[1267] W. L. Rham, Dict. of the Farm, new edition, 1858, p. 202.
[1268] On this theory, a bovate represents one-eighth of a carucate.
[1269] Birch, Domesday Book, pp. 225-6. For contrary view, see J. H. Round, Feudal England, 1909, pp. 35-36. Dr Round argues that not only was the caruca a plough team of eight oxen, but that the number was fixed. Also P. Vinogradoff, Villainage in England, 1892, pp. 252-3. The number of oxen was perhaps partly dependent upon the practice of co-aration, or co-operative ploughing. See G. Slater, in Geogr. Jour., 1907, XXIX. p. 39. P. Vinogradoff, Eng. Society in the Eleventh Century, 1908, pp. 154, 164-5. See also F. Seebohm, Eng. Vill. Community, 1896, pp. 62-5, 74, 85, 123.
[1270] Publications of Surtees Society, No. 83, p. 65.
[1271] Ibid., No. 87 (Life of St Cuthbert in Eng. Verse), p. 170.
[1272] Ibid., p. 176.
[1273] G. Roberts, Social Hist. of the People of the Southern Counties of England, 1856, p. 487. Cf. D. Defoe, Tour thro’ the whole Island of Great Britain, 1724, I. pp. 59-60. Timber taken by road from Sussex to Maidstone, and thence by river to Chatham, sometimes required three years for the journey.
[1274] R. E. Prothero, in Social England, V. p. 455. Cf. N. J. Hone, The Manor and Manorial Records, 1906, pp. 41-3. See Addenda, p. 497 infra.
[1275] Birch, Domesday Book, p. 225.
[1276] Rham, Dict. Farm, p. 202.