Civil War and Reconstruction in Alabama

by Walter L. Fleming

Abolition sentiment in Alabama, [10].
Agriculture, during the war, [232];
since the war, [710-734].
Alabama, admitted to Union, [7];
secedes, [36];
readmitted, [547].
Alabama and Chattanooga Railroad, [591-600].
American Missionary Association and negro education, [459], [462], [463], [617], [620].
Amnesty proclamation of President Johnson, [349];
published by military commanders in Alabama, [409].
Amusements during the war, [241].
Andrew, Bishop, and the separation of the Methodist church, [22].
Anti Ku Klux, [690].
Anti-slavery sentiment in Alabama, [10].
Applegate, A. J., lieutenant-governor, [736].
Army, U. S., and the civic authorities, [410];
in conflict with Federal court, [414];
relations with the people, [417-420];
used in elections, [694-701], [746], [756], [789], [794].
Athens sacked by Colonel Turchin, [63].
Bacon used to influence elections, [785].
Banks and banking during the war, [162].
Baptist church, separation of, [22];
declaration in regard to the state of the country, [222];
during Reconstruction, [639];
relations with negroes, [642].
“Barbour County Fever,” [709].
Bingham, D. H., mentioned, [346], [350], [402];
in convention of 1867, [526];
in Union League, [557].
Birney, James G., mentioned, [10].
Black Belt, during slavery, [710];
at the end of the war, [713];
share system in, [722];
decadence of, during Reconstruction, [726].
“Black Code,” or “Black Laws,” [378].
“Black Republican” party arraigned, [20].
Blockade-running, [183].
Bonded debt of Alabama, [580-586].
Bonds, of state, [580];
of counties and towns, [580], [581];
fraudulent issues, [581], [582];
of railroads, [587-607];
fraudulent indorsements, [596-606].
Boyd, Alexander, killed by Ku Klux, [686].
Bragg, W. L., Democratic campaign manager, [793].
Brooks, William M., president of convention of 1861, [28];
letter to President Davis, [112];
advocates limited negro suffrage, [388].
Brown, John, plans negro uprising in Alabama, [18].
Buchanan, Admiral Franklin, at battle of Mobile Bay, [69].
Buck, A. E., carpet-bagger, in convention of 1867, [518];
elected to Congress, [750].
Buckley, C. W., carpet-bagger, agent of Freedmen’s Bureau, [426], [437], [440], [448], [458];
in convention of 1867, [518];
elected to Congress, [737];
on Ku Klux Committee, [702];
sides with the Robinson faction, [774].
Bulger, M. J., in secession convention, [29], [31], [33], [38];
candidate for governor, [372];
in politics, [513].
Busteed, Richard, Federal judge, on Fourteenth Amendment, [394];
in Radical politics, [511], [744], [774].
Byrd, William M., “Union” leader, [15].
Calhoun Democrats, [11].
Callis, John B., carpet-bagger, agent of Freedmen’s Bureau, [426];
in Union League, [557];
elected to Congress, [738].
Campaign, of 1867, [503-516];
of 1868, [493], [747];
of 1870, [751];
of 1872, [754];
of 1874, [782-797].
Carpet-bag and negro rule, [571] et seq.
Carpet-baggers, in convention of 1867, [517], [518], [530];
in Congress, [738], [749], [754], [761].
See also [Republicans].
Chain gang abolished, [393].
Charleston convention of 1860, [18].
Churches, separation of, [21-24];
during the war, [222];
seized by the Federal army and the northern churches, [227];
condition after the war, [325], [326];
attitude toward negro education and religion, [225], [457], [641];
during Reconstruction, [636-652].
Civil Rights Bill of 1866, [393].
Civil War in Alabama, [61-78];
seizure of the forts, [61];
operations in north Alabama, [62];
Streight’s Raid, [67];
Rousseau’s Raid, [68];
operations in south Alabama, [69];
Wilson’s Raid, [71];
destruction by the armies, [74].
Clanton, Gen. James H., organizes opposition to Radicals, [508], [512];
on negro education, [625], [630];
on the religious situation, [638].
Clay, Senator C. C., speech on withdrawal from U. S. Senate, [25];
arrested by Federals, [262].
Clayton, Judge Henry D., charge to the Pike County grand jury on the negro question, [385].
Clemens, Jere (or Jeremiah), in secession convention, [29], [34], [47];
mentioned, [64], [111];
deserter, [125], [127], [143];
advocates Reconstruction, [125], [144], [145].
Clews & Company, financial agents, [592], [596], [597].
Cloud, N. B., superintendent of public instruction, [610-632].
Cobb, W. R. W., “Union” leader, [16];
disloyal to Confederacy, [139].
Colleges during the war, [212].
