Initiative in Evolution

by Walter Kidd

Adami, Professor. “Medical Contributions to the Study of Evolution,” [21].
Ancestry, primate, [235], [236].
Anthropology, [4].
Ape: Arrangement of hair on forearm of, [43].
——Papillary ridges on hand and foot of, [164].
——Bursæ of, [184–186].
——Muscles of, [213], [214].
Artists, Evidence from, [66].
Ass: Hair-patterns of, [82].
Baboon, Chacma, papillary ridges on hand and foot of, [165], [166].
Bartholinus, Erasmus, [126].
Bateson, Professor, [9], [20], [22], [33], [149], [255].
——“Materials for the Study of Variation,” [9–13], [22], [210].
Bayliss, Professor, [244].
Bear, Parti-coloured (Æluropus melanoleucus): Hair-patterns of, [121], [122].
Beddard, Mr., [118].
——“Animal Colouration67,” [206].
Bell, Sir Charles, [205].
Bergson, [205].
Bongo (Tragelaphus euryceros): Hair-patterns of, [118].
Bonney, Professor. “The Story of Our Planet,” [3].
Bower, Professor, [21].
Brooks, Professor, W. K., [20], [202].
Bursæ, description of, [179], [180].
——Human, enumerated, [180–183].
——Experiments as to, [186–190].
Canidæ: Hair-patterns of, [98–102].
Capybara, epidermis of, [151].
Chimpanzee, papillary ridges on hand and foot of, [164], [167], [168], [176].
——Bursæ of, [184], [185].
Clark, Sir Andrew, [30].
Cold and warmth sensations of human skin, [220–230].
Coote, Captain, [194].
Correlation, [28].
Correns, [11].
Cow, hair and habits of, [87–91].
——Fly-shaker muscles of, [90], [211], [212].
Crime, detection of a, [5].
Cunningham, J. T., [21].
Darwin, [1], [2], [15], [35], [39], [40], [139], [145], [147], [239].
——“Origin of Species,” [2], [8].
——“Descent of Man,” [2].
——Three Blows to, [9].
——On human eyebrows, [64], [65].
Darwin, Sir Francis, [20], [21].
——On Mnemonic theory of Heredity, [20].
Darwinism, [9], [15], [25], [145].
Dendy, Professor. “Outlines of Evolutionary Biology,” [21].
de Vries, [11], [24], [27], [145], [190].
Dog: Arrangement of hair of, [27], [28], [34], [100–102].
——Habits of, [98], [99].
Dyer, Professor Thiselton, [210].
Earth Wolf, epidermis of, [150].
Echidna, epidermis of, [151].
Elliott, Professor Scott, [98], [126].
——“Prehistoric Man and his Story,” [43], [47], [226].
Environments, Discontinuous, [31–33].
Epidermis: Varieties of, found in mammals, [145].
——Stimuli and response, [145–153].
Eyebrows, hairs of human, [64–73].
——Interpreted by wrinkles, [67].
Facilitation, [240], [246–248].
Felidæ: Hair-patterns of, [92–97].
——Snout of, [94].
Flexures of hand and foot, description of, [170–172].
——Chief types of, [172].
——Meaning of, [173–177].
Foot of Man, [155], [156].
——Papillary ridges on, [159], [160].
——Flexures of, [176], [177].
Foot of Man, Plantar arch of, [192–194].
——Muscles of, [214–217].
Forearm, arrangement of hair on, [41].
Galton, [157]; On chiromantic creases, [170].
Galvani, [126].
Geikie, Sir Archibald, [3].
Genealogy, [4].
Germinal Selection, [19], [20].
Gibbon, flexures of foot of, [176].
——Bursæ of, [185].
Gibbon, Hainan, papillary ridges on hand and foot of, [164], [165].
Giraffe: Habits of, [115].
——Hair-patterns of, [117].
Gorilla, papillary ridges on hand and foot of, [164].
Haeckel: Pithecoid Ancestors of Man, [1].
Hair-direction, causation of, [140–144].
——Summary of conclusions with regard to, [141].
——Phenomena of, [37], [38].
——Experimental Inquiry into, [125], [126].
——Steps of Inquiry into, [40], [124], [125].
Hair-pattern, Dynamics of, [44], [45], [46], [50].
Hand of Man, [155], [156].
——Papillary ridges on, [157–159].
——Flexures of, [176], [177].
——Muscles of, [214–217].
Harris, Dr. H. Wilder, [147], [154].
Harris, Mrs. Wilder. See [Whipple], Miss Inez.
Hartmann, [213].
Hedgehog, epidermis of, [152].
——Papillary ridges on hand and foot of, [162], [163], [166].
