[537] Mal. iv. 2; Luke i. 78; 2 Pet. i. 19; Rev. ii. 28.
[538] See, e.g. Brand, Pop. Antiq. II. p. 318.
[539] J. M. Neale, Hist. of Holy Eastern Church (General Introduction), 1850, I. p. 222.
[540] A. J. Butler, Anc. Coptic Churches of Egypt, 1884, I. p. 10.
[541] E. J. Simcox, Prim. Civilisations, 1897, II. p. 438.
[542] Consult Sir J. Norman Lockyer’s Dawn of Astronomy (1894), especially chs. vii., viii., ix., xxx., xxxviii.; also Stonehenge, pp. 1-5. The views expressed, however, have been much canvassed (e.g. Edinburgh Review, CLXXX. 1894, pp. 418-432); S. Laing, Human Origins, 1892, pp. 136-149; E. J. Simcox, op. cit. II. pp. 438-440; W. M. Flinders Petrie, Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh, 1885, pp. 125-7 (for orientation of Pyramids). In England there is a tendency, in certain districts, for early churches to be ranged in a North-to-South line, and roughly at equal distances (F. J. Bennett, in South-Eastern Naturalist, 1904, pp. 29-36). Again, the churchyard yews of the Surrey villages, Alfold, Dunsfold and Hambledon, stand “almost in a mathematically straight line,” the Dunsfold tree being almost exactly midway (E. Parker, Highways and Byways of Surrey, 1908, p. 165). In all these cases the positions, where not determined by geographical and geological considerations, are, I think, accidental.
[543] Lockyer, Dawn of Astron., ch. xxxviii. For the orientation of Chaldaean ziggurats, or temple-observatories, see Laing, Human Origins, pp. 149-52. For Malabar, see Simcox, op. cit. II. p. 440. The oriented buildings of Mashonaland are probably co-eval with some of the Old Testament practices. See J. T. Bent, Ruined Cities of Mashonaland, 1892, pp. 120-149, 358-361. But Dr R. MacIver, in Mediaeval Rhodesia, 1906, argues for a Mediaeval date.
[544] Handbook of Eng. Ecclesiology (Eccles. Soc.), 1847, pp. 39-41.
[545] Quoted in Notes and Queries, 2nd Ser., V. pp. 500-1. Mr Airy’s paper, On Festival Orientation, was read before the Beds. Archit. and Archaeol. Soc., 11th Nov. 1856. (I have not been able to examine a copy of the original paper; it is missing from the volume belonging to the British Museum. W. J.)
[546] Jour. Anthrop. Inst., XX. 1890, p. 17.