-7];
horse-skulls found in, [445]
Belgium, votive offerings, [203];
caves of, [308];
burial customs, [311]
Belloc, Mr Hilaire, on Bishopstoke church, [45];
Pilgrims’ Way, [338], [339]
Bells, early, [120-2];
“thief and reever,” [138];
Mediaeval, [448];
on oxen, [462-3], [475]
Beltane fires, [403]
Beltout (Sussex), [71]
Benachie (Aberdeen), [48]
Benedictine abbeys, [329]
“Benefit of adjuration,” [354]
Bengal, grave-gifts of, [313]
Bennett, Mr F. J., on sarsens near churches, [40];
Ogbourne Maisey mound, [75]
Benson, Mr A. C., quoted, [137]
“Beowulf,” use of the word “gallows,” [68];
funeral mounds, [73];
amulets in graves, [300]
Berenger, Richard, on horseshoes, [424]
Berkeley (Glos.), detached tower, [122];
school in church porch, [154]
Berkeley, Bishop G., quoted, [333]
Berkshire, yews of, [406]
Berwick (Sussex), mound, [75-6];
dovecot, [188], [189]
Berzelius, on analysis of bone, [90]
Beverley (Yorks.) Minster, [165];
oxen, [452]
Bewcastle (Cumberland), [87]
Bible, ideas of orientation in, [217-20];
quoted, [318];
symbolism of the North, [334-5];
references to the horse, [420];
white horses, [433];
horse hoofs, [472];
oxen, [481], [487]
Bid-ales, [179]
Bields (= cattle-shelters), [68]
Bildeston (Suffolk), [155]
Binstead (I. of Wight), [49]
Birch, Mr W. de Gray, on Domesday ox-team, [458]
Birling (Kent), [40]
Birmingham, St Bartholomew’s chapel, [211]
Bishops, burial of, [312]
Bishopsgate Street (London), [247]
Bishopstoke (Hants.), [45]
Bishopstone (Sussex), position of church, [101];
sundial, [162];
chancel, [230];
churchyard, [344]
Bishops Stortford (Herts.), [418]
Bisley (Glos.), [95]
Bison, the European, [475-6]
Black Death, the, [175]
Black, Mr W. G., on yew in witchcraft, [396]
Blackmore, Mr Stephen, [80], [474]
Blashill, Mr T., on ancient agriculture, [497]
Blickling (Norfolk), [266]
Blomfield, Prof. R., on orientation, [209]
Bloomsbury (London), [207]
“Blue stones,” [35], [193]
Blunt, Mr W. S., on shoeing horses, [471-2]
Blyborough (Lincs.), [346]
Boars’ tusks in graves, [80], [83], [302], [310], [430]
Boat, model of Scandinavian, [108]
Boldre (Hants.), [384]
Bologna (Italy), [216]
Bolsterstone (Yorks.), [42]
Bolton (Lancs.), [137]
Bond, Mr F., on Southwell Cathedral, [9];
Westminster Abbey, [9], [134-5];
age of church towers, [108];
Irish round towers, [121];
size of churches, [134-5];
entasis of spires, [240]
Bone-caves, [308], [411], [417]
Bones, in churches, [198-201];
as talismans, [321]
Bonner, Mr A., on place-names, [32], [43]
Bonner, Bishop, and miracle plays, [183]
Booty, Rev. C. S., on Rudstone menhir, [43]
Borromeo, St Charles, on church-building, [241]
Bosbury (Hereford), [123]
Boscawen-ûn (Cornwall), [256]
Bos frontosus, [480]
Bosham (Sussex), Roman villa, [9], [495];
deflected chancel, [230];
pole in, [496]
Bos longifrons, [476], [478], [479], [480]
Bos primigenius, [476], [477], [479], [480]
Bos priscus, [475]
Boston (Lincs.), mayor chosen in church, [143];
discoveries at, [444]
Botontine (= surveyor’s mound), [61]
Bottesford (Lincs.), [350]
Boulder Clay, [16], [36],

[85], [110], [406]
Boundaries, barrows on, [69];
treaties concerning, [338]
“Bournes” (= intermittent springs), [96]
Bovata (= oxgang), [456]
Bow, antiquity of word, [387];
kinds of, [387-90]
Bowman, J. E., experiments on yews, [365]
Bowstaves, statutes concerning, [390], [391];
from the churchyard yew, [394]
Brabourne (Kent), [376], [379]
Bradford-on-Avon (Wilts.), [115], [171], [172]
Brading (I. of Wight), [165]
Bradwell (Essex), [23]
Brady, J., on English yew timber, [392]
Brahmans, the, and praying towards the East, [217];
respect for fossil ammonites, [307]
Braintree (Essex), [454]
Braitmaier, Miss M., on gable ornaments, [441]
Bramber (Sussex), [78]
Bramfield (Suffolk), [123]
“Brandgruben,” [276]
Brand, John, on tithe-barns, [176];
Birmingham church, [211];
vulgar rites, [243];
curious burial, [245];
funeral feasts, [319];
burial on North side, [343];
Edinburgh burial-ground, [351]
Branks (= scolds’ bridles), [163]
Branscombe (Devon), stone in churchyard, [41];
headstones, [346]
Branxton (Northumberland), [354]
Bratton Hill (Wilts.), [433], [434]
Bray, W., on church porch at Wotton, [154]
Bread, stored in churches, [173]
Breedon (Leicester), [104]
Brenchley (Kent), [52]
Brent Pelham (Herts.), stocks, [165];
deflected chancel, [230]
Brent Tor (Devon), [129]
Bretasche, or guard-house, [53]
Bride-ales, [179]
Bridgenorth (Salop), [394]
Bridlington (Yorks.), [230], [483] n.
Brigg (Lincs.), [453]
Brighston (see Brixton)
Brightlingsea (Essex), [143]
Brighton and Hove Archaeological Club, [78]
Brighton Museum, [80]
Brinklow (Warwick), [76]
Bristol, St Mary’s Redcliffe, [199]
Britain, early settlements, [105-6]
British Association, the, [403], [418], [494]
Brittany, lingering paganism in, [29];
crosses and calvaries, [37];
church superstition, [103];
dolmens, [270];
peasantry and thunderbolts, [197];
“wheels of fortune,” [202];
objects in churches, [203];
megaliths, [308];
superstitious customs, [446], [496];
“Pardons,” [482]
“Brit-Welsh” caves, [437]
Brixton (I. of Wight), [90]
Brixworth (Northants.), church, [9], [10];
church crypt, [148]
Brompton (London), [208]
Bronze Age, relics, [67], [84], [85], [99], [249], [249] n., [257], [274], [290], [311], [418], [419], [433];
moundless graves, [261];
coffins, [274], [278];
horse, [416];
rock-carvings, [421];
oxen, [477], [479], [483]
Brook (I. of Wight), [101]
Brookland (Kent), [123]
Brown, Rev. A. W., on Pytchley burials, [80]
Brown, Prof. G. Baldwin, on Romano-British churches, [5];
Reculver, [20];
Dover Castle, [20];
St Martin’s (Canterbury), [22];
Jarrow, [23];
Silchester, [24], [30];
St Martin’s (Leicester), [30];
Earl’s Barton mound, [62];
pagan sites, [99];
Lincolnshire towers, [108], [110];
Eccles- in place-names, [147];
“coenacula,” [148];
orientation of churches, [213]
Browne, Sir T., quoted, [201], [267];
on burial customs, [201], [247];
combs in graves, [311];
yew on funeral pyres, [382-3]
Brownsover (Warwick), [15]
Bruniquel (Tarn-et-Garonne), [421]
Brunne, Robert de, on funeral feasts, [319]
Brunswick, arms of, [433]
Buckland (Kent), [377]
Bucklebury (Berks.), [295]
Buick, Rev. G. R., discovery at Whitepark Bay, [418]
Bulgarian funeral custom, [318]
Bull-baiting, [179]
Bullen, Rev. R. A., on Constantine church, [41];
charcoal in graves, [289]
Bullock, use of term, 465 (see also Oxen)
Bulls, in divination, [435], [483];
in sacrifice, [481];
in folk-lore, [482], [484], [486]
Burghcastle (Suffolk), [11]
Burghead (Elgin), [299]
Burgh-on-the-Sands (Cumberland), [107]
Burgundy, burial custom, [296]
“Burh,” meaning of term, [55]
Burham (Kent), [4]
Burial customs, survivals in, [268-323], [490]
Burial feasts, [319-21], [419]
Burial-grounds, ancient, near Christian churches, [83-6], [262]
Burials, in East-and-West position, [80], [83], [243-9], [352];
North-and-South, [244-5], [246];
in barrows, [249-51], [357];
facing the sun, [249-52];
in cemeteries, [262], [263];
in churchyards, [262], [353];
in church, [262];
in upright position, [266];
on hills, [266-7];
without coffins, [271];
in woollen, [278-9];
of unbaptized persons, [302], [351];
of suicides, [351], [352], [357-9];
in open fields, [359]
Burials Bill, 1899, [341]
Burial Service, the, [315], [318];
modified, [341]
Burke, Edmund, quoted, [342]
Burlingham St Andrew (Norfolk), [348]
Burnham-on-Crouch (Essex), [344]
Burn, J., his Parish Registers, cited, [352]
Burns, Robert, quoted, [457]
Burnsall (Yorks.), [165];
font, [434]
Burpham (Sussex), [15], [443] n.
Burrington Camp (Somerset), [258]
Burrowes, Stephen, his voyages, [228]
Burrows, Mr H. A., on fossil teeth, [308]
Bury Fields (Bucks.), [61]
Bury St Edmunds (Suffolk), [139]
Butler, A. J., on Coptic churches, [221]
Butler, Bishop, quoted, [346], [360]
Butts, near churchyard, [353];
shooting at, [386];
repair of, [391]
Byzantine architecture, [215]
Cabot, Sebastian, [199]
Caddington (Beds.), [41]
Caer Capel (Denbigh), [104]
Cae’r Hen Eglwys (Glamorgan), [31]
Caerleon-on-Usk (Monmouth), [422]
Caerwent (Monmouth), [25]
Caesar, on British camps, [89] n.;
on the yew, [362];
British chariots, [421], [422];
the urus, [477];
the Ides of March, [482]
Caister (Norfolk), [11]
Caistor (Lincs.), Roman camp, [12];
springs, [12], [97]
Calcined flints, [292]
Calendar, alteration of, [226];
Julian [254]
Caligula, and his horse, [439]
Calleva Atrebatum (= Silchester), [23]
Calvaries of Brittany, [37]
Camberwell (London), [206]
Camborne (Cornwall), [37]
Cambridge, round church, [99];
Emmanuel College, [208];
prehistoric bowstave, [388]
Camden, W., on Essex custom, [443]
Camels, shoeing of, [470]
Campanile, use of, [121];
of old St Paul’s, [148]
Cam valley, the, [468]
Candles, in graves, [295]
Canewdon (Essex), bone in church, [199-200];
battle, [200];
name, [201]
Canterbury, churches, [20];
Becket’s shrine, [192];
alinement of cathedral, [230]
Canute, his battle with Edmund Ironsides, [200]
Cape Colony, [452]
Capel Garmon (Denbigh), [104]
Capella, orientation to, [221], [259]
Capri (Italy), [198]
Cardinal points, folk-lore of the, [324-59];
symbolism, [324-59], [404];
Heylyn’s description, [333-4];
in place-names, [339-40]
Carew, Richard, on Cornish oxen, [457];
names of oxen, [486]
Carnac (France), Mont St Michel, [129];
blessing of oxen, [446];
“Pardon,” [482];
discovery at, [482]
Carnarvon, circular churchyards of, [99];
burial at, [312]
Carshalton (Surrey), [96]
Cartailhac, M. É., on the domestication of the horse, [415]
Carthaginians, and temple of Juno, [442]
“Carucata,” meaning discussed, [456]
Castle Acre (Norfolk), [12]
Castles, early, [51-5];
keeps compared with church towers, [107];
mounds, [51-63], 67 (see Moated Mounds)
Cataclew stone, [41]
Caterham (Surrey), position of church, [101];
churchyard, [344]
Cativolcus, poisoned by yew, [362]
Cattle, in the church and churchyard, [186-8];
and yew leaves, [362], [385];
breeds, [453], [455];
Park, [476], [477], [478];
long-horned and short-horned, [478-9];
polled, [479];
black, [480], [483]
(see also Oxen)
Caumont, M. de, on deflection of chancels, [231]
Cave period, [414], [437];
men of, [439-40]
Caves, of France, [308], [411], [412];
of England, [412];
of Spain, [497]
Caythorpe (Lincs.), [240]
Cedars, in churchyards, [384]
Celchyth, Council of, [437]
Celtic burials, [276], [299];
horse cult, [433], [441];
pottery, [449], [450]
Celtic shorthorn, [476], [479-80]
Celts, chariots of the, [421-2]
Celts (= stone implements), [79-80], [197], [298], [302]
Cemeteries, ancient, [83-6], [262], [299], [353], [354]
Centaurs, the, [419]
Century Dictionary, cited, [363]
Cerithium (= fossil shell), [308]
Cerne Abbas (Dorset), [96], [427]
Ceylon, [309], [452]
Chadwell St Mary (Essex), [50]
Chagford (Devon), [175]
Chained books, in churches, [164]
Chaldon (Surrey), [101]
Chalk (Kent), [9]
Chalk coffin, [351]
Chambers, Mr E. K., his Mediaeval Stage referred to, [180];
evolution of ritual and miracle plays, [181-2], [183]
Chancels, at East end of church, [205-11];
at West end, [206], [207];
“twisted” or deflected, [229-38], [242], [334];
and rebuilding of church, [233-4], [235]
Chapel Carn Brea (Cornwall), [78]
Charcoal, in graves, [287], [289-91], [292-3]
Chariots, burial of, [276], [429], [430], [431];
early use, [419], [421];
British, [421];
the Latin word discussed, [422]
Charlemagne, [263]
Charms, teeth, [302], [305];
yew, [396], [397], [399]
Charon’s penny, [296]
Chart (Kent), [167]
Chartley (Staffs.), [477], [478]
Charvais (France), [248]
Chatham (Kent), [206], [459] n.
Chaucer, his Wife of Bath quoted, [156]
Chauncy, Sir H., on orientation, [223]
Chedworth (Glos.), [5]
Cheltenham (Glos.), [154]
Cheriton (Hants.), mound, [74];
spring, [74], [96]
Cheriton (Kent), [128]
Chertsey (Surrey), [344]
Cheshire, scolds’ bridles in, [163]
Chesterfield (Derby), [199]
Chester-le-Street (Durham), [12]
“Chestnuts” of the horse, [411]
Chests, church, [168-70], [199], [200]
Chichester cathedral, [312] n.