Colonies of negroes, [421], [444].
Color line in politics, [779].
Commercial conventions, [25].
Commissioners sent to southern states, [46], [48].
Composition of population of Alabama, [3], [4].
Concentration camps of negroes, [421], [422], [444].
“Condition of Affairs in the South,” [311].
Confederate property confiscated, [285].
Confederate States, established, [39-42];
Congress of, [130];
enrolment laws, [92], [98];
finance in Alabama, [162-183].
Confederate text-books, [217].
Confiscation, proposed in secession convention, [48];
by United States, [284] et seq.;
frauds, [284], [290];
of cotton, [290];
of lands, [425];
supports Freedmen’s Bureau, [431];
belief of negroes in, [446], [447];
for taxes, [578].
Congress, C. S., Alabama delegation to, [130].
Congress, U. S., rejects Johnson’s plan, [377], [405];
imposes new conditions, [391];
forces carpet-bag government on Alabama, [547-552];
members of, from Alabama, [737], [749], [754], [761].
“Conquered province” theory of Reconstruction, [339].
Conscription, [92-108];
enrolment laws, [92-98];
trouble between state and Confederate authorities, [96-98].
Conservative party, [398], [401], [512].
See also [Democratic party].
Constitution, of 1865, [366], [367];
of 1868, [535],
vote on, [538],
rejected, [541];
imposed by Congress, [547-552], [797];
of 1875, [797];
of 1902, [800].
Contraband trade, [189].
“Convention” candidates in 1868, [493], [530].
Convention, of 1861, [27];
of 1865, [359];
of 1867, [491], [517];
of 1875, [797].
Coöperationists, [28];
policy of, in secession convention, [30];
speeches of, [32] et seq.
“Cotton is King,” [184].
Cotton, exported through the lines, [187], [191-193];
confiscated, [290] et seq.;
agents prosecuted for stealing, [297], [413];
cotton tax, [303];
production of, in Alabama, [710-734], [804].
County and local officials during Reconstruction, [742], [743], [753], [761], [796].
County and town debts, [580], [581], [604], [605].
Crowe, J. R., one of the founders of Ku Klux Klan, [661].
Curry, J. L., M., in Confederate Congress, [131];
defeated, [134];
on negro education, [457], [467], [468], [625], [631].
Dargan, E. S., in secession convention, [29], [40], [41];
on impressment, [175].
Davis, Nicholas, in Nashville convention, [14];
in secession convention, [29], [33], [38], [54];
in Radical politics, [403], [511];
opposed by Union League, [564];
opinion of Rev. A. S. Lakin, [612].
“Deadfalls,” [769].
Debt commission, work of, [583-586].
Debt of Alabama, [580-586].
Democratic party, ante-bellum, [7] et seq.;
reorganized, [398], [401];
during Reconstruction, [748], [750], [755], [778];
Populist influence, [799].
Department of Negro Affairs, [421].
Deserters, [112-130];
outrages by, [119];
prominent men, [124];
numbers, [127].
Destitution, during the war, [196-205];
after the war, [277].
Destruction of property, [74], [253].
Disaffection toward the Confederacy, [108-130], [136], [137].
Disfranchisement of whites, [489], [524], [806];
of negroes, [801], [806].
“Disintegration and absorption” policy of the northern churches, [636].
Domestic life during the war, [230-247].
Drugs and medicines, [239].
Economic and social conditions, 1861-1865, [149-247];
in 1865, [251];
during Reconstruction, [710-734], [761-770].
Education, during the war, [212];
during Reconstruction, [579], [606-632], [684];
discussion of, in convention of 1867, [522];
of the negro, [456-468], [624].
Election, of Lincoln, [19], [20];
of 1861, [131];
of 1863, [134];
of 1865, [373-375];
of 1867, [491];
of 1868, [493], [747];
of 1870, [750];
of 1872, [754];
of 1874, [793];
of 1876, [796];
of 1880, [798];
of 1890, [799];
of 1902, [800].
Election methods, [748], [751], [754], [755].
See also [Union League].
Emancipation, economic effects of, [710-734].
Emigration of whites from Alabama, [769].
Enforcement laws, state, [695];
Federal, [697].
Enrolment of soldiers from Alabama, [78-87];
laws relating to, [92], [95].
Episcopal church, divided, [24];
closed by the Federal army, [325];
loses its negro members, [646].
Eufaula riot, [794].
Eutaw riot, [686].
Exemption from military service, [101-108];
numbers exempted, [107].
Expenditures of the Reconstruction régime, [574], [575], [577].
Factories during the war, [149-162].
Farms and plantations during the war, [232].
Federal army closes churches, [226].
Federal courts and the army, [413].