——Flexures on hand and foot of, [173].
Hepburn, Dr., [148], [159], [162].
Heredity, Mnemonic theory of, [20].
Herschel, Sir John, [126].
Hill, Professor Leonard, [224].
Historian a biologist, [2].
Horse: Arrangement of hair on side of neck of, [51–63].
——Habits of, [75].
——Hair-patterns of, [75–82].
——Compared with Zebra, [83–85].
——Effect of harness upon hair of, [126–136].
——Fly-shaker muscles of, [211].
Howes, G. B., [12].
Hutchinson, Professor Jonathan, [188].
Hutton, [3].
Huxley, [5], [8], [126], [192], [200], [217].
Insectivores, [237], [238].
Jackson, Hughlings, [241].
Jevons, [124], [125], [126], [140].
Johnston, Sir H. H., [96], [201].
Jones, Professor Wood, [230].
——“Arboreal Man,” [195], [245], [248].
Kammerer, [21].
Keith, Professor, [112], [188], [189], [190], [195], [196], [208], [215], [216], [217].
——On functions of platysma, [113].
Kerr, Professor Graham, [224].
——On Embryology, [246], [247].
Kiang (Thibetan Wild Ass): Hair-patterns of, [119].
Kinkajou, epidermis of, [153].
Kropotkin, Prince, [21].
Lamarck, [13], [21], [22], [33], [35], [145], [147], [247], [255].
Lamarckian hypothesis of organic evolution, [19], [20], [22], [24], [25], [26], [28], [30], [31], [138], [205].
Lankester, Sir E. Ray, [20], [23], [45], [141], [190], [204].
Lemur: Arrangement of hair on forearm of, [43].
——Hair-pattern of, [46].
——Papillary ridges on foot of, [161], [162], [164], [165].
——Black-headed, epidermis of, [153].
——Ring-tailed, epidermis of, [153].
——Flexures of foot of, [176].
Lion: Hair-patterns of, [92–97], [207].
Livingstone, [92].
Llama: Hair-patterns of, [119], [120].
Loris, Slow: epidermis of, [154], [155].
——Papillary ridges on foot of, [161], [166].
Lydekker, [86], [92], [94], [115], [118], [119], [168], [195].
Lyell, [3], [178], [192].
——“Principles of Geology,” [3], [46].
Macacus, flexures of hand and foot of, [176].
Macalister, [215], [217].
McBride, Professor, [21].
Macdonald, Professor, [190], [244], [245], [247].
McDougall, Professor: On Physiological Psychology, [24], [25], [225], [253].
MacEwen, Sir W., [188].
McTaggart, Dr., [142].
Malthus, [2], [15].
Malus, [126].
Mammals, palms and soles of, [150–153].
Man: hair and habits of, [103].
——Arrangement of hair on back of, [104].
——Passive habits of, [106], [107].
——Arrangement of hair on chest of, [108], [109].
——Palm and sole of, [155], [156].
——Papillary ridges on hand of, [157–159].
——Papillary ridges on foot of, [159], [160].
——Flexures of palm and sole of, [176], [177].
——Plantar arch of, [192–194].
——Muscles of hand and foot of, [214–217].
——Changes in habits of, [234], [235].
Marmoset, Papillary ridges on foot of, [161].
Mendel, [11], [15], [26], [145], [190].
Mercier, Dr.: On Causation, [141], [142].
Mill, John Stuart, [141], [142].
Mole, epidermis of, [150].
Monkey, papillary ridges on hand and foot of, [164].
Mule: Hair-patterns of, [82].
Murphy, Dr. John B., [189].
Muscles: Anatomists’ views of, [201], [202].
——Initiative in, [202], [203].
——New, [205].
——Unstriped, [205], [206].
——Facial, of expression, [207–209].
——Fly-shaker, [210–212].
——Skeletal, [212], [213].
——Skeletal, of Primates, [213], [214].
Neural phenomena, [239].
Nervous System: Some aspects of the, [223–225].
——Place of the, in Evolution, [238], [239].
——Raw materials of the, [240], [241].
——Integration of raw materials of the, [241], [242].
Oken, [126].
Ollier, [188].
Onager, Hair-patterns of, [82].
Opossum, American, epidermis of, [151].
——Azara’s, epidermis of, [153].
Orang, papillary ridges on hand and foot of, [164].
——Bursæ of, [185].
Organic Evolution, consideration of problems of, [24–28].
——Factors in, [27].
——Cross-roads in, [203–205].
Owen, Richard, [10].