Childeric I, tomb of, [424]
Chillingham Park (Northumberland), cattle of, [476], [477]
Chilswell Hill (Oxford), [195]
Chilworth (Surrey), [131], [269]
China, and magnetic needle, [228];
burial custom in, [296];
and eclipses, [397]
Chipstead (Surrey), alinement of graves, [230];
deflected chancel, [245];
yew, [377], 379- [405]
Chi-Rho monogram, [5], [6], [24]
Chisbury (Wilts.), [14]
Chislehurst, mound in churchyard, [76-8], [260];
cockpit, [190];
tombstones, [344]
Cholesbury (Bucks.), [15]
Chollerton (Northumberland), [7]
Christchurch (Hants.), [154]
Christian cemeteries, early, [80], [247-8], [262], [290]
Christianity, early British, [2-3], [23-4], [26], [63], [437], [438], [446];
compromises of, [26-9], [399], [437];
“social theory” of, [133];
burial customs of, [246], [262], [263], [272], [274], [275], [277], [311-12], [316], [317]
Christian Malford (Wilts.), [33]
Christison, Dr D., [365], [371], [374]
Christison, Sir R., on yew-trees, [365], [371], [372], [374], [375];
on Fortingal yew, [375]
Christmas, originally a pagan festival, [27];
dancing at, [185];
evergreens at, [402];
tradition respecting oxen, [486]
“Christ’s Book,” [168]
“Church,” etymology of the word, [145-7];
Greek and Latin equivalents, [146];
Teutonic and Celtic equivalents, [146-7]
Church-ales, [175-9]
Church armour, [158]
Church Barrow, Cranborne Chase, [30]
Church Bottom (Cambs.), [30]
Church, chancel, [140], [170-1] (see also Chancels)
Church chests, [168-70]
Church doors, [143], [156];
position of, [328], [348]
Churchdown (Glos.), [103], [104]
Churches, on pagan sites, [1-100], [444], [488];
early Christian, in Britain, [2], [23];
of wattle, [3], [23];
Roman materials in, [4], [5], [495];
on sites of Roman villas, [6-9];
in Roman camps, [11-13];
near earthworks, [13-18];
removed by fairies or demons, [17];
near stone-circles, [28], [29] n., [45-8], [86];
near sarsens and megaliths, [34-49], [104];
near moated mounds, [55-63];
near Toot Hills, [60], [69-72];
near barrows, [74-83];
near early cemeteries, [83-6];
near holy wells, [92-7];
round, [99];
on hills, [101-4];
used as beacons, [127-32];

naves of, [132], [154], [170-1], [173], [183];
daily services in, [135];
courts held in, [136-40];
notices on doors, [143-4];
Royal Arms in, [144];
crypts of, [148], [150];
schools in porches of, [152-5];
armour stored in, [157], [159], [160];
dials on walls, [162], [164];
chained books in, [164];
weather-cocks on, [164];
records kept in, [168-70];
Court Rolls kept in, [168-70];
storage of wills in, [170];
of goods, [171-3];
markets held in, [173-4];
banquets, [178-80];
plays held in, [182-3];
animals admitted into, [186-7];
dovecots in, [188], [189];
cock-fighting in, [190];
dedications of, [191], [192];
aerolites and fossils in, [197-9];
eggs in, [202];
wheels of fortune, [202];
orientation of, [205-42];
standing North and South, [206], [207], [208];
supposed development from basilica, [215];
of Norfolk, [222];
of Hants., [222];
of Herts., [223];
deflected chancels of, [229-41];
burial in, [262];
hatchments in, [284];
position with respect to churchyard, [348-9];
“giant’s staff,” [496]
Church fabric, secular uses, [101-204], [488-9];
tower, [107-18], [122-5];
nave, [132];
doors, [143], [404];
porch, [143], [152-60];
protection afforded by, [169-70];
repair of, [170]
Church fonts, [7], [434]
Church-gift, custom, [156]
Church-house, armour stored in, [159], [160];
uses of, [175-6], [178-9];
leases respecting, [178]
Church, nave of, [132], [154], [170-1], [173], [183]
Church porch, baptisms and weddings in, [143];
schools, [152-5];
fireplaces, [154];
galleries, [155];
business, [155-6];
stirrup stones, [157];
armour, [157], [159], [160]
Church towers, defensive, [107-18], [122-5], [150];
Saxon, [9], [10], [13], [62], [108-11], [117];
of Lincolnshire, [108-11];
of Gower, [112-13];
of Pembroke, [113-15];
comparison with castle keeps, [115-18];
detached, [122-3];
horse-skulls in, [445]
Churchwardens, civil functions of, [142], [157];
and protection of the church and churchyard, [157];
published accounts of, [175], [184], [380], [391], [394];
and church-ales, [176];
responsibility for churchyard, [187]
Churchyards, showing false appearance of fortification, [16], [88-91];
raised, [90-1], [372];
circular, [97-8];
meetings in, [139-40];
stocks in, [165];
plays performed in, [182], [183];
markets in, [191-2];
sports in, [196-7];
burials in, [261], [262-3];
yews, [328], [348];
North side disliked, [335];
burials on North side of, [341-52];
with North side wanting, [344];
with South side wanting, [344];
position with regard to the church, [348-9];
unconsecrated, [343], [352];
as playgrounds, [352];
butts erected in, or near, [353];
unenclosed, [354-6];
yews, [360-407];
and shelter trees, [383]
Cicero, cited, [70]
Cidaris (= fossil echinoderm), [307]
Cimbrians, the, and the brazen bull, [482]
Cinerary urns, [84], [85]
Cinque Ports, the, [137]
“Cippi” (= stocks), [167]
Cirencester (Glos.), [288]
Cists, at Alloa, [275];
in burials, [277]
City churches, and their parishes, [235]
Civil War, use of mounds during the, [57];
churches used as fortresses during, [118], [496]
“Clachan,” [49]
Clapham (Bedford), church tower, [111];
re-dedication of church, [233]
Clapham (Sussex), [356] n.
Clare, Lord, and oxen, [454]
Clark, Mr G. T., on moated mounds, [54], [55];
Earl’s Barton mound, [62];
Irish round towers, [121]
Clay-with-Flints, [303]
Clee (Lincs.), church tower, [110];
walnut tree in churchyard, [384]
Cleethorpes (Lincs.), [110]
Clerk-ales, [179]
Clerkenwell (London), spring, [96]
Cleveland (Yorks.), burial customs, [291], [295]
Cley Hill (Wilts.), [194]
Cloictechs (= belfries), [120]
Cloisters, position of, [329-30]
Clovelly (Devon), [496]
Clungunford (Salop), [180]
Clynnog (N. Wales), [482]
Cobbett, William, on raised churchyards, [91];
size of churches, [133]
Cobham (Kent), [45]
Cochet, M. L’Abbé, on acoustic jars, [447]
Cockerington (Lincs.), [137]
Cock-fighting, in churches, [190]
“Coenacula” (= upper rooms), [148]
Coffins, use of, [271-7];
stone, [271-2], [309];
wooden, [271], [272];
leaden, [271], [273], [274] n.;
of tree trunks, [273], [274], [275];
objects placed in, [309];
filled with shells, [309];
of chalk, [351]
Coifi, destruction of heathen temple by, [436]
Coins, placed in graves, [274], [295-8], [310];
early British, [434];
Athenian, [481]
Coke, Lord, on agriculture, [468]
Colchester, Museum, [84];
Archdeaconry of, [187];
leaden coffins at, [272], [273]
Coldred (Kent), [15]
Coleshill (Warwick), [353]
Coliseum, the (Rome), [451]
“Collis Credulitatis,” [65]
Columbaria, or culver-houses, [188]
Combs, in graves, [310-11]
Compass, early use of mariner’s, [228];
points of, as determined by the Arabs and Eskimos, [326]
Conciones (= assemblies), [383], [403]
Congress of Archaeological Societies, on earthworks, [14]
Conington, Prof. J., on the Carthaginians, [442]
Consistory Courts, [138-9]
Constantine (Cornwall), ruined church, [31], [41]
Constantine, Emperor, [2], [274]
Constantinople, [186]
Continuity, of tradition, [3], [86], [106];
of sites, [3], [10], [23], [42], [80], [86-7], [95], [99];
in burial customs, [279], [313], [317]
Conulus (= fossil echinoderm), [303]
Conway, Mr M. C., on Lord Palmerston’s funeral, [310]
Conwenz, Prof. H., on “yew” in place-names, [403]
Coombe (Sussex), [78]
Coote, H. C., on yew superstitions, [399]
Copenhagen, siege of, [439]
Copenhagen (= Wellington’s horse), [432]
Coppes (= stocks), [167]
Coptic churches, [220]
Corbett, Mr W. I., on shoeing oxen, [468]
Corbridge (Northumberland), [107]
Cordiner, C., on Benachie church, [48]
Corfe Castle (Dorset), [52], [53]
Corhampton (Hants.), mound, [74];
sundial, [162]
Corn, burnt on graves, [318]
Corn gods, [318], [436], [440] n.
Corn spirit (see under Corn gods)
Cornwall, crosses of, [36], [46-7];
megaliths, [48], [253], [308];
holy wells, [92], [96-7];
churches with double dedications, [234];
prehistoric monuments, [253], [256];
burial custom, [310];
teeth superstition, [322];
use of oxen in, [457], [486]
Coronation Stone, the, [43]
Coulsdon (Surrey), [101]
Councils, of Arles, [2];
Milan, [212];
Celchyth, [437]
Countisbury (Devon), [345]
County Courts, [136]
Court of Arches, [138]
Courts, held in churches, [65], [136-8], [140];
rolls of, kept in churches, [168]
Coventry, St Michael’s church, [230];
St Mary’s church, [230]
Coverdale, Miles, on symbolism of cardinal points, [337-8]
Cowries, [296], [308]
“Cow-souls” (= shells in Lappish graves), [309]
Cox, Mr J., chipped celt, [80]
Cox, Dr J. C., on Hathersage earthwork, [16];
Abinger mound, [63];
church armour, [159], [284];
plays in churches, [181], [183];
secular drama, [183];
horn dancers, [185];
deflection in churches, [235], [236]
Crag (geological formation), [308]
Cranborne Chase, barrow, [30];
discoveries in, [105], [296];
yews, [392], [403];
horseshoes, [424], [428]
Crawley, Mr A. E., his Idea of the Soul, cited, [282]
Creçy (France), [389]
Cremation, early, [260], [275];
disuse of, [275-6], [277];
Macrobius on, [276];
ceremonies, [290], [316]
Cressets, on churches, [162]
Crinan (Argyle), [299]
Cro-Magnon (France), [415]
Cromlech, use of term, [28], [34];
near churches, [45], [48], [49];
theories concerning, [98], [253-8];
as places of assembly, [98];
developments from, [270]
(see also Stone-circles)
Cronks (= toot-hills), [71]
Crooke, Mr W., on research, [494]
Cross-bow, antiquity of, [385-9];
description, [387];
later history, [389-90]
Crosses, of Devon and Cornwall, [36];
Bewcastle, [87];
evolution of, [270];
wooden, [312], [347];
churchyard, [328], [348];
Bakewell, [329];
preaching, [353];
symbolism, [357], [358]
Crossing, Mr W., on crosses of Dartmoor, [36]
Cross-roads, burials at, [357-9]
Crowhurst (Surrey), [377], [378], [404]
Crowhurst (Sussex), [377]
Crowle (Lincs.), [165]
Croyland (Lincs.), [480]
Crozier, in graves, [312]
Crypts, [148], [150], [216] n.
Crystal balls, in Saxon graves, [299-300]
Cublington (Bucks.), [59]
Cudham (Kent), [101]
Cues, [471], [472-3]
Cult of the horse, the, [408-51]
Cultivation, ancient, [460], [497]
Culver-houses, [188]
Cupar-Angus (Perth), [12]
Cuxton (Kent), [4]
Cybele, image of, [198]
Cycles, in astronomy, [256]
Cymbeline, quoted, [246]
Cypress, the, in Greece, [383];
Rome, [383];
in English churchyards, [384];
in Southern Europe, [401]
Cyrus, king of the Persians, [433]
Czechs, burial custom of the, [287]
Dale, Mr W., on Mottestone menhir, [45];
Twyford stones, [45]
Danby-in-Cleveland (Yorks.); charcoal in graves, [289];
funeral feasts, [319];
burial-mounds, [357]
Dancing, in churches, [183-5];
at Easter, [185];
at Christmas, [185]
Danes, and white horses, [435];
and horseflesh, [439]
Danes’ Graves, [71], [261]
Daniel, praying towards Jerusalem, [218]
Danish invasion, in Yorkshire, [108];
in Lincolnshire, [108-11];
in Ireland, [122];
and Irish round towers, [122];
in Essex, [200]
Darenth (Kent), [428], [429]
Darley (Derby), armour stored in church, [159];
yew-tree, [369], [376], [403];
British dwellings, [403]
David, his cavalry and chariots, [420]
Dawkins, Prof. W. Boyd, on horse remains in caves, [417-18];
long-horned cattle, [479]
Dawns Mên (Cornwall), [256]
Day spring, day star, [220]
De Candolle, Augustin de, on age of yews, [364], [365], [366], [368], [369], [371], [375];
his Physiologie végétale, [370];
Fortingal yew, [375];
Brabourne yew, [376];
Fountains yew, [377]
Deccan, meaning of the word, [326]
Declination of magnetic needle, [228]
Deddington (Oxford), [272] n.
Dedication festivals, [191], [192]
Dedications of churches, to St Michael, [129];
lost, [191];
connection with alinements, [209], [225-6], [227], [234-5];
double, [234-5]
Defensive towers, [107-18], [150]
Deflected chancels, theories concerning, [232-9];
and rebuilding of church, [232-4], [237];
and double dedications, [234-5];
symbolism of, [235-7];
aesthetical explanation, [238-41]
Defoe, Daniel, on carriage oxen, [484], [484] n.
De Groot, J. J. M., on Chinese burial custom, [296]
De Henley (see Walter de Henley)
Deiseal, the, [330]
Dekker, Thomas, on the yew, [382]
De Montfaucon, Father B., on ancient gem, [318];
early horseshoe, [424], [424] n.
Denbighshire, circular churchyards of, [99]
Denford (Northants.), [448]
Denmark, horse sacrifices in, [435];
acoustic jars found in, [447]
Dentalium (= marine shell), [308]
Denton (Sussex), [345]
Derbyshire, church quarrel, [187];
teeth superstition, [322]
Deritend (Birmingham), [211]
Detached towers, [122-3]
Devenish (Fermanagh), [118], [119]
Devil’s Door, [18], [331], [332], [336];
Dykes, [18];
Highways, [18];
Nightcap, [36]
Devon, crosses of, [36];
church towers of, [118];
tombstones, [275];
teeth superstition, [322];
skull superstition, [444];
oxen, [454]
Dexter, dexterous, meaning of, [326], [327]
Diabolism, [18], [83], [103]
Dials (see Sundials)
Diana, supposed temple in London, [43];
image of, [198]
Didron, M. É., on acoustic jars, [447]
Diocletian persecution, the, [274]
Dionysos, and Yule-tide, [27]
Ditchling (Sussex), use of oxen, [455];
shoeing of oxen, [469], [473]
Dithmar, Bishop of Mersburg, [435]
Divination, [327], [402], [434], [435]

Dode (Kent), [40]
Dog, domestication of the, [415]
Dogs, in churches, [189-90]
“Dog-souls” (= shells in Lappish graves), [309]
Dog tongs, [169], [190]
Dog-whippers, [189], [190]
Dolmens, [28], [34];
developments from, [270]
Domesday Book, place-names, [33], [45];
and traditions, [375];
respecting yews, [375], [377];
horseshoes, [426];
oxen, [455-6], [458]
Dominicum, meaning of word, [147]
Domville, Silas (see Taylor, Silas)
Donative (= church outside episcopal jurisdiction), [132]
Donington (Salop), [95]
Donner-stral (= thunder-stone), [198]
Doom-rings (= stone-circles), [65]
Dooms, over church gateways, [336]
Doors, church, notices on, [143];
baptisms at, [143];
marriages at, [143], [156];
position of, [348], [349]
Doorward, the, [149]
Dorchester (Dorset), [402];
Roman ash-pits, [468]
Dorset, burials, [264], [288], [307];
employment of oxen in, [452], [454], [458]
Douglas, J., his Nenia Britannica, [288], [289], [307];
fossil belemnites, [307]
Doulting (Somerset), [95]
Dovecots, in churches and churchyards, [188]
Dover Castle, church at, [19], [20];
pharos, [19], [20]
Down (Kent), [101]
Downton (Wilts.), moot-hill, [64];
horse-burial, [431]
Doyle, Sir A. Conan, quoted, [391]
Drax, Col., on fossils found in Dorset barrow, [307]
Drontheim (Norway), [433]
Droxford (Hants.), [250] n.
Druids, and the Agglestone, [36];
circles of, [98];
as astronomers, [254], [257];
and yew-trees, [400], [401];
persistence of, [402]
Dryburgh (Berwick), [372]
Dryden, on the yew, [382];
translation of Virgil, [442]
Duddingston (Midlothian), [157]
Duddo (Northumberland), [426]
Duff, Sir Mountstuart Grant, on Burgundian burial custom, [296]
Dufour, M. L’Abbé V., translation of Keysler, [435] n., [438];
on horseflesh, [438-9]
Duggleby Howe (Yorks.), [66]
“Dug-out” coffins, [275], [278]
Duguesclin, Bertrand, burial of, [431]
Duloe (Cornwall), [48]
“Dumb borsholder” (= court mace), [167], [496]
Dun Cow of Warwick, [199], [485]
Dungiven (co. Derry), [93]
Dunsfold (Surrey), [221] n.
Dunsley (Yorks.), [289]
Dunstable Downs (Beds.), [303]
Dunston pillar (Lincoln), [130]
Dupont, M., on shells found in caverns, [308]
Durandus, on eggs in churches, [202];
on word “temple,” [210-11];
orientation of churches, [211], [224], [226];
editors of, [231];
orientation of graves, [243];
charcoal in graves, [291], [292];
evergreens at funerals, [291] n., [323];
reading of the Gospel, [337];
burial out of sanctuary, [353], [353] n.;
graveyards, [353]
Durham, cathedral, court held in, [138];
St Cuthbert’s grave, [311];
Abbey, [459]
Dymond, Mr C. W., on Stanton Drew circle, [46]
Earle, John, quoted, [268]
Earl’s Barton (Northants.), [62]
Early Iron Age, [248], [249], [257], [261], [283], [312], [429], [433], [483]
Earth-burial (see Inhumation)
“Earth-to-earth,” discussion of phrase, [315-16]
Earthwork of England, cited, [14]
Earthworks, churches near, [13-18];
classification, [14], [15], [16], [495];
Mediaeval, [16], [60], [89];
fairs held in, [193];
sports in, [193-4];
superstitions concerning, [195-6];
alinement of, [252], [258-9]
Easington (Yorks.), [274]
East, prayer towards the, [212], [214], [217];
orientation to, [214-24];
symbolism respecting, [217], [224];
Welsh superstition, [246];
as cardinal point, [326], [327];
in place-names, [339], [340]
East-and-West burial, [80], [83], [243-9]
(see also Orientation)
East Bedfont (Middlesex), [384]
East Blatchington (Sussex), [79]
Eastbourne (Sussex), [430]
East Cardinham (Cornwall), [37]
East Dean (Sussex), discovery at, [80];
church tower, [125]
East Dereham (Norfolk), [97]
Easter, feasts, [180], [255];
Passion Plays, [180-1];
dances, [185];
eggs, [202]
East Harling (Norfolk), [448]
East Ilsley (Berks.), [454]
Eastville (Lincs.), [206]
East Wellow (Hants.), [201]
Ebchester (Durham), [12]
Ecclesfield (Yorks.), name, [147];
church porch, [155];
burial on North side, [342]
Eccleshall (Staffs.), [147]
Ecclesia, meaning of word, [146], [148];
in place-names, [147]
Ecclesiastes, cited, [337]
Eccleston (Cheshire), [82] n.
Eccleston (Lancs.), [147]
Echinocorys ovatus, [303]
Echinoderms, fossil, [302-4], [309]
Echternach (Luxembourg), [185]
Eclipses, [397]
Eddas, the, cited, [328]
Edenbridge (Kent), [425], [426]
Edgar, injunction of, [187]
Edinburgh, graveyard, [351];
Bristol Street meeting-house, [445]
Edlingham (Northumberland), [107]
Edlington (Lincs.), [157]
Edmund Ironsides, battle with Canute, [200]
Edward the Confessor, [108]
Edward VII, funeral of, [432]
Efenechtyd (Denbigh), [98]
Eggs, in churches, [202];
Easter, [202]
Egypt, churches of, [220];
temples of, [221-2], [239], [254];
the horse in, [420];
horse-head custom, [440];
paintings on sepulchres, [481];
ox-worship, [484]
Eisteddfod, its aims, [98];
stone-circles erected at, [98], [256]
Ekkehard, the Younger, grace written by, [438]
Elkstone (Glos.), [188]
Elms, experiment on, [366-7];
in churchyards, [384], [385]
Elsdon (Northumberland), [445], [446]
Elton, Mr C. I., on amber ornaments, [301];
hive bees in Ireland, [395]
Ely cathedral, market in, [192];
deflection, [230]
Enclosure Act, of 1811, [141]
Encrinites, fossil, [308]
Enfield Chase, [162]
English Dialect Dictionary, quoted, [473]
Enisheim (Alsace-Lorraine), [198]
Entasis, of spires, [239], [240]
Eocene ancestors of the horse, [408-9]
Eostre (deity), [195]
Epistle, the, read from South side, [337]
Epworth (Lincs.), [342]
Equinoxes, orientation at, [211], [222], [229], [237], [241], [256], [258]
Equus, genus, [411];
prejevalskii, [413], [416];
caballus, [417]
Esgor, Welsh church of, [398]
Eskimos, and the points of the compass, [326]
Essex, Roman remains in church walls, [4];
animals in churches and churchyards, [186], [187];
oxen, [454]
Ethelbert, conversion of, [26]
Evans, Sir A. J., on cremation and inhumation, [276]
Evans, Sir J., on tumulus in Flanders, [283];
perforated hammer from Wiltshire, [305];
Saxon necklace, [307];
Roman cross-bow, [387]
Evelyn, John, taught in a church porch, [153];
on Emmanuel College, Cambridge, [208];
funeral custom, [310];
Woldingham church, [355];
Brabourne yew, [376];
Scottshall yew, [378]
Evergreens, at funerals, [291] n., [323];
on graves, [400]
Eversley (Hants.), [345]
Evesham (Worcester), [122]
Evolution of the English House, cited, [71]
Evolution of Irish round towers, [120]
Ewart, Prof. H. Cossar, on the ancestry of the horse, [408];
cave horses, [413];
wild horses, [418] n.
Excommunicated persons, burial of, [351]
Exeter, St Mary Major, [9], [206];
Synod of, [140], [196], [383]
Eynesford (Kent), [38], [272]
Ezekiel, and the sun-worshippers, [218]
“Facing the sun theory,” [249-52]
Fairford (Glos.), [288]
Fairies, [103], [104], [106], [196]
Fairs, miracle plays performed at, [183];
dates of, [191];
held in earthworks, [193];
and Gorsedds, [193];
of the “May-Year,” [193];
near yew-trees, [404]
Fairwell (Staffs.), [448]
“Fairy loaf” (= fossil echinoderm), [303]
Fairy’s Toot (Staffs.), [71]
Fairy tales, [440]
Falmer (Sussex), position of church, [101];
churchyard, [344];
oxen employed at, [454], [455]
Faringdon, or Farington (Hants.), [344]
Faversham (Kent), [79]
“Feld-cirice” (= field-church), [354]
Fergusson, J., on Mediaeval municipal buildings, [137];
orientation of churches, [213], [215], [216];
development of early churches, [215];
on St Ouen, [237]
Fermanagh (Ireland), [361]
Ferrara (Italy), [216]
Ferring (Sussex), [496]
Festivals, pagan, [27], [195], [255], [435];
plural, for one saint, [225-6]
Fewston (Yorks.), [52]
Ffynnon Baglan (Carnarvon), [94]
Ffynnon Beris (Carnarvon), [94]
“Fig Sunday” (= Palm Sunday), [194]
Fiji, burial customs, [247]
Fimber (Yorks.), [78]
Finglas (co. Dublin), [395]
Finmark, [228]
Finns, burial custom, [429]
Finntann, and the king of Tara, [402]
Fire-engines, in churches, [163]
Fire-kindlers, in barrows, [285-6], [293], [294], [313]
Fireplaces, in churches, [154], [188]
Fitzherbert, Sir Anthony, on ox-bows, [462];
beef as food, [466];
comparison of horse and ox, [466];
shoeing horses and oxen, [470], [471]
Fitzstephen (see William Fitzstephen)
Flanders, tumulus in, [283]
Fleming, J., on hippo-sandals, [428]
Fletcher, Mr H. P., on orientation, [209]
Flint, implements, in churchyards, [79], [80];
in barrows, [283];
chips, in graves [285-6], [291-3];
in Saxon and British barrows, [285], [305], [315];
works, [375]
Flintshire, circular churchyards of, [99]
Florence Court yew, [361]
Flowers, on graves, [322-3]
Fluor spar, in graves, [308]
Folk-lore, respecting isolated churches, [17], [103-4], [106];
thunderbolts, [197], [198];
Welsh, [246];
concerning the East, [246];
Scandinavian, [246];
objects in graves, [294-8], [300];
funeral coins, [295-7];
amber, [300-2];
fossils, [302-4], [308];
teeth, [321-2];
of the cardinal points, [324-59], [404];
burial on the North side, [342], [343], [352];
yew, [396-9];
Sclavonic, [397];
of horse, [438], [439];
of horse-skulls, [440-1], [442];
oxen, [473], [475], [481]
Folk-memory, concerning graves, [86], [87], [320];
and treasure, [87];
and the Danes, [108], [120];
Civil War, [118];
squints, [149];
earthworks, [194];
church customs, [203], [489];
orientation of graves, [252], [259], [490];
burial of coins, [296];
determination of one’s position, [326];
churchyard yew, [360], [396], [490-1];
and horseshoes, [427];
horse-burial, [431];
horse-skulls, [444];
acoustic jars, [451];
ploughing oxen, [475], [492];
general conclusions, [488-94]
Folk-moots, at megaliths, [34], [63];
in stone-circles, [34], [66];
at mounds, [64];
in churches, [66], [148];
of Saxons, [167];
and sacrifices, [438]
Food, offered to weapons, [285]
Ford (Northumberland), [426], [427]
Ford (Sussex), [345]
Fordington (Dorset), [80] n.
Forel, Prof. F., [249] n.
Fortingal, or -gale (Perth), [375-6], [379], [403]
Fortuna, goddess, [202]
Forum, at Silchester, [25]
Fossils, at Little Coates, [72];
in churches, [197], [199];
in graves, [302-8]
Foulis, Mr W. A., on Inchlonaig, [392] n.
Foundation sacrifices, [83], [444]
Fountains Abbey (Yorks.), yews of, [377];
acoustic jars, [448]
Fox, Mr G. E., on basilica at Silchester, [24]
Fox’s skull, on door, [443];
paws, [443] n.
Fraipoint, M. J., on domestication of the horse, [415]
Frampton (Dorset), [5]
Frampton (Lincs.), [309]
France, church porches, [143];
orientation, [210];
statue-menhirs, [268];
caves of, [308];
burial customs, [311];
sale of horseflesh, [439];
oxen, [452]
Francis, Mr J., on Pirton church, [41]
Frankfort-on-the-Main, [126]
Frankish burials, [283], [285], [290];
burial of chariots, [429];
oxen, [484]
Frazer, Prof. J. G., on burial customs, [251], [319], [358];
on animism, [280];
Totemism and Exogamy, cited, [281], [436];
Golden Bough, cited, [400];
harvest customs, [436];
Athenian sacrifices, [484];
Egyptian reverence for the ox, [484]
Fream, Dr W., on ancient ploughs, [497]
Freeman, E. A., on church towers of Gower, [113];
of South Pembroke, [113], [115];
battle near Canewdon, [200];
place-name Canewdon, [200-1]
Freemasons, orientation practised by, [209];
Scotch lodges and orientation of churches, [209];
and magnetic needle, [227], [228]
Frensham (Surrey), [178]
Freya, prayers to, [28]
Friedlander, L., on early Christianity and paganism, [28]
Frost, Nicholas, bowyer to Henry IV, [393]
Fulstow (Lincs.), traces of earthwork, [16];
pillar cross, [36]
Funeral superstitions, [280], [286-7], [292-300];

feasts, [319-21], [419];
use of yew, [382-3], [399], [403]
Furies, and yew torches, [399]
Gable ornaments, [440], [441]
Gaelic, survival of terms, [49]
“Galilee” (= porch), [138]
Galleries in church porches, [155]
Gallows, discussion of word, [68], [69] n.
Gallows (or Galley) Hill, [68]
Gamekeepers’ gibbet, [443]
Gamla Upsala (Sweden), [28]
Gardner, Mr W., on castle-mounds, [55]
Garvestone (Norfolk), [347]
Garway (Hereford), [188]
Gasquet, Dr F. A., on guilds, [175]
Gatty, Dr A., on burials at Ecclesfield, [342]
Gatty, Rev. R. A., and horse remains, 418 n.
Gauchos, horses of the, [472]
Gayton-le-Wold (Lincs.), [462]
Geneva, [231]
Genoese bowmen, [389]
Gentleman’s Magazine, cited, [447]
Geologists’ Association, London, [41]
Germanicus Caesar, [432]
Germany, stone-circles, [256];
ancient burial customs, [276], [296];
folk-lore respecting yew, [397];
ancient tribal groves, [433];
horse sacrifice, [434];
horse-head superstition, [440], [444];
gable ornaments, [441];
“hoodening horse,” [441];
oxen, [452], [477]
Ghosts, worship of, [280];
fear of, [287], [357-8], [359]
Giant’s Grave (Penrith), [50]
“Giants’ bones,” in churches, [198], [199]
Gillebrand, on variation of magnetic needle, [228]
Gillen, F. J. (and B. Spencer), on Australian custom, [321-2]
Gilpin, William, on Boldre maple, [384];
on bows, [389]
Gipsy burial, [312]
Giraldus de Barri (or Cambrensis), on yews in Ireland, [394], [395]
Glacial period, [72], [361]
Glastonbury (Somerset), Abbey, [23];
Tor, [16], [131];
shrine, [192];
lake-village, [302]
Glinton (Northants.), [240]
Gloucester cathedral, [170]
Gloucestershire, tombstones, [275];
oxen of, [454]
Gneist, H. R. von, on parish vestry, [141]
Gobi Desert, [413]
God-, prefix in place-names, [31], [32]
Godley, hundred in Surrey, [32]
Godney (Somerset), [31], [32]
“God’s Acre,” [263], [404]
“God’s Cows,” [481]
Gods of cultivation, [318]
Godstone (Surrey), [31], [32]
“Godstones,” in Irish graves, [299]
Gold, in graves, [310]
Golden Age, the, [484]
Gomme, Sir G. L., on early Christianity, [25];
open-air courts, [63], [136], [140], [404];
well-worship, [94];
St Paul’s Cathedral, [136];
courts leet, [140];
Irish druidism, [402];
Essex custom, [443]
Good Friday, sports, [195];
dancing, [195]
Goodmanham, or Godmundingham (Yorks.), [32], [436]
Goodrich (Hereford), name, [32];
castle, [58]
Googe, Barnabe, his Popish Kingdome, quoted, [174]
Gordon-Cumming, Miss C. F., determination of position among the Highlanders, [327];
Hebridean burial custom, [352]
Gorm, grave of, [28]
Gorseddau (= assemblies), [98];
dates of, [193], [257];
connected with stone-circles, [255], [256], [257]
Gospel, read from North side, [337]
“Gospel Book,” [168]
Gothic architecture, [216], [240], [241]
Gould, Mr I. Chalkley, on castle-mounds, [54];
St Weonard’s mound, [56]
Gower, churches of, [112-16]
Gowland, Prof. W., on trilithons in Japan, [255]
Grantham (Lincs.), [143]
Grasmere (Westmoreland), [496]
Grave-gifts, [80], [279], [280], [282-315]
Grave-mounds, derivation of modern examples, [259-60];
round, [264], [265];
trees on, 270 (see also Barrows)
Graves, orientation of, [243-67];
early, [259];
ancient groups, [261-2];
objects found in, [279], [282-5];
flints, [285-6], [287], [288-9], [291-4];
broken pottery, [286-7], [289], [292-3];
charcoal, [289-91], [292];
coins, [295-8];
white pebbles, [299];
fossils, [302-8];
mirrors, [310];
combs, [310-11];
chalice and paten, [312];
trees on, [400]
Gravesend (Kent), [187]
Gravestones (see Headstones)
Gray, Mr J., on stone-circles, [254] n.