Oxen: Hair-patterns of, [87–91].
Palm, skin of, [147–156].
——of Man, [155–156].
Papillary ridges, some undersigned experiments in, [166–169].
Paterson, Dr. C., [188].
Pearson, Professor Karl, [34], [141], [142].
Phalanger, epidermis of, [152].
Pitt, Miss Frances, [94], [95], [251].
Plantar arch, of man, [192–194].
——How it was built, [194], [195].
——Equipment of, [196], [197].
——Description of, [197–199].
Plasto-diēthēsis, [34], [145], [195].
Platysma, Struggles of the, [111–114].
Playfair, [3].
Pocock, Roger, [75].
Poincaré, Henri, [157].
——Principles of method, [36].
Porcupine, Canadian Tree, epidermis of, [151], [153].
Poulton, Professor: “Essays on Evolution,” [86].
Prescott’s “Conquest of Peru,” [120].
Pressure, Examples of the effects of, upon hair-direction, [127–136].
Primates, epidermis of, [153].
Rabbit, epidermis of, [151].
Records, Interpretation of, [110].
Reflex arches, formation of, [231].
——Some historical illustrations of, [231–234].
——Of Insects, [236], [237].
——Of Mollusca, [236], [237].
——Of Birds, [236], [237].
——Evidence of production of new, [242–246].
Reflexes: Stimuli of, [249–256].
——Scratch, of the dog, [249].
——Purposes of, [250–253].
——Scratch, of the cat, [253].
Rivers, Sources of, [4].
Romanes: 19, [39], [40], [145].
——On Weismann, [17], [18].
Roux, [19], [145].
Russell, The Hon. Bertrand, [142].
Russell, E. S. On Lamarck’s theory, [20].
Saint-Hilaire, Geoffrey, [10].
Sapajou, Brown, papillary ridges on hand and foot of, [165].
Schafer’s “Text Book of Physiology,” [219], [220], [226].
Scratch reflex; of the dog, [249].
——Of the cat, [253].
Selous, [92], [115], [118].
Sherrington, Professor, [218], [226], [229], [238], [244], [245], [249], [250], [251], [253], [254].
Skin, Human: Distribution of Touch Corpuscles, [219].
——Distribution of Touch Spots, [219].
——Distribution of Cold and Warmth Sensations, [220].
——Distribution of Cold and Warmth Spots, [220], [221].
——Stimuli of pressure, [222], [226–230].
——Stimuli of cold, [226–230].
——Stimuli of pain, [226–230].
——Stimuli of warmth, [226–230].
Sloth, Two-toed (Cholæpus didactylus): Hair-patterns of, [122], [123].
Smith, Dr. E. Barclay, [201], [216].
Sole, skin of, [147–156].
——Of Man, [155], [156].
Spencer, Herbert, [28], [177].
Squirrel, epidermis of, [152].
——Papillary ridges on hand and foot of, [162], [166].
——Flexures of hand and foot of, [175].
Squirrel-monkey, papillary ridges on foot of, [161].
——Flexures of foot of, [176].
Starling, Professor, [227], [244].
——On Facilitation, [240], [246].
Still-born children, subcutaneous bursæ of two, [183], [184].
Stimuli, [30], [31].
——Of touch, [219], [226–230].
——Of cold, [220], [226–230].
——Of warmth, [220], [226–230].
——Of pressure, [222], [226–230].
Stout, Professor, [252].
Summary of conclusions arrived at, [257], [258].
Thomson, Professor J. Arthur, [20], [22], [23], [24], [25], [28], [29], [34].
——On Heredity, [22].
Touch Corpuscles, [219], [227], [228].
Touch spots, [219], [225], [227], [228].
Tschermak, [11].
Ungulates, even-toed, [86–91].
——odd-toed, [74–85].
Vernon, Dr.: “Variations in Animals and Plants,” [28].
Vulpine phalanger, flexures of foot of, [173], [175].
Wallace, Professor, [2], [39], [40], [46], [145].
Weber’s Law, [222].
Weismann, [9], [11], [14], [16], [17], [18], [21], [22], [24], [25], [26], [86], [139], [177], [210], [245], [255].
——Twelve points, [15], [16].
Weismannism, [17], [18], [19], [26], [145].
Welton, Mr., [142].
Whipple, Miss Inez (Mrs. Wilder Harris), [154], [162].
——Criticism of “The Direction of Hair in Animals and Man,” [137–139].
Wolff, [189]: “Law of Bone Transformation,” [205].
Young, Arthur, [143].
Zebra: Comparisons between horse and, [83], [84].