Gray, Thomas, Elegy, quoted, [264], [384]
Great Bear, used for direction, [325]
Great Bookham (Surrey), [384]
Great Canfield (Essex), [54], [59]
Great Casterton (Rutland), [12]
Great Coates (Lincs.), [384]
Great Missenden (Bucks.), [267]
Great Salkeld (Cumberland), font, [7];
church tower, [107]
Great Wigborough (Essex), [76]
Greece, temples of, [152], [222];
divination in, [327];
funeral custom, [401];
horses, [419]
Greeks, and sun-worship, [219];
temples of, [239];
burial customs, [295], [296], [312], [317], [319], [383];
wheat at funerals, [318];
divination, [327];
horse-lore of, [419], [434];
at Marathon, [419];
sacrifice of ox, [481]
Greenland, burial customs, [284]
Greenwell, Canon W., on barrow burials, [249];
statistics respecting burial alinements, [249], [251];
objects in barrows, [282], [307];
white stones in graves, [299];
fossil ammonite, [307];
barrow funerals, [316];
burial on North side of mound, [356];
on the horse, [416], [417];
Arras burials, [430];
discovery at Hunmanby, [430]
Gregory I, Pope, letter to Abbot Mellitus, [26], [482];
on burial in churchyards, [353]
Gregory II, Pope, [437]
Gregory III, Pope, letter to St Boniface, [437]
Gresham (Norfolk), [79], [80]
“Greywethers” (= sarsen stones), [38]
Griffith, Rev. J., on fairs and Gorseddau, [192-3];
orientation of Welsh churches, [229];
alinement of earthworks, [258-9]
Grimm, J., on heathen trees and temples, [26], [32];
“donner-stral,” [198];
sun-worship, [219];
epigram, [333];
sacred horses, [433];
horse-heads, [441], [442];
sacrifice of the ox, [481];
“God’s cows,” [481]
Grimsby (Lincs.), [73]
Gristhorpe (Yorks.), [272], [273], [274]
Grosseteste, Bishop, and markets in churches, [173]
“Grosseteste’s Rules,” cited, [471]
Gubernatis, Prof. A. de, on mythology of the horse, [439]
Guide to the Antiquities of the Early Iron Age, cited, [248], [430]
Guildhall Museum, London, [424]
Guildhalls, [138], [175], [176]
Guilds, Mediaeval, [138], [181]
Gumfreston (Pembroke), healing springs, [95];
church tower, [113], [114], [115], [116];
dovecot, [115], [188]
Gunwalloe (Cornwall), [14]
Guy of Warwick, [485]
Gwinnell, Mr W. F., on the horse, [418]
Gyndes, crossed by Cyrus, [433]
Hadad, worship of, [220]
Haddon, Prof. A. C., on Irish round towers, [120]
Hagbourne Hill (Berks.), [261]
Hagioscopes (see Squints)
Haliotis (= marine shell), [309]
Hallaton (Leicester), [62]
Halling (Kent), [40]
Hambledon (Hants.), [96]
Hambledon (Surrey), [221] n., [378], [381],
[496]
Hamlet, quoted, [246], [284], [286], [288], [289], [347]
Hammer, of Thor, [27], [198];
in graves, [294], [305];
perforated, [305]
Hampshire, holy wells of, [96];
orientation of churches, [222], [229];
yews, [406];
oxen, [454], [458]
Hanchurch (Staffs.), [104]
Hanging, punishment by, [68-9]
Hanover, [362]
Hansard, G. A., on supply of yew for bows, [393]
Hardy, Rev. C. R., on bone in Canewdon church, [200], [201]
Hardy, Mr T., Far from the Madding Crowd, cited, [193];
burial of coins with the dead, [296]
Harlyn Bay (Cornwall), Late-Celtic cemetery, [249], [299], [321], [322];
quartz in graves, [299];
teeth found in graves, [321]
Harnack, Prof. A., on early Christianity, [25]
Harptree-under-Mendip (Somerset), [46]
Harrison, Mr Benjamin, on Maplescombe church, [38]
Harrison, William, on churches used for markets, [174]
Hartland, Mr E. S., on mourning dress, [287]
Harvest customs, [436]
Hascombe (Surrey), [183]
Haslemere (Surrey), [265]
Hasted, E., on Buckland yew, [377]
Hastings, Battle of, [57], [387]
Hatchments, in churches, [284]
Hatfield Peverel (Essex), [344]
Hathersage (Derby), earthwork near church, [16];
court held in church, [140]
Haverfield, Prof. F. J., pavement at Wroxeter, [7];
Castle Acre, [12];
Whitestaunton villa, [95]
Havering-atte-Bower (Essex), [165]
Hawker, R. S., on symbolism of the cardinal points, [328];
his “Daughter of the Rock,” [343]
Haydon (Northumberland), [7]
Hayes (Middlesex), [190]
Hayes, Rev. J. W., tombstone at Chadwell St Mary, [50];
Gorseddau and stone-circles, [98], [255-7];
purposes of stone-circles, [255], [257]
Heads, of animals, superstitions regarding, [440], [441], [442], [443]
Headstones, evolution of, [269];
early examples, [346];
distribution in the churchyard, [347-50]
Healing springs, [94], [95], [97], [332]
Hearne, Thomas, his grave, [245];
on grave-mounds, [260]
Heart of Midlothian, cited, [486]
Heart-urchin (= fossil echinoderm), [303]
Hebrew proverb, quoted, [465]
Hebridean burial custom, [352]
Hehn, Prof. P., on range of yew-trees, [363]
Helmdon (Northants.), [453]
Hems, Mr H., on position of churches, [348], [349]
Henderson, W., on churchyard yew and witches, [396]
Hengist and Horsa, [441]
Henley-on-Thames (Oxford), [265]
Henry V, burial of, [432]
Hensor (Bucks.), [376]
Hereford, blacksmiths of, [426]
Herefordshire, detached church towers, [122-3]
Herodotus, cited, [70];
on Scythian burial customs, [287-8], [289];
horses of the Sagarthians, [414];
Danubian tribes, [420];
white horses, [433];
Egyptian custom, [440]
Hertfordshire, churches of, [223];
harvest custom, [436];
horse lore, [497]
Hesse, [362]
Hessle (Yorks.), [165]
Heûllan (Wales), [398]
Hexham (Northumberland), [216] n.
Heygate, Rev. E. W., on place-name, Canewdon, [201]
Heylyn, Peter, on the cardinal points, [333]
Heywood, Thomas, cited, [483]
Hicks, Canon E. L., on Christmas, [27]
High Commission Court, the, [140]
High Halden (Kent), [347]
Highlands, burial feasts, [319];
use of terms East and West, in the, [328];
yew superstition, [399];
ponies of, [413];
black cattle, [480]
Hill of Scone (Perth), [65]
Hills, Mr G. M., on acoustic jars, [447], [449]
Hill-top churches, [101-4]
Himalayas, the, [382]
Hindoos, and white stones, [299];
and eclipses, [397]
Hipparion, [409]
Hippo-sandals, [428], [429]
Hissey, Mr J. J., on Lincolnshire burial, [244]
History of the Protestant Reformation, cited, [133]
Hitchin (Herts.), [7]
Hive-bees, [395], [395] n.
Hoare, Sir R. C., on Chisbury camp, [14];
discovery at Amesbury, [483]
Hobhouse, Bishop, on parish vestry, [142]
Hobson, Mr W. F., on orientation, [241], [242]
Hockliffe (Bedford), [453]
Holland, use of horse-pattens, [428];
horse-skull superstition, [440]
Holland, Philemon, translation of Pliny, [294]
Holmes, Dr T. Rice, and Sidbury Hill, [255];
moundless graves, [261];
Scandinavian rock-carvings, [481]
Holm oak, in churchyards, [384], [401]
Holton-le-Clay (Lincs.), [108]
Holybourne (Hants.), [96]
Holy wells, [92-7]
Homer, cited, [327]; on the horse, [419]
Honolulu (Sandwich Islands), [208]
Honorius, Edict of, [26]
“Hoodening horse,” the, [441-2]
Hope (Derby), [153]
Hope, Mr R. C., on Cornish holy wells, [96]
Hope, Mr W. St John, on basilica at Silchester, [24];
castle-mounds, [55]
Horace, cited, [316]
Horncastle (Lincs.), [12]
Hornchurch (Essex), [443]
Horn dancers, [185]
Hornsea (Yorks.), [150], [418] n.
Hornsey (Middlesex), [207], [211]
Horsa and Hengist, [441]
Horse, in the churchyard, [157], [186-7];
cult of the, [408-51];
ancestry, [408-11];
modifications of structure, [411];
carvings of, by cave-man, [411-12];
possible domestication by cave-man, [414-16];
eaten by cave-man, [415], [416];
during Neolithic period, [416], [417], [418];
in round barrows, [417], [419];
at Whitepark Bay, [418];
in lake-dwellings, [418] n., [421];
reared by nomadic tribes, [419], [421];
in the Bible, [420], [472];
attached to chariots, [421];
how mounted in early times, [421];
in warfare, [421];
shoeing, [423-9], [470], [471], [472], [473];
buried with owner, [429], [431-2];
slaughtered at altar, [432];
white, [433-4];
sacrifices of, [433], [434], [435], [436];
in augury, [433], [434];
as food, [436-40];
as beast of draught, [454], [455], [457], [458], [466-8], [474];
yoked with oxen, [458];
breeding, [468];
superstitions, [497]
Horse-chestnut, in churchyards, [384]
Horseflesh, eating of, [436-40], [466], [483], [491];
Keysler’s view, [436-7], [438];
forbidden by Gregory III, [437];
dictum of Gregory II, [437];
connected with Odin and witches, [438];
Dufour on, [438-9];
eaten by cave-men, [439-40]
Horse-heads, ceremonial eating of, [440]
Horse-races, early, [422]
Horses, in church porch, [157];
in churchyards, [187-8]
Horseshoes, in church porch, [157];
Roman, [423], [424], [425], [468-70];

Saxon, [424], [424] n., [426];
in Domesday Book, [426];
in Northumberland, [426-7];
round, [426], [427-8]
Horse-skulls, deemed accursed by the Egyptians, [440];
ceremonies attached to, [440];
offered to Odin, [440];
in magic, [440];
as gable ornaments, [440], [441];
in mythology, [442];
under buildings, [444-5];
in acoustics, [445], [446], [449-51];
sacrifice, [481]
Horsley, East and West (Surrey), [340]
Houghton-le-Spring (Durham), [272] n.
Housman, Prof. A. E., his Shropshire Lad, quoted, [351]
Hove (Sussex), [78], [274]
Howden (Yorks.), [168]
Howitt, Dr A. W., on Australian burial customs, [252]
Howlett, Mr E., on burial of candles in graves, [295]
Hudibras, quoted, [257]
Hughes, Prof. T. McKenny, on horseshoes, [424]
Hull, Miss E., on Irish round towers, [119], [121]
“Humanist” school, [280]
Hundsjael (= snail shells), [309]
Hunmanby (Yorks.), [285], [430]
Hurstbourne Tarrant (Hants.), [372]
Hutchinson, Miss T., photograph by, [265]
Hutchinson, W., on Penrith tomb, [50]
Huxley, T. H., on the human skeleton, [90];
on the horse, [408]
Huysmans, M. J. K., on deflected chancels, [231];
on “leaning-head theory,” [236]
Hydriotaphia, Browne’s, cited, [311]
Hyracotherium, [409], [410]
Iceland, stone-circles of, [65]
Ickleton (Cambs.), [30]
Iford (Sussex), [384]
Ilford (Essex), [454]
“Incense-cups,” [314]
Inchlonaig, or Inchconakhead (island in Loch Lomond), [392], [392] n.
India, Christian churches in, [208];
superstition regarding white stones, [299];
burial of suicides, [358];
horse sacrifice, [434];
oxen, [467], [482]
Ingatestone (Essex), [40]
Ingelow, Jean, pet names for cows, [486]
Inhumation, practice of, [263], [264], [275], [277], [316];
why introduced, [263]
Inn-signs, [433], [485]
Inverary (Argyle), [299]
Ireland, early Christianity in, [27];
churches on pagan sites, [48], [49], [86];
holy wells, [93], [94];
round towers, [118-22], [123];
stone-circles, [256];
hammers in graves, [294];
“Godstones” in graves, [299];
deiseal, [330];
burial on “wrong side,” [352];
yew-trees of, [394], [395], [403];
hive-bees, [395];
magicians, [401];
epics, [419];
skull superstition, [444];
horse-skull in church, [445];
paganism, [446]
Irish yew, the, [361], [406]
Iron Age, Early, [248], [249], [257], [261], [283], [312], [429], [433]
Iron pyrites, [285], [286]
Irving, Dr A., discoveries at Bishops Stortford, [418]
Isis, and ox-worship, [484]
Islay (Scotland), [294]
Isle of Man, Tynwald, [64];
“cronks,” [71];
burial without coffins, [271]
Isle of Portland, church-gift custom, [155]
Isle of Purbeck, discovery of stone coffins, [275]
Isle of Sheppey, [192]
Isle of Wight, landmark towers, [130];
graves, [264];
churches, [495]
Italy, orientation of churches in, [213], [214];
abbeys of, [330];
holm oak on graves, [401];
use of horse-labour, [468];
horse superstition, [497]
Itchenswell (Hants.), [96]
Jackson, Mr J. R., on Hensor yew, [376]
Japan, sun-worship, [255];
burial of suicides, [358];
yews of, [361]
Jarrow, early church, [23];
Bede’s chair, [43];
inscription at, [149]
Jars, acoustic, [446-9]
Jeaffreson, J. C., on powers of Mediaeval ecclesiastics, [139]
Jeans, Rev. G. E., on Mottestone, [45]
Jerusalem, orientation towards, [208];
prayer towards, [218]
Jesse, Edward, on age of yews, [364]
Jessopp, Canon A., on Old Hunstanton mound, [69];
hill-digging, [82];
church treasure, [125-6];
miracle plays, [182]
Jet beads, in graves, [300]
Jewellery, in graves, [310], [312], [314]
Jewitt, L., on grave-mounds, [274];
horseshoes, [424] n.;
chariot-burial, [430]
Jews, the, and orientation, [216-20];
burial custom, [317];
symbolism of right and left hand, [326];
and shoeing horses, [472];
on sacrifice, [481]
Job, on sun-worship, [218];
and the North, [334];
his description of the war-horse, [420]
Johnston, Mr P. M., on Burpham church, [16];
on orientation, [209];
on Bosham church, [495]
Joly, Prof. N., on domestication of the horse, [415]
Jones, Inigo, church built by, [206]
Jones, Prof. Rupert, on Bede’s chair, [43];
burial superstition, [292-3]
Jonson, Ben, burial of, [266]
Josiah, and priests of Baal, [218]
Jossing-blocks, or stirrup stones, [157]
Jowett, Prof. B., quoted, [297]
“Jugum” (of oxen), [456]
Julian calendar, [254]
Juno, temple of, [442]
Jupiter, and white oxen, [483]
Jurby (I. of Man), [71]
Justinian, Emperor, on church-building, [353]
Jutland, horse-skulls on gables, [441]
Kalm, Peter, on raised churchyards, [91];
cattle kept in churchyards, [187]
Kalmucks, and the horse, [419]
Karnak (Egypt), [221]
Kauffmann, Prof. F., on temple of Upsala, [28];
pagan temples, [65];
ancient modes of thought, [204]
Keeps, castle, [52], [107]
Kells (co. Meath), [119], [120]
Kemble, J. M., on bulls in divination, [435]
Kemsing (Kent), [40]
Kenardington (Kent), [15]
Kennett, Dr White, on graves, [244]
Kent, churches of, [4];
churchyards, [187];
White Horse of, [433], [435];
“hoodening horse,” [441]
Kerdreuff (Brittany), [202]
Kerry (Montgomery), [99]
Kersal Cell (Lancs.), [377]
Kesserloch (Baden), [415] n.
“Kews” (= ox-shoes), [472-3]
Keysler, J. G., on inhumation, [263];
chariot-burial, [429];
horse sacrifices, [435];
eating of horseflesh, [436-8]
Kil-, prefix in place-names, [33]
Kilfowyr (Carmarthen), [33]
Kilham (Yorks.), stocks, [165];
Danes’ graves, [248-9], [261]
Kilpeck (Hereford), [52], [63]
Kilsant (Carmarthen), [33]
King Henry IV, Second pt, quoted, [457]
King Henry VI, First pt, quoted, [335];
Second pt, [284]
Kingly Bottom, or Vale (Sussex), [375], [401]
“King’s evil,” [202] n.
Kingsley, Charles, on the North wind, [334];
and Eversley, [345];
Swallowfield yew, [378]
Kingusie, or Kingussie (Inverness), [65]
Kipling, Mr Rudyard, quoted, [333]
Kirby Grindalythe (Yorks.), [354]
Kirk-, prefix in place-names, [33];
etymology of, [145-7]
Kirkamool (Shetland Isles), [31]
Kirkcolm (Wigtown), [33]
Kirkdale (Yorks.), [162]
Kirk Ella (Yorks.), [33], [165]
Kirton-in-Lindsey (Lincs.), [346]
Kitchen-midden, near Constantine church, [42]
Kitchin, Dean, on Twyford megalith, [45]
Knollton (see Knowlton)
Knowles, Mr W. J., on remains of the horse at Whitepark Bay, [418]
Knowlton (Dorset), church within earthwork, [13];
yews, [401]
Kyre Park (Worcester), [365]
Lady of the Lake, quoted, [403]
Lake-dwellings, [249] n., [416], [421], [480]
La Laugerie (France), [415]
Laleston (Glamorgan), [31]
La Madelaine cave (France), [412]
Lamb-ales, [179]
Lambeth (London), [343]
Lammas (Norfolk), [230]
Lammer-beads (= amber-beads), [301]
Lancashire, funeral custom, [318]
Lancisi, and the writings of Mercati, [199]
Lang, Mr A., on burial of suicides, [358]
Langdon, Mr A. G., on the study of Cornish crosses, [36]
Langham, Archbishop, on Sunday markets, [192]
Langsett (Yorks.), [404]
Laniscat (Brittany), [202]
Lankester, Sir E. Ray, on the horse, [408]
Lapland, heathen customs, [29], [286];
graves, [286], [309]
Larousse, Pierre, on burial of clergy, [244]
Lascars, burial custom of, [316]
Late-Celtic period, cemetery of, [249], [299], [321], [434];
burials, [276], [430];
bucket, [434]
La Tène, period of culture, [276]
Laud, Archbishop, and tribunals held in churches, [140];
Easter feasts in churches, [180]
Laughton-en-le-Morthen (Yorks.), [59], [192]
Lavants (= intermittent springs), [96]
Lavenham (Suffolk), [346]
Leach, Mr A. L., on Gumfreston springs, [95]
Leake, John, his map referred to, [222], [227]
“Leaning-head theory,” [235-6]
Leatherhead (Surrey), squint, [151-2];
deflection of tower, [235]
Ledbury (Hereford), [122]
Ledger stones, [347]
Leeds (Kent), church, [4];
acoustic jars, [448-9]
Lega-Weekes, Miss E., on church armour, [158]
Legge, Dr W. Heneage, on ox-teams, [455];
ox-yoke, [462]
Leicester, [30], [283]
Leicestershire, church, [236]
Leith Hill (Surrey), [266]
Le Mans (France), [29] n.
Leo I, Pope, and bowing to the sun, [212]
Lepidotus gigas (= fossil fish), [307]
Lewes (Sussex), St John’s-sub-Castro, [13];
Saxon cemetery, [83];
Castle, [463];
race-course, [467];
ox-carriage, [484]
Liber Festivalis, quoted, [381]
Libraries in churches, [155], [163]
Lichens, [334]
Lichfield, holy well, [95];
alinement of cathedral, [230]
Life of St Cuthbert, quoted, [459]
Lighthouse, supposed, at Dover Castle, [19], [20]
Linchets, on Shawford Downs, [45]
Lincoln, cathedral, [126];
cathedral watchmen, [126];
Heath, [130];
St Mary’s Guildhall, [178];
execution at, [351]
Lincolnshire, burial superstition, [18];
holy wells, [97];
Danish invasion of, [108-11];
burials, [248];
burial superstition, [292], [295];
church doors, [331];
unenclosed churchyards, [355];
churchyard trees, [406];
oxen, [453], [460];
ox-yoke, [462]
Lindisfarne, Priory church, [245]
Linton Heath (Cambs.), [402] n.
Lithuania, [363], [477]
Litlington (Cambs.), [8]
Little Coates (Lincs.), [72]
Little Dunkeld (Perth), [94]
Little Stukeley (Hunts.), [289]
Littleton (Middlesex), [344]
Little Washbourne (Glos.), [355]
Littré, É., translation of Pliny, [294]
Livy, cited, [70], [327]
Llan-, prefix in place-names, [33]
Llanbedr (Vale of Conway), [79]
Llanberis (Carnarvon), [94]
Llandegla (Denbigh), [94]
Llandeilo Llwydarth (Pembroke), [94]
Llanelian (Denbigh), holy well, [94];
church chest, [168], [169];
dog-tongs, [190]
Llanfaglan (Carnarvon), [94]
Llanfechain (Montgomery), [99]
Llangenydd (Glamorgan), [31]
Llanllechid (Denbigh), [104]
Llanwrythwl (Brecon), [48]
Local Government Act, of 1894, [142]
Lockyer, Sir J. Norman, on cromlechs, [28], [48];
sites of churches, [48];
dates of fairs, [192-3];
Egyptian temples, [221];
“Saint’s Day theory,” [225];
alinement of megaliths, [252-4], [255], [258];
earthworks, [259]
Logan, J., on stone-circles, [65-6]
Lollards, trial of, in churches, [139]
Lombardic treaties, [338]
London, holy wells, [96];
ancient burials, [247], [271];
burials without coffins, [271];
horseshoes, [427];
market for oxen, [457];
bell-casting, [459];
wild bulls near, [477]
London Clay, [409]
London Geologists’ Association, [41]
Long-bow, antiquity of, [387-9];
at Creçy and Poitiers, [389];
supersedes cross-bow, [389-90]
Longman, Mr C. F. (and Col. F. Walrond), on bows, [389]
Lord’s House, the, [150-1]
Loudon, J. C., on Fortingal yew, [376]
Louth (Lincs.), [240], [453], [462]
Loversall (Yorks.), [346]
Lovett, Mr E., on Sussex barrow, [302]
Lowe, Dr J., his Yew-Trees cited, [364];
estimate of age of yews, [364], [365-6], [368], [369], [370], [372], [373-4], [375];
his rule discussed, [365], [368-70], [373-4];
“shelter theory,” [384];
“bow theory,” [393];
prehistoric respect for the yew, [400]
Lower Greensand, [269]
Lower Halstow (Kent), [4]
Low side windows, [237], [329]
Lucarnes (= dormer windows), [117]
Lucas, Mr Seymour, on Mendlesham armour, [160]
Lucas, Mr W. J., on Good Friday sports, [195]
Ludborough (Lincs.), [16]
Ludlow (Salop), [82], [95]
Lull, Prof. R. S., [408]
Lullingstone (Kent), [384]
Luppitt (Devon), [449-50]
Luxembourg, dancing in churches, [185];
burial customs, [311]
Lycidas, quoted, [397]
Lydd (Kent), [143]
Lydden (Kent), [187] n.
Lydekker, Mr R., on the horse, [408], [416] n.
Lyme Park (Cheshire), [477]
Lyminge (Kent), [4], [20], [21]
Lyminster (Sussex), [496]
Lysons, Daniel, cited, [78]
Macbeth, quoted, [396]
Macclesfield (Cheshire), [71]
Mackarness, F. C., cited, [187]
Mâcon (France), [420]
Macpherson, J., his Ossian quoted, [283-4], [401]
Macrobius, on cremation, [276]
Magdalenian caves, [411], [412], [497]
Magna Charta, referred to, [383]
Magnetic needle, early knowledge of, [227-8], [233];
where first discovered, [228], [324];
variation of, [228], [233]
Magnus, Olaus, on armour in churches, [161]
Maid Marian, [441]
Maidstone (Kent), [459] n.
Maitland, Prof. F. W., on the parish vestry, [142]
Malabar, [222] n.
Malay, terms for points of compass, [327]
Malden (Beds.), [342]
Malden (Surrey), [32], [33]
Maldon (Essex), [33]
Malkin, B. H., on churchyard sports, [197]
Mallett, Mr Reddie, and Harlyn Bay discoveries, [299]
Malmesbury (Wilts.), [154]
Manning and Bray, cited, [266] n., [371]
Manningford Bruce (Wilts.), [344]
Manorbier (Pembroke), [237] n.
Manor Courts, [137]
Manuscripts, illuminated, [455], [459]
Maplederwell (Hants.), [96]
Maples, in churchyards, [384]
Maplescombe (Kent),

[38], [39], [40]
Marathon, Battle of, [419]
Mares, kept for milk, [419], [421];
ridden by priests, [436], [457];
used for draught, [457], [457] n.
Mariner’s compass, [228]
Market Overton (Rutland), [12]
Markets, in churches, [173-4];
in churchyards, [191-2];
on Sundays, [192]
Market Weighton (Yorks.), [32], [430]
Marlborough (Wilts.), [434]
Marlborough Downs, [38]
Marprelate Tracts, the, [244], [244] n.
Marriage, at the church-door, [156]
Marsh, Prof. O. C., on the horse, [408]
Marshall, W., on use of oxen in Yorkshire, [453], [465];
working age of oxen, [465]
Martin Hussingtree (Worcester), [348]
Martin Monthes Mind, quoted, [244]
Marylebone (London), [206]
Mas d’Azil (France), [414], [416]
Mashonaland, [222] n.
Mason, W., poet, quoted, [497]
Maxton, Mr W. J., on St Saviour’s, Southwark, [231]
Mayall, Mr A., on Kersal yew, [377]
May-Day, and well-dressing, [92];
customs, [92], [97] n.
Mayence, museum, [428]
Maylam, Mr P., on the “hoodening horse,” [441]
Maynard, Mr G., on Essex churches, [4];
discoveries at Colchester, [274]
Mayors, chosen in church, [143]
May-year, the, [193], [253]
McIntyre, Mr P., on Gaelic, [49] n.
Mecklenburg, horse-skull superstition, [440]
Mediaeval earthworks, [16], [60], [89];
settlements, [16], [89];
treasure-diggers, [82-3];
churches, [125];
villages, [167];
burials, [271], [289], [311], [317];
symbolism, [324], [337], [407];
tombstones, [347];
superstition, [446];
use of salt meat, [465-6];
shoeing of oxen, [470-1]
Megaliths, kinds of, [28], [34];
new churches, [34], [42-9], [104], [400];
destruction of, [42-3];
orientation of, [229], [252-8];
discoveries at, [308]
Melling (Lancs.), [59]
Mellitus, Abbot, letter to, [482]
Mells (Somerset), [377], [380]
Melsonby (Yorks.), [107]
Mendlesham (Suffolk), [160]
Menhirs, [34-5], [37], [45], [136], [255];
at St Mabyn, [42];
Rudstone, [43];
Mottestone, [45]
Mentmore (Bucks.), [83]
Meopham (Kent), [40]
Meppershall (Beds.), [60]
Mercati, Michele, on fossils, [199]
Merovingian burials, [283], [285]
Merrington (Northumberland), [107]
Merstham (Surrey), [96], [101]
Mesohippus, [409], [410]
Mesolithic period, [418]
Metz (Germany), [447]
Miall, Prof. L. C., on “negative exceptions,” [350]
Mickleham (Surrey), [230]
Micklethwaite, Mr J. T., on Wakefield parish church, [344]
Micraster (= fossil echinoderm), in graves, [302], [303], [304]
Middlesex, yews of, [406]
Middleton, Bishop, and the orientation of churches, [208]
Middleton Stoney (Oxford), [244]
Midsummer festivals, [192];
fires, [440], [446]
Migne, M. L’Abbé, on church of St Benoît, [210]
Milan (Italy), [212], [216]
Mildmay, Sir W., on orientation, [208], [210]
Miln, Mr James, his discoveries at Carnac, [482]
Milton, John, L’Allegro, quoted, [326];
Paradise Lost, quoted, [335];
Comus, quoted, [452]
Milton Lilbourne (Wilts.), [90]
Minster (Kent), [79]
Miracle plays, development of, [181-3];
in church, [182-3];
in the churchyard, [182-3];
in the market-place, [182]
Mirrors, placed in coffins, [310]
Mistletoe, [399]
Mitcham (Surrey), pre-Saxon cemetery, [247];
churchyard, [384]
Mitchell, Sir A., on discoveries at Alloa, [275]
Mithraism, [27]
Moated mounds, or mounts, [51], [54];
St Weonards, [56];
Thruxton, [56];
Penwortham, [56], [57];
Arkholme, [56];
Warrington, [56], [57]
Moats, [52], [66], [67], [89], [98]
Molech, worship of, [220]
Monasteries, dissolution of, [289]
Money, Mr W., [373]
Mongolian horse, [413], [416]
Monken Hadley (Middlesex), [162]
Montaigne, Michel, on annual rings in trees, [369]
Montault, Mgr B. de, on orientation of churches, [213]
Montelius, Prof. O., on stone-circles, [28];
Thor’s hammer, [198];
holy wells, [93];
amber axes, [299]
Montgomerie, Mr D. H., on Pirton Toot Hill, [61]
Montgomery, round churches of, [99]
Mont St Michel (Brittany), [129]
Mont St Michel (Normandy), [129]
Moot-hills, [51], [63], [67], [70];
near churches, [63], [66];
meaning of word, [63]
Moresby (Cumberland), [12]
Morocco, burial of suicides in, [358]
Morris dances, in church, [184-5], [195];
meaning of word, [184]
Mortillet, M. G. de, on domestication of the horse, [415]
Mortimer, Mr J. R., on Duggleby Howe, [66];
Willy Howe, [66-7];
mound-crosses, [68];
Fimber, [78];
Kilham graves, [248];
statistics of alinements, [249], [250], [251];
groups of barrows, [261-2];
Easington barrow, [274];
objects found in barrows, [282];
position of body in the mound, [356];
remains of the horse in barrows, [417], [419];
chariot-burial, [430]
Morwenstow (Cornwall), [343]
Mosaic Law, [436]
“Mother Ludlam’s Kettle,” [178]
“Motte” and “mota,” [52]
Mottes (see Moated mounds)
Mottistone (I. of Wight), [165];
menhir, [45];
stocks, [165]
Mound-crosses, [68]
Mounting blocks, [157], [188]
Much Wymondley (Herts.), [7]
Mud, Mude, or Mundal Hill, [67]
Mules, shoeing of, [423], [423] n., [470]
Müller, Max, and the Aryans, [333]
Murderers, burial of, [351], [352], [358-9]
Murols (Puy de Dôme), [298]
Murray, Sir James, on “belfry,” [127];
“church,” [145-6]
Museums, Brighton, [80];
Colchester, [84];
Vatican (Rome), [199];
British, [223], [402];
Guildhall (London), [272], [424], [425], [426];
Science and Art (Dublin), [402];
Natural History, [411];
Mayence, [428];
Horniman (London), [441];
Louth, [462];
Lewes (Sussex), [463]
Musselburgh (Midlothian), [94]
Myfyr Morganwg, Arch-Druid, [258]
Names and their Histories, cited, [32]
Nanterre (France), [430]
Naogeorgus, Thomas, on markets in churches, [174]
Narburgh (Nottingham), [266]
Nativity plays, [181]