FOOTNOTES:

[1] Acton. A Lecture on the Study of History, p. 19.

[2] Savage Childhood, Dudley Kidd.

[3] The above remark as to the jubilee-volume needs to be explained and justified. In it there is an important essay on each of the great provinces of Weismann, Mendel and de Vries, and in each of these the highest living exponent speaks, Professors Weismann, Bateson and de Vries. Bateson expresses admiration for Weismann’s destructive work, but shows plainly that he holds it to have failed in its fundamental purpose. Nevertheless, by a neat tour d’addresse he adopts Weismann’s uncompromising attitude on the inheritance of acquired characters, which happens to agree exceedingly well with his own scheme. He has but one insignificant reference to de Vries on p. 95 where he finds help for his doctrine.

Weismann makes no reference to Mendel or de Vries. De Vries makes none to Weismann or Mendel, but without stating it in his essay he is known to be in opposition to Weismann’s dogma on the inheritance of acquired characters. These three eminent biologists would thus seem to have worked on diverging lines. The two first agree heartily, Weismann explicitly and Bateson by implication, as to the forbidden doctrine, “on the ground that it closes the way to deeper insight”—in other words their mutually destructive theories. So it stands thus in the book—Weismann throws over Lamarck, Mendel and de Vries; Bateson throws over Weismann (as again in 1914) and de Vries; de Vries ignores Weismann and Mendel.

Dr. Lock in his book on Variation, Heredity and Evolution, 1906, says that Weismann practically ignores the evidence of Mendelism in heredity, and adds, p. 261, “But at the next step the Mendelian parts company with Weismann.”

One cannot avoid noticing, incidentally, that the vast mass of work of the biometricians led by Galton, Weldon and Professor Karl Pearson is conspicuously absent from the book. Prof. J. Arthur Thomson says that there should be no opposition between Mendelian and Galtonian formulæ, “they are correlated, and ultimately they will be seen in complete harmony as different aspects of the same phenomena. But it is simply muddleheadedness which can find any opposition between a statistical formula applicable to averages of successive generations breeding freely, and a physiological formula applicable to particular sets of cases where parents with contrasted dominant and recessive characters are crossed and their hybrid offspring are inbred.”(a) concerning which see the Preface to Bateson’s Mendel’s Principles of Heredity, 1902, with remarks on some of the Galtonians.

(a) Heredity, p. 374.

[4] Materials for the Study of Variation, p. 5.