Nave, uses of the, [132], [154], [170-1];
as warehouse, [171];
used for markets, [173-4];
miracle plays in, [182], [183];
morris dances in, [184]
Neale, J. M., on orientation of churches, [224]
Neckham, Alexander, on magnetic needle, [228]
Necklaces, in graves, [301], [305], [307], [308]
“Negative exceptions,” [242], [350]
Neilson, Mr G., on castle-mounds, [55]
Neolithic celts, [79-80], [197], [298];
burials, [249], [280], [320];
yew, [361];
bows, [387-8];
horses, [416], [417], [418];
bone-caves, [417-18];
oxen, [477], [479], [481]
Nero, and shoeing of mules, [423]
Netherby (Yorks.), [422]
Neville, Rev. H. M., on horseshoes, [426]
Newbourne (Suffolk), [343]
Newcastle, St Nicholas’ church, [131], [138], [175], [359]
New Forest proverb, [360]
Newfoundland, [199]
Newhaven (Sussex), [465]
Newington (Kent), [448]
Newlands Corner (Surrey), [407]
New Oxford Dictionary, cited, [149], [320]
New Romney (Kent), [143]
Nine Maidens (stone-row), [256]
Nordvi, A. G., discoveries in Lapland, [309]
Norfolk, hill-digging in, [83];
round towers, [123];
orientation of churches, [222];
burial custom, [311];
burial on North side, [343], [347]
Norham (Northumberland), court held in church, [136];
churchyard, [345]
Norman castles, [52-9];
churches, [55-6], [57-8], [63], [80], [97], [239];
cross-bow, [389]
Normandy, objects in churches, [203];
churchyard yews, [406];
acoustic jars, [447]
North, side of churches, [239];
determination of position by the, [327];
symbolism of the, [324-38];
Bible references, [334-5];
in place-names, [339-40];
side of churchyards disliked, [341-53]
Northam (Devon), [496]
Northampton, round church, [99];
mayor chosen in church, [143];
fairs in churchyard, [192]
North Cockerington (Lincs.), [344]
North Cotes (Lincs.), [340]
North Curry (Somerset), [230]
Northfleet (Kent), [128]
North Mimms (Herts.), [384]
North Molton (Devon), [41]
Northolt (Middlesex), [291]
North Ormsby (Lincs.), [453]
Northorpe (Lincs.), [165], [189]
North side of churchyards, burial on, [341-53], [490];
headstones, [344-5], [347-8];
sports held there, [352-3]
North Thoresby (Lincs.), [193]
Northumberland, burial custom, [297];
horseshoes, [426];
ox-team, [461]
Norton, as place-name, [339]
Norton (Derby), [111]
Norton (Worcester), [355]
Norway, aerolite tradition, [198];
folk-medicine, [298];
settlements, [340];
rock carvings, [421];
and horseflesh, [438];
domestic utensils of, [440-1]
Norwich, desecration of churches, [174];
acoustic jars, [448]
Notes and Queries, referred to, [158], [342]
Notices on church doors, [143]
Nunney (Somerset), [115]
Nun Ormsby (see North Ormsby)
Nursery rhymes, concerning oxen, [486]
Oak, growth of the, [369]
Ockham (Surrey), [62]
O’Curry, E., on wands of yew, [402]
Odin, burial-place of, [28];
and horseflesh, [438];
horse-heads offered to, [440];
and the “hoodening horse,” [441]
Offchurch (Warwick), [369]
Offerings to the dead, [280], [282], [295]
Ogams, or Oghams, [401]
Ogbourne Maisey (Wilts.), [75]
Ogbury Downs (Wilts.), [320]
“Oillets” (= slits in castle walls), [117]
Old Hunstanton (Norfolk), [69]
Old Topography of London, cited, [222-3]
Olufsen, O., on burial customs of the Pamirs, [263]
Open-air courts, near megaliths, [34], [63], [64], [70], [136];
near barrows and tumuli, [34], [64], [70];
in Wales, [64];
and churches, [150]
Open-field system, the, [338]
Organs, Mediaeval, [447]
Orientation, of graves, [80], [83-4], [205], [243-67], [490];
meaning of word, [205], [325];
of churches, [205-42], [489];
East and West, [205], [207], [208], [211], [219], [337];
North and South, [206], [207], [208];
of Freemasons’ lodges, [209];
origin of idea, [216-24];
allusions in Bible, [217-20];
Egyptian, [219], [221];
symbolism, [223-4];
theories concerning, [224-37];
of long barrows, [252];
of earthworks, [258-9];
by natural features, [325];
by the sun, [325];
of skeletons, [483]
Origen, and earth’s centre, [335]
Orlygüs, [35]
Ornaments in graves, [302-10]
Ossian, poems of, quoted, [283], [401], [402], [419]
Ossuaries, [270]
Ostiarius (= doorkeeper), [149], [154]
Ostrich eggs, in churches, [202]
Othona (Essex), [23]
Ottery St Mary (Devon), [118]
Over Worton (Oxford), [75]
Ovid, on grave-gifts, [313]
Owen, Rev. E., on circular churchyards, [98]
Owston (Lincs.), [59]
Ox-bells, [475]
“Ox-bows,” use of, [461], [462]
Oxen, in agriculture, [423];
blessing of, at Carnac, [446];
as beast of labour, [452-75], [491];
in various countries, [452];
breeds, [453], [455];
early use in ploughing, [455-60];
Domesday Book, [455], [456];
terms referring to, [455], [456];
Bartholomew Anglicus on, [456];
formerly yoked with horses at plough, [458];
number in a team, [458-61];
yokes, [461-2];
value of services, [465], [466], [467], [471];
limitation in use of word, [465];
value of flesh, [465-6];
how fed in winter, [466];
labour value, [466], [467];
trotting, [467];
comparison with horses, [467], [470-1];
discussion on shoeing, [468-74];
why displaced by the horse, [474-5];
ancestral forms, [475-81];
folk-lore, [475], [481-6];
sacrifice of, [481-2], [483], [484];
white and black, [483], [485];
sacrificed at graves, [483];
as food, [483];
drawing carriages, [484] n.;
symbolism of, [485];
on tavern signs, [485];
pet names, [486]
Oxford, port-moot, [140];
Movement, [206];
St Aldate’s church, [232]
Oxfordshire, oxen in, [453]
Oxgang (= bovata), [456]
Ox-herd, in literature, [456];
duties of, [456]
“Ox-kews,” or “cues,” [469], [472], [473]
Ox-shoes, [428],

[468], [470], [472], [473], [475]
Ox-skull, found by Carthaginians, [442];
in ornament, [451];
prehistoric, [475], [476]
Oystermouth (Glamorgan), church tower, [112];
burial on North side, [348]
Paddington (London), [206]
Paddlesworth, near Lyminge (Kent), [40]
Paddlesworth, near Snodland (Kent), [40], [339]
Paganism, hidden forces of, [88], [312]
Pagan sites, churches on, [1-100], [488]
Palaeolithic Age, references to the, [305], [308], [414], [416], [437], [439];
“floor,” [308];
oxen, [477]
Palaeotherium, [409]
Palestine, [217], [472]
Palgrave, Sir F., on persistence of custom, [470]
Palmerston, Lord, funeral of, [310]
Palm Sunday, singing on, [155];
sports, [194], [195];
Bulgarian feast, [318];
yew displayed, [380], [381], [382], [402], [491];
fairs, [404]
Pamirs, burial customs in the, [263], [318]
Pangdean (Sussex), [455]
Pantheon, conversion into a church, [30]
Paradise Lost, quoted, [335]
Parchments, inscribed, buried with the dead, [312]
Parey Ambrose (= Paré Ambroise), cited, [197]
Paris, dancing in churches of, [185];
churches of, [210];
laws regarding horseflesh, [438];
acoustic jars, [447]
Parish boundaries, [34], [69];
registers, [50], [359], [372], [373];
vestry, [141-3];
armour, [158]
Park cattle, [477], [478], [479]
Parker, J. H., on Westminster Abbey, [232];
deflected chancels, [237]
Parsonage-houses, [175], [177]
Parthenon, columns of the, [239]
Parvise, erroneous use of word, [155], [167]
Pasque eggs, [502]
Passion plays, [180]
Patagonia, burial custom, [432]
Pateley Bridge (Yorks.), [258]
Patrick, Bishop of the Hebrides, [35]
Patron saints, of churches, [129], [191], [224-6]
“Paul’s Walk” (St Paul’s Cathedral), [139]
Payne, Mr G., discoveries at Darenth, [428]
Pearson, Prof., on burial custom, [318]
Pebbles, in graves, [286], [288], [299]
Peckham (London), [206]
Pele, or peel towers, [107]
Pembridge (Hereford), [123]
Pembrokeshire, holy wells, [94-5];
churches, [113];
squints, [151]
Pennant Melangel (Montgomery), [199]
Pennant, T., his Tour in Scotland, cited, [49], [50];
Welsh burial custom, [331];
Fortingal yew, [376]
Pennington, Canon A. R., on burial superstition, [351]
Penny, Charon’s, [296]
Penrith (Cumberland), [50], [231]
Penwortham (Lancs.), [56], [57]
Penzance (Cornwall), [37]
Pepys, Samuel, quoted, [400] n.
Pérone, or Péronne (Picardy), [378]
Persians, white horses of, [433];
horse sacrifices, [434]
Persistence, of architectural types, [111], [117], [120], [122];
of custom, [203], [204], [259], [313], [445-6]
Peruvians, burial customs, [247]
Pessinus (Galatia), [198]
Pet names, of oxen, [486]
Petrie, Prof. W. M. Flinders, on Addington megaliths, [46]
Pews, in churches, [173], [188]
Pewsey (Wilts.), feather preserved in church, [201];
oxen, [453], [473]
Philip II, of Macedon, [434]
Phillimore, Sir R., his Ecclesiastical Law, cited, [213];
use of coffins, [271]
Philology, its aid in archaeology, [145], [270]
Piddinghoe (Sussex), [124], [125]
Piercebridge (Durham), [464]
“Pierres de foudre” (= stone celts), [197]
“Pierres de tonnerre” (= stone celts), [197]
Piers the Plowman (see Vision of William)
Piette, M. É., excavations by, [414]
Pilgrims’ Way, [131];
churches near, [338-9];
follows the Southern slope, [338];
yews, [374], [375]
Pillory, the, [167]
Pine trees, on barrows, [401]
Pins, in graves, [295], [310]
Pirton (Herts.), church, [41];
Toot Hill, [60], [64], [70]
Pisa (Italy), [216]
Pit-burial, [261], [271]
Pitt-Rivers, Gen. A. L., on Church Barrow, [30];
his work in Cranborne Chase, [105];
Saxon burials, [250];
“dug-out” coffins, [275];
objects found in barrows, [282];
Winkelbury Hill barrow, [285], [406] n.;
broken pottery in graves, [288], [293];
charcoal in graves, [290];
coins in graves, [296];
fossils found at Rotherly and Woodcuts, [302];
burning corn on graves, [318];
ears of corn in grave, [318];
primitive bows, [388];
yews in Cranborne Chase, [392];
horseshoes discovered by, [424], [425];
hippo-sandals, [428];
ox-shoe, [468], [469], [470]
Place-names, and early Christian settlements, [31], [32], [33], [147];
and the cardinal points, [339-40];
and the yew, [403]
Plays, in churches, [180-3];
in churchyards, [181], [182], [183];
evolution of, [181]
Pleurs (France), [248]
Pliny, his Natural History, cited, [286];
objects placed in tombs, [294], [310];
mirrors, [310];
yew poison, [362], [363];
burial of horse, [432];
shoeing camels, [470];
slaughter of oxen, [483]
Ploughing, Domesday terms relating to, [456];
by horses and oxen, [458];
composition of team, [458-61]
Ploughs, early, [463], [464], [497];
specimen at Lewes Castle, [463];
modern, [475]
Plumpton (Sussex), position of church, [101];
sycamore in churchyard, [384]
Pluto, and black oxen, [483]
Point Croix (Brittany), [202]
Poitiers (France), [231], [285], [389]
Poland, European bison in, [475], [477]
Pole Star, [325]
Pollard, Mr A. W., on miracle plays, [183]
Ponies, Highland, [413]
Pontypridd (Wales), [258]
Poppaea, wife of Nero, [423]
Porches, church, baptisms and weddings in, [143];
business, [143], [155-6];
schools, [152-5];
fireplaces in, [154];
chambers, [155];
stirrup stones at, [157];
as stables, [157];
armour, [157], [159], [160]
Porchester (Hants.), [13]
Porosphaera globularis (= fossil sponge), [305], [306], [307]
Portree (I. of Skye), [352]
Post Office Guide, cited, [339]
“Pot-boilers” (= calcined flints), [288], [292]
Pott, A. F., and the Aryans, [333]
Pottery in graves, [287], [288-90], [292]
Powderham (Devon), [118]
Prayer, towards the East, [212], [214], [217], [218];
towards the sun, [212], [218];
towards Jerusalem, [218]
Prayer Book, first, of Edward I, cited, [156];
rubric of, [315], [316]
Preaching crosses, [353]
Prehistoric Society of East Anglia, [79]
Prestbury (Glos.), [165]
Preuilly-sur-Claise (Touraine), [236]
Prideaux’s Churchwarden’s Guide, quoted, [187]
Priests, attached to holy wells, [94];
as notaries, [168];
burial of, [311];
mares used by, for riding, [436], [457]
Priest’s chamber, in church porches, [160]
Proceedings of Cambridge Antiquarian Society, quoted, [424]
Prothero, Mr R. E., on size of ox-team, [459-60]
Provence, birthplace of Durandus, [210];
holm-oak on graves, [401]
Proverbs, quoted, [360], [483]
Pryce, Mr T. Davies, on castle-mounds, [55]
Psalter of Eadwine, [464]
Pugin, A. W. N., on deflected chancels, [236-7]
Punish (Kent), [40]
Puttenham (Surrey), [339]
Puxton (Somerset), [141]
Pyecombe (Sussex), position of church, [101];
oxen, [455]
Pyramids, orientation of, [221] n.
Pytchley (Northants.), [80], [83], [90]
Quakers’ Cemetery, Penzance, [37];
in Edinburgh, [351]
Quarter-ales, [178]
Quartz, pieces of, in graves, [299], [309]
Quinsext Synod, [186]
Radnorshire, sports in churchyards, [197]
Rainham (Essex), [168], [169]
Ralph de Nevil, letters of, [457]
Ramage, Mr C. T., on Fortingal yew, [376]
Ramsay, Sir A. C., on “greywethers,” [38]
Ramsay, Prof. W. M., on image of Diana, [198]
Ramsgate (Kent), [301]
Rankin, Mr J., on Branxton churchyard, [355]
Raphoe (Donegal), [119]
“Raths” (= mounds), [66], [71]
Rawlinson, Canon G., on Scythians, [288] n.;
on capture of wild horses, [414]
Read, Dr C. H., on urn-burials, [250] n.
Reader, Mr F. W., on discoveries at Bramber, [78];
place-name, Canewdon, [201]
Reading, morris dances at, [184];
Anglo-Saxon graves, [431]
Reculver (Kent), [4], [20]
Redbourn (Lincs.), [59]
Red Indians, and horse sacrifice, [436]
Reformation, the, [144], [174], [197], [238], [317], [489]
Regulbium (= Reculver), [20]
Reims, or Rheims, [231], [337]
Repton (Derby), crypt, [148];
armour in church porch, [159]
Resurrection, the, influence of doctrine, [263], [318];
and teeth superstition, [322];
symbolized by yew, [398]
Reusens, E. H. J., on orientation, [224]
Reversion of custom, [275], [277], [278-9]
Reymerstone (Norfolk), [347]
Rhaetia, horse-head superstition, [440]
Rham, W. L., on the ox-team, [460];
ox-yoke, [462];
on ancient cultivation, [497]
Rhŷs, Sir J., on “cronks,” [71];
holy springs in Wales, [94], [332];
Irish magicians, [401]
Ribchester (Lancs.), [23]
Riccal (Yorks.), [173]
Ridgeway, Prof. W., on early horses, [416-17], [420];
Kalmucks, [419];
Herodotus, [419];
Irish epics, [419];
shoeing of horses, [424]
Rievaulx Abbey (Yorks.), orientation, [208];
cartulary, [459]
Right and left, determination of position by, [326-8]
Ringmer (Sussex), [455], [462]
Rings, in graves, [310]
Rings, of trees, [364], [365], [366-9]
Ripon cathedral, [138], [216] n.
Ritual of Brixen, [317]
Rivenhall (Essex), [11]
Robert de Brunne, cited, [319]
Robin Hood, guilds, [160];
and Maid Marian, [441], [442] n.
Robin Hood’s Cave (Derby), [412]
Rochdale (Lancs.), [104]
Rochester (Kent), [187]
Rock, Dr Daniel, on Saxon churches, [211];
orientation of churches, [211], [213];
churches in Rome, [214];
“leaning-head theory,” [236];
use of coffins, [277];
combs in ritual, [311];
St Cuthbert’s tomb, [312];
yews, [398];
Saxon churches, [404]
Rock-basins, [36]
Rock-carvings, [421], [481]
Rock-shelters, [411]
Rodmell (Sussex), horse-chestnut in churchyard, [384];
mulberries, [394];
oxen, [455];
ancient plough, [463];
ox-yoke, [462]
Rogate (Hants.), [91]
Rogers, J. E. Thorold, on use of church as garrison, [118], [496];
size of churches, [134];
cost of keeping horses and oxen, [466];
shoeing oxen, [470], [471]
Roman Catholic churches, orientation of, [207], [208]
Romanesque churches, [216]
Romano-British churches, [3], [9], [150], [495];
shrines at Silchester, [24];
graves, [288], [296], [357];
ears of corn in graves, [318];
villages, [403];
horseshoes, [424], [428];
jars, [448];
ox-shoes, [468]
Roman villas, [5], [6], [8], [9], [95], [428];
cemeteries, [7], [248];
pavements, [7], [8], [9];
altar, [7];
camps, [11], [12], [13], [87], [97];
miscellaneous remains, [69], [81], [83], [468];
schools, [154];
coffins, [271-3], [274];
coins, [273];
grave-gifts, [283], [294], [296];
funeral customs, [294], [318], [319], [323], [383], [401];
augurs, [326], [327];
urn, [399];
horseshoes, [423], [424], [425];
chariot-races, [440] n.;
acoustic jars, [447];
theatres, [447];
ploughs, [464];
oxen, [478-9], [480], [481]
Rome, orientation of churches, [207], [212], [214], [215], [216];
liturgical custom, [215], [312], [316], [337];
oxen near, [468];
oracles, [482]
Romford (Essex), [454]
Rood-screens, removal of, [233], [238]
Roos (Yorks.), [107], [108]
Roseneath (Dumbarton), [372]
Rotherly (Wilts.), [302], [403]
Rottingdean (Sussex), churchyard, [90];
foxes’ heads on door, [443]
Rouen, [237]
Round, Dr J. H., on castle-mounds, [55], [57], [59];
Domesday Book, [375] n.;
ox-team, [458], [458] n.
Round towers, of Ireland, [118-22];
description, [118-20];
stages of development, [119], [120];
theories concerning, [120-2]
Roundway Down (Wilts.), [402] n.
Royal Arms, in churches, [144]
Royston (Yorks.), [131]
Royston, Rev. P., on Rudstone menhir, [43]
Rubrics, of Missal, [213];
of Prayer Book, [316]
Rudstone (Yorks.), menhir, [43], [44];

meaning of name, [43];
barrow, [417]
Rugby (Warwick), [111]
Ruined churches, [13], [31], [38], [42]
Runic inscription, on sundial, [162];
and archery, [387]
Rural Rides, Cobbett’s, quoted, [91], [133]
Rushmere (Suffolk), [124]
Rushmore (Wilts.), [468], [469], [470]
Russia, white horses of, [433];
acoustic jars, [447]
Rylston (Yorks.), [278]
Ryton (Durham), [76]
Saben, Rev. P., on Alphamstone discoveries, [84]
Sacellum, [12], [495]
Sacred trees, [28], [400];
springs, [92-7];
heads, [440], [442], [443]
Sacrificial animals, [321]
Saddlescombe (Sussex), [455]
Saeters (= settlements), [340]
Sagarthians, horses of the, [414]
Sage, planted on graves, [400]
St Agnes’ Well (Somerset), [95]
St Alban, martyr, [4]
St Albans cathedral, Roman remains, [4];
watching loft, [126]
St Alban’s Head (Dorset), [127], [128]
St Aldhelm’s Chapel (Dorset), [127], [128]
St Aldhelm’s Well (Somerset), [95]
St Anne’s Hill (Sussex), [15]
St Audrey’s Fair, [192]
St Augustine (= Aurelius Augustinus), [328]
St Augustine, or Austin, his mission, [26];
holy well, [96]
St Basil, on turning to the East, [212];
building towards the East, [224]
St Benoît (Paris), church of, [210]
St Bertrand-de-Comminges (Haute-Garonne), [201]
St Beuno, sacrifice of oxen to, [482]
St Boniface, letter to, [437];
forbids sacrifices of oxen, [482]
St Budeaux (Devon), [118]
St Catherine’s (Westminster), [223]
St Chad’s Well (Lichfield), [95]
St Christopher’s “ribbe bone,” [200]
St Chrysostom, [262]
St Clement’s Well (London), [96]
St Columb Major (Cornwall), [256]
St Columba, [119]
St Cornély, “Pardon” of, [482]
St Cubert (Cornwall), [37]
St Cuthbert, [262];
burial of, [311], [312]
“St Cuthbert’s beads” (= portions of fossil encrinites), [308]
St Decumen’s Well (Somerset), [95]
St Denis (France), [431]
St Dennis (Cornwall), [15]
St Dominic of Ossory, [395]
St Edmund the King (London), church, [207]
St Elian’s Well (Denbigh), [94]
St Eloi, offerings to, [301]
Ste Marie du Castel (Guernsey), [34]
St Ethelwold, Bishop, [211]
St Felix, [242]
St Florence, Vale of, [113]
St Frideswide, and the ox, [485]
St Fursey, or Furseus, founds church at Burghcastle, [11]
St Gall, burial of, [434-5];
monks of, [437-8]
St George’s Cathedral (London), [207]
“St George’s Wardens,” [175]
St Giles-in-the-Fields (London), church, [336]
St Giles’s Well (London), [96]
St Hilda’s Day, [234]
St Isidore, [210]
St Jerome, on baptism, [220]
St John, [226]
St John Lateran (Rome), church, [214]
St John’s Point (co. Down), [86]
St Joseph’s Chapel (Glastonbury), [23]
St Lawrence, churches dedicated to, [15], [16]
St Leonard, [485]
St Luke, ox symbolical of, [485]
St Mabyn church (Cornwall), [42], [48]
St Margaret’s church (Westminster), [223]
St Mark’s Eve, [29]
St Martha’s Hill (Surrey), church, [131-2];
Good Friday sports, [195];
earth-rings, [195];
tombstones, [269]
St Martin, [226]
St Martin’s church (Canterbury), [20]
St Martin’s Hill, or Martinsell (Wilts.), [194], [381-2]
St Mary-le-Bow (London), [138]
St Mary Major (Exeter), [9], [206]
St Mary the Virgin, [226]
St Michael, churches dedicated to, [129]
St Michael’s (St Albans), [495]
St Michael’s Mount (Cornwall), [129], [130]
St Michel, [129]
St Molaise, priory of, [119]
St Monacella, [199]
St Nicholas, [226]
St Ouen (Rouen), deflected choir, [237];
Fergusson’s opinion concerning, [237]
St Pancras church (Canterbury), [22]
St Patrick, and holy wells, [93]
St Paulinus, missionary, [9], [32]
St Paulinus, of Nola, [241]
St Paul’s, Covent Garden (London), [206]
St Paul’s Cathedral (London), probable pagan site, [83], [444];
folk-moots held in, [136], [148];
legal business transacted in, [139], [173];
chest, [169];
markets, [173];
and Wren, [242];
ceremony connected with stag’s head, [443];
discoveries at, [444]
St Paul’s Cray (Kent), church, [4];
flints found at, [292]
St Peter, [226]
St Peter’s (Rome), altar, [207];
steps of, [212];
orientation, [214]
St Peter’s Chapel, Bradwell (Essex), [23]
St Peter’s Day, [234]
St Peter’s, Vatican, [232]
St Savin, [236]
St Saviour’s Cathedral (Southwark), [8], [231]
St Sepulchre’s church (London), [154]
St Stephen’s, Coleman Street (London), [336]
St Swithin’s (Lincoln), [7]
St Sylvester, [485]
St Tecla’s Spring (Denbigh), [94]
St Teilo’s Well (Pembroke), [94]
St Thomas of Canterbury, [131]
St Ulrick’s Day, [174]
St Weonards (Hereford), [56], [57]
St Willibrord, [185]
“Saint’s Day theory,” [224-7], [233], [235], [242]
Saints’ Days, fairs held on, [191]
Salisbury, gaol, [139];
horse-burial at, [432]
Salt, on graves, [313]
Saltfleetby All Saints (Lincs.), [342]
Salton (Yorks.), [196]
Samoa, burial customs, [247]
Samoyads, heathenism among modern, [29]
Sanctuary, churches and churchyards, [170], [354];
burial out of, [353], [359]
Sanctus bell, [151]
Sanderstead (Surrey), [372]
Sandwich (Kent), mayor chosen in church, [143];
St Clement’s church, [448]
Sandwich Kirk (Shetland Isles), [31]
San Paolo fuori le Mura (Rome), [214]
Sta Maria Maggiore (Rome), [214]
Sarsens, [38], [40], [41], [50]
Sarum Manual, [315]
Saxon churches, [9], [10], [13], [62], [108-11], [117], [211];
modes of punishment, [68];
barrow at Taplow, [81-2];
church towers in Lincolnshire, [108-11];
use of church porch, [155];
burials, [247], [250], [260], [261], [277], [283], [285], [308], [314], [431];
crystal balls in graves, [299];
amber beads in tumuli, [300-1], [307];
necklaces, [301], [307];
combs, [311];
sacrificial animals, [321];
superstition respecting enclosed
spaces, [354];
archery, [387], [388];
horses, [422];
ploughs, [464]
Saxony, open-air tribunals in, [68];
arms of, [433];
horse-head superstition, [440]
Scandinavia, folk-lore, [246];
ancient burials, [262];
chariot-burials, [276], [429], [431];
amber axes, [299];
cattle, [479];
rock-carvings, [421], [481]
Scarborough (Yorks.), [239]
Scartho (Lincs.), [108], [109-10]
Scheffer, Jean, his travels in Lapland, [29]
Schools, in churches and church porches, [152-5]
Schrader, Dr O., Roman methods of divination, [326];
on the yew, [363];
the Kalmucks, [419];
Celtic chariots, [421-2]
Scissors in coffins, [212]
Sclavonic folk-lore, [397];
horse sacrifices, [434], [441]
Scolds’ bridles, [163]
Scot-ales, [179]
Scotland, churches on pagan sites, [48], [94];
holy wells, [94];
sports in churchyards, [196];
tombstones, [314];
cardinal points, [327];
burial of suicides, [358];
yew superstition, [399];
superstition respecting fox’s skull, [443];
paganism, [446]
Scott, Dr D. H., his experiment on the elm, [366-7]
Scott, Mr G. G., on churches of Rome, [214]
Scott, Col. S., discovery by, [444]
Scott, Sir W., quoted, [403], [486]
Scottish Presbyterian Church, [445]
Scottshall (Kent), [378]
Scrapers, flint, [294], [305]
Scythians, ceremonial purification, [287-8], [289];
chariot-burials, [429]
Seaford (Sussex), [330]
Seale (Surrey), [80] n.
-Seats, -sets, in place-names, [340]
Sea-urchins (see Echinoderms)
Secondary burials, [263]
Secular uses of the church fabric, [101-204]
Seebohm, Prof. F., on continuity of village sites, [7];
moated mounds, [60];
Domesday ox-team, [458]
Selborne (Hants.), churchyard, [343], [348], [354];
yew, [378]
Selby Abbey (Yorks.), [154]
Seneschaucie, cited, [456], [471]
Sequoia, annual rings, [367]
Serpulae, fossil, [305]
Servia, burial of suicides in, [358]
Seville (Spain), [185]
Seyffert, O., and Greek augurs, [327]
Seymour Place (London), [206]
Shalford (Surrey), [165], [166]
Sharpe, Mr Montagu, on Romano-British sites, [495]
Shawford Downs (Hants.), [45]
Shells, found at Little Coates, [72];
in cave deposits, [308];
in graves, [308], [309];
in stone coffins, [309]
“Shepherd’s Crown,” or “Helmet” (= fossil echinoderm), [303]
Sheriffs’ Courts, [137]
Shetland Isles, [31]
Shetland pony, [420]
Shore, Mr T. W., on mounds near churches, [74];
Tooting church, [89];
holy wells of Hampshire, [96];
orientation of Hampshire churches, [222];
Winter- in place-names, [341]
Shropshire, Easter feasts in, [180];
teeth superstition, [322];
harvest customs, [436]
Sibertswold (Kent), [277]
Sidbury Hill (Wilts.), [255]
Silbury Hill (Wilts.), [67], [194]
Silchester, [13], [23], [30];
basilica, [23-4], [212];
shrines, [24];
Roman horse-races, [422];
ash-pits, [468]
Silkworms, in Sussex, [394]
Sinister, meaning of, [326]
Sir Howel-y-Furyall, armour of, [285]
Sirius, temples oriented to, [221]
Site-occupancy, continuous or repeated, [3], [10], [23], [42], [80], [86-7], [95]
Skeat, Prof. W. W., on place-names, [31], [32], [33];
“belfry,” [127];
“church,” [145];
Malay terms for points of compass, [327];
“yew,” [363]
Skelton (Yorks.), [162]
“Skew chancels,” [230], [232]
Skinner’s Well (London), [96]
“Skopia” (= watch-tower), [70]
Skulls, superstitions regarding, [440-1], [442], [444], [449-51];
placed under buildings, [444-5]
Slaves, manumission of, [168]
Smith, Dr Angus, on white pebbles in graves, [299]
Smith, Mr C. Roach, on Kentish churches, [4], [9];
crystal balls in graves, [300];
hippo-sandals, [428]
Smith, James, of Deanston, on agriculture, [468]
Smith, Mr Reginald A., on term “Saxon,” [19];
castle-mounds, [55];
Earl’s Barton, [62];
Taplow, [82];
Saxon burials, [247]
Smith, Mr Worthington G., his discoveries on Dunstable Downs, [302], [303];
on fossils in barrows, [303]
“Social theory of Christianity,” [133], [203]
Solon, cited, [247]
Solstices, orientation at the, [211], [227], [229], [256], [259]
Solutré (France), [145]
Solutrean caves, [411], [416]
Somer-, Summer-, in place-names, [340]
Somerset, holy wells, [95];
landmark towers, [130];
church-ales, [180];
teeth superstition, [322]
Sompting (Sussex), [356] n., [455]
South, folk-lore regarding the, [328-32];
favoured in churchyards, [328], [342], [343], [345], [348], [351];
symbolism of, [328-30];
in place-names, [339], [340]
South Africa, [316]
Southey, Robert, quoted, [335], [432]
Southfleet (Kent), [4]
Southgate (Middlesex), [340] n.
South Harting (Sussex), discovery of celts, [80];
parish stocks, [165]
South Hayling (Hants.), [377]
South Moreton (Berks.), [15]
South Tawton (Devon), [175]
Southwark (London), [8], [231], [352]
Southwell cathedral, [9]
Spain, Royal Arms in churches, [144];
councils held in churches, [148];
eggs suspended in churches, [202];
burial custom, [318];
horses imported from, [422];
caves of, [497]
Spearhead, of yew, [389]
“Specula” (= toot-hill), [61], [70]
Speeton (Yorks.), [78]
Spencer, B. (and F. J. Gillen), on Australian custom, [321-2]
Spencer, Herbert, on ancestor-worship, [280];
on development of society, [493]
Spica, orientation to, [221]
Spindle-whorls, [302], [307]
Spires, entasis in, [240]
Splint bones of horse, [411]
Sports, held in churches, [184], [185-6];
in churchyards, [186], [196-7], [352];
in earthworks, [194-5]
Springthorpe (Lincs.), [342]
Squarey, Mr E. P., on Downton Moot, [64]
Squints, in churches, [148-9], [151], [329]
Stag’s head ceremony, [443]
Stamford Fair, [457]
Standish (Glos.), [14]
Stanley, Dean, on St Martin’s, Canterbury, [20]
Stanley, Thomas, on the yew, [382]
Stanton Drew (Somerset), [46], [47]
Starnberger See (Bavaria), [418] n.
Stars, temples oriented to, [221]
Statius, on the yew, [399]
Statue-menhirs, [268]
Statutes, of Winchester, [192];
respecting burial in woollen, [278-9];
“Ne rector prosternat,” [383];
concerning archery, [389-90];
against eating horseflesh, [438-9]
Stebbing, Miss A., on Alphamstone urns, [84], [85]
Steers (= young oxen), [465]
Stennis (Orkney Isles), [99]
Stevens, Dr J., on Taplow barrow, [82]
Steyning (Sussex), [455]
Stillingfleet, Rev. E. W., and barrows of Arras, [430]
Stirks, or steers (= oxen), [465]
Stirrup-stones, [157]
Stocks, kept near churches, [164-7];
antiquity of, [167]
Stoke-by-Nayland (Essex), [11]
Stoke D’Abernon (Surrey), dial, [162];
fireplace, [188]
Stoke Newington (London), [308]
Stokes, Miss M., on round towers, [120], [121]
Stoke St Milborough (Salop), holy well, [95];
games in churchyard, [197]
Stone-circles, near churches, [28], [29] n., [34],

[66], [86];
connected with heathen worship, [24], [45], [66], [98];
and open-air courts, [34], [136];
Stanton Drew, [46], [47];
Duloe, [48];
churches on sites of, [45-9];
as dials, [253-8];
number of pillars in, [256];
gaps in, [256]
Stonehenge, [48], [99], [219], [255];
Sir J. N. Lockyer on, [48], [253];
trilithons of, [219], [256];
barrows near, [261]
Stone-rings (see Stone-circles)
Stowell, Lord, on use of coffins, [271]
Strabo, and omens, [434]
Strasburg (Germany), [447]
Stratford-on-Avon, church, [230];
oxen near, [453]
Strathfieldsaye (Hants.), [432]
Strathfillan (parish in Argyle and Perth), [94]
Streatham (Surrey), [207]
Streatham Common (Surrey), [207]
Streatley (Berks.), [349]
Street, or Streat (Sussex), [101], [344]
Strigils, in graves, [294]
Strike-a-lights, [285], [293]
Strutt, J. G., on yew at Pérone, [378-9];
Boldre maple, [384];
yews at Inchlonaig, [392]
Stubbs (or Stubbes), Philip, on church-ales, [178];
dancing in church, [185]
Studland (Dorset), [35]
Stuttgart (Germany), [231]
Suffolk, round church towers of, [123];
burial custom, [330];
burial on North side, [343]
“Sugar-loaf” (= fossil echinoderm), [303]
Sugolia (Hungary), [197]
Suicides, burial of, on North side, [341], [351], [352];
unburnt, [357];
at crossroads, [357-9];
in open fields, [359]
Summer-houses, [340]
Sun, worship of, [202], [213], [218], [219], [255], [439];
bowing to the, [212];
praying towards, [218], [219];
burials facing, [249-52];
as determining orientation, [325]
Sundials, attached to churches, [162], [163];
stone-circles used as, [255], [256-7]
Sunken Kirk (Cambs.), [30]
Sunninghill (Berks.), [432]
“Sun of Righteousness,” [220], [244]
Superstition, and sites of churches, [17], [18];
connected with church objects, [29];
and burial-places, [87];
building of churches, [103-4], [106];
and Christian burials, [286-7], [292-3], [294-7];
fossils, [303-4];
shells, [309];
teeth, [321-2];
funerals, [331];
baptisms and weddings, [332];
North side of churchyard, [341-3], [350-2];
yews in churchyards, [396];
yews at Christmas, [402];
horse-skulls, [440-1], [442], [444-5];
oxen, [442], [444], [451]
Surrey, position of churches, [101];
yew trees, [404-5];
oxen, [465]
Survivals, in burial customs, [268-323];
trees on graves, [270];
horse-burial, [431-2]
Sussex, church towers, [124-5];
grave-mounds, [264];
barrow, [302];
gable ornaments, [441];
oxen in, [452], [454-5], [465], [472], [475];
size of ox-team, [459], [461];
ox-yoke, [461], [462];
shoeing of oxen, [472-3]
Sutton, as place-name, [339]
Swallowfield (Berks.), [378]
Swanage (Dorset), [111]
Swanscombe (Kent), [62], [349]
Sweating sickness, [16]
Sweden, burial customs of, [310];
rock-carvings, [421];
acoustic jars, [447];
sacred cows, [481]
Swerford (Oxford), [62]
Sweyn, nephew of Canute, [200]
Swift, Jonathan, quoted, [230]
Swindon (Glos.), [111]
Swine (Yorks.), [352]
Swinhope (Lincs.), [351]
Switzerland, lake-dwellings, [249] n., [416], [421];
discovery of bows, [388];
horse in, [417];
oxen of, [477];
decoration of cows, [482]
Sycamore, in churchyards, [384]
Sykes, Sir Tatton, excavation of Duggleby Howe, [66]
Symbolism, weathercock, [164];
of East and West, [217];
of sun, [219] n;
deflected chancels, [235-6], [240], [242];
in churches, [235-8];
of the Cross, [236];
graves, [264];
grave-gifts, [291], [295], [299], [318];
ashes, [316], [317];
evergreens, [323];
cardinal points, [324], [332];
of priest’s position in church, [337];
yew, [398], [400-1], [407];
of the ox, [485]
Syme, J. T. B., on Welsh yews, [398]
Sympathetic magic, [295], [322]
Syncretism, [25]
Synods, Exeter, [140], [196], [383];
Winchester, [140];
Westminster, [170];
Quinsext or Trullan, [186]
Tabernacle, of Moses, [217], [223]
Tacitus, use of covinus, [422];
on white horses, [433];
horse-skulls, [440]
Tait, Prof. J., on “Toot Hill,” [70]
Tandridge (Surrey), [370-1]
Tankersley Park (Yorks.), [377]
Taplow (Bucks.), [81], [86], [283]
Tara, the king of, [402]
Tartars, horses of the, [419], [472];
chariot-burial, [429]
Tatsfield (Surrey), [331]
Taunton (Somerset), [232]
Tavern signs, [433], [485]
Taxine, [362]
“Taxus,” word discussed, [362]
Taylor, Isaac, on place-names, [31], [32];
on determination of position, [325-6];
cardinal points, [339-40];
Domesday ox-team, [458]
Taylor, Silas, on orientation of churches, [225], [227]
Teeth, fossil, in barrows, [307];
abundance of, in graves, [321];
superstitions regarding, [321-2];
of horse, in barrows, [430]
Teisterbant, meaning of name, [326]
Telscombe (Sussex), [90]
Temple, meaning of word, [210];
of Herod, [217];
of Solomon, [217]
Temple Downs (Wilts.), [30]
Temples, pagan, [28], [30-1]
Tenby (Pembroke), [151]
Tenison, Archbishop, and Lambeth burial-ground, [343]
Tennyson, quoted, [405], [475], [496]
Tertullian, reference to Christians, [2];
on sun-worship, [219]
Teutonic invasion, [3];
settlement, [105-6];
use of word “church,” [146-7];
sun-worship, [219];
mythology, [334], [440];
horse cult, [433-4], [436], [441]
Tewkesbury (Glos.), [140]
Texel, meaning of name, [326]
Thaxted (Essex), [133]
Thegn-right, [73]
Theodosius, Edict of, [26]
Things (= popular assemblies), [65]
Thomas, Mr Edward, quoted, [486]
Thor, feasts to, [27], [28];
hammer of, [27], [198]
Thracians, and white stones, [299]
Thrapstone (Northants.), [346]
Thruxton Tump (Hereford), [56]
Thugs, and prayer towards the East, [217]
Thunderbolts, [197]
Thursley (Surrey), [384]
Thuxton (Norfolk), [347]
Tidenham (Glos.), [8]
Tideswell (Derby), [153]
Timbs, John, on Wrexham yews, [374]
Tisbury (Wilts.), [377]
Tissington (Derby), earthwork, [16];
well-worship, [92]
Tithe-barns, use of, [159], [160], [171-2], [182];
Brand on, [176]
Tiverton (Devon), church used as fortress, [118];
burial of gipsy at, [312]
Tlingits, or Tlinkits (tribe), [251]
Toll-holz (charm), [397]
Tombs, simple, [268-9]
Tombstones, vaulted, [260];
flat, [270], [347];
box-shaped, [275];
table, [275];
vertical, [347]
(see also Headstones)
Toot-hills, [7], [51], [60-1], [70-3];
at Pirton, [60-1], [70];
meaning of term, [70-1];
at Macclesfield, [71];
Little Coates, [72]
Tooting (Surrey), [89]
Torrington (Devon), [496]
Totemism, [281]
Totemism and Exogamy, cited, [281], [436]
Tothill, Tothill Fields, etc., [71]
Tours (France), [231]
Toussaint, M., on horse bones, [415]
Touting Hills, [71]
Towcester (Northants.), [59], [62]
Tower of London, [285]
Towers, church, used as fortresses, [107-18], [150];
portcullis in, [107];
Irish round, [118-22];
detached, [122-3];
circular, [123-4]
Town armour, [158]
Town halls, [138]
Town meeting, [141]
Townstall (Devon), [118]
Toys, in graves, [312]
Tozer, Mr Basil, on horseshoes, [423], [424]
Tradition, concerning churches, [30-1], [103-4], [106];
yews, [392], [396], [404];
horse-skulls, [445-6];
ploughing oxen, [487], 492 (see also Folk-memory)
Trees, on barrows, [270], [400];
on graves, [270], [400];
in churchyards, [383-5], [401]
Tree-trunks, for coffins, [274], [278]
Tree-worship, [28], [400]
Tregaron (Cardigan), [48]
Trepanning, [321]
Trephine, and yew trees, [365]
Trevis (= beam used in shoeing oxen), [473]
Trial by ordeal, [136], [354]
Trilithons, [255]
Trottescliffe (Kent), [40]
Trullan Synod, [186]
Tull, Jethro, on agriculture, [468]
Tumulus, meaning of word, [51]
(see also Barrow)
Tunbridge Wells (Kent), [454]
Turanians, burial customs, [284]
Turlagh, burial at, [352]
Turner, Robert, on yew superstition, [395-6]
Turner, Sir W., on Australian burial custom, [313]
Turris, or bretasche, [53]
Tusser, Thomas, quoted, [483]
Tutt Hill (Suffolk), [71]
Tweeddale, churchyards of, [343]
Tweedside superstitions, [301]
Twelfth Night, quoted, [154], [382]
Twyford (Hants.), megalith, [45];
yew, [378]
Tyack, Rev. G. S., on holy wells, [97];
church-ales, [180]
Tylor, Prof. E. B., on value of details, [2];
orientation of churches, [213], [216-7], [219];
comparative burial customs, [251-2], [312];
animism, [279-81];
burial of coins, [296];
on grave-gifts, [279-82];
East and West, [332]
Tyndall, John, his grave at Haslemere, [264]
Tynemouth (Northumberland), [230]
Tynwald Hill (I. of Man), [64]
Uffington (Berks.), [433-4]
Uganda, [358]
Ulm (Germany), [126]
Unbaptized children, burial of, [351], [353] n.
Upper Beeding (Sussex), [344]
Upsala, heathen temple at, [28];
tumulus, [276] n.
Upton (Notts.), [448]
Uriconium, discoveries at, [479]
Urn-field, at Aylesford, [261], [276]
Urns, cinerary, [277], [292], [399];
burial in, [261], [451];
containing flint chips, [285]
Urus, the, [477]
Usher of school, his origin, [149], [154]
Utterby (Lincs.), [351]
Uttoxeter (Staffs.), [71]
Vaigatch, [228]
Vale of Pewsey (Wilts.), [453], [473]
Vale of Pickering (Yorks.), [453]
Varanger Fiord (Norway), [309]
Variation of magnetic needle, [228]
Vatican, museum of, [199];
St Peter’s church, [232]
Vedic hymn, quoted, [283];
literature, [439]
Veile, or Vejle (Denmark), [28]
Venta Silurum (= Caerwent), [25]
Verona (Italy), [216]
Verulam, Roman station, [4]
Vessels, models of, in churches, [203]
Vestry, Easter, [141];
“open,” [141];
the word and the institution, [142];
origin of, [142-3];
“close,” [142];
records of, [271]
Victoria, burial of, [432]
Victoria Histories:
London, [9];
Cumberland, [50];
Kent, [52];
Cornwall, [310]
Viking burials, [262], [294], [431]
Village, stockaded, [16];
plays, [181-3];
fairs, [191], [193]
Villas, Roman, [5], [6], [8], [9], [95]
Vindomora, Roman station, [12]
Vinogradoff, Prof. P., on gallows, [69] n.;
on cost of iron weapons, [158];
Domesday ox-team, [458]
Virgil, and word dexter, [327];
chariot-burial, [429];
on white horses, [433];
story of the Carthaginians, [442];
the Golden Age, [483]
Vishnu, mythology of, [307], [442]
Vision of William, cited, [456], [457] n.
Vitruvius, on acoustic vessels, [447]
Vogt, M. Carl, on domestication of the horse, [414]
Von Hefele, C. J., on Trullan Synod, [186]
Votive offerings, [203], [293]
Vulgate, the, and use of the word “specula,” [71]
Waith (Lincs.), [108]
Wakefield (Yorks.), [344]
Walcott, M. E. C., on orientation of churches, [212]
Wales, churches of, near stone-circles, [48];
well-worship, [92], [94-5];
circular churchyards, [97], [99];
legends regarding churches, [104];
sports in churchyards, [197];
folk-lore, [246];
bards, [257], [398];
burial customs, [331];
well superstition, [332];
bone-caves, [417];
mummers, [442];
black cattle, [480];
pagan deities, [482]
Wallace, Mr R. Hedger, on long-horned cattle, [479]
Walnut trees, in churchyards, [384]
Walrond, Col. F., on bows, [389]
Walsall (Staffs.), [104]
Walsingham (Norfolk), [192]
Walter de Henley, on ploughing, [458], [467], [468];
speed of oxen, [467];
shoeing oxen, [468], [470-1]
Waltham Abbey (Essex), [165]
Walthamstow (Essex), [416]
Walton (Norfolk), [122]
Walton-on-the-Hill (Lancs.), [165]
Walton-on-the-Hill (Surrey),