Finances during the war, [162-183];
banks and banking, [162];
bonds and notes, [164];
salaries, [168];
taxation, [169];
impressment, [174];
debts, stay laws, sequestration, [176];
trade, barter, prices, [178];
during Reconstruction, [571-606].
Financial settlement, 1874-1876, [583-586].
Fitzpatrick, Benjamin, in Nashville convention, [14];
arrested, [262];
president of convention of 1865, [360].
Florida, negotiations for purchase of West Florida, [577].
Force laws, state and Federal, [695], [697].
“Forfeited rights” theory of Reconstruction, [341].
Forsyth, John, on Fourteenth Amendment, [394];
mayor of Mobile, [430].
“Forty acres and a mule,” [447], [515].
Fourteenth Amendment, proposed, [394];
rejected, [396], [397];
adopted by reconstructed legislature, [552].
Fowler, W. H., estimates of number of soldiers from Alabama, [78], [81].
Freedmen, see [Negroes].
Freedmen’s aid societies, [459].
Freedmen’s Bureau, [392], [421-470];
organization of, in Alabama, [423-427];
supported by confiscations, [431];
character of agents of, [448];
native officials of, [428], [429];
relations with the civil authorities, [427];
administration of justice, [438-441];
the labor problem, [433-438];
care of the sick, [441];
issue of rations, [442];
demoralization caused, [444];
effect on negro education, [456-468];
connection with the Union League, [557], [567], [568].
Freedmen’s codes, [378].
“Freedmen’s Home Colonies,” [422], [439], [444].
Freedmen’s Savings-bank, [451-455];
bank book, [452];
good effect of, [453];
failure, [455].
General officers from Alabama in the Confederate service, [85].
Giers, J. J., tory, [119], [147].
Gordon, Gen. John B., speech on negro education, [625].
Grant, Gen. U. S., letter on condition of the South, [311];
elected President, [747];
orders troops to Alabama, [789].
Haughey, Thomas, scalawag, deserter, elected to Congress, [488].
Hayden, Gen. Julius, in charge of Freedmen’s Bureau, [426].
Hays, Charles, scalawag, in Eutaw riot, [686];
member of Congress, [749], [754];
letter to Senator Joseph Hawley on outrages in Alabama, [786-788].
Herndon, Thomas H., candidate for governor, [754].
Hilliard, Henry W., “Union” leader, [15].
Hodgson, Joseph, mentioned, [512];
superintendent of public instruction, [631].
Home life during the war, [230-247].
Houston, George S., “Union” leader, [16];
elected to U. S. Senate, [374];
on Debt Commission, [582];
elected governor, [782], [795].
Humphreys, D. C., deserter, [126], [143], [350].
Huntsville parade of Ku Klux Klan, [686].
Immigration to Alabama, [321], [717], [734];
not desired by Radicals, [769].
Impressment by Confederate authorities, [174].
“Independents” in 1874, [781].
Indian question and nullification, [8], [9].
Indorsement of railroad bonds, [596-606].
Industrial development during the war, [149-162], [234];
military industries, [149];
private enterprises, [156].
Industrial reconstruction, [710-734], [804].
Intimidation, by Federal authorities, [789];
by Democrats, [791].
“Iron-clad” test oath, [369].
Jemison, Robert, in secession convention, [28], [29], [40], [49], [54];
elected to Confederate Senate, [134].
Johnson, President Andrew, plan of restoration,

[337];
amnesty proclamation, [349];
grants pardons, [356], [410];
interferes with provisional governments, [375], [419];
his work rejected by Congress, [377], [405], [406].
Joint Committee on Reconstruction, report on affairs in the South, [313].
Jones, Capt. C. ap R., at the Selma arsenal, [152].
Juries, of both races ordered by Pope, [480];
during Reconstruction, [745].
Keffer, John C., mentioned, [506], [518], [524], [554], [737], [751].
Kelly, Judge, in Mobile riot, [481], [509].
“King Cotton,” confidence in, [184].
Knights of the White Camelia, [669], [684].
See also [Ku Klux Klan].
Ku Klux Klan, causes, [653];
origin and growth, [660];
disguises, [675];
warnings, [678];
parade at Huntsville, [685];
Cross Plains or Patona affair, [685];
drives carpet-baggers from the State University, [612-615];
burns negro schoolhouses, [628];
table of alleged outrages, [705];
Ku Klux investigation, [701];
results of the Ku Klux revolution, [674].
Labor laws, [380], [381].
Labor of negroes and whites compared, [710-734].
Labor regulations of Freedmen’s Bureau, [433-438].
Lakin, Rev. A. S., Northern Methodist missionary, [637], [639], [648], [650];
in Union League, [557];
elected president of State University, [612];
Davis’s opinion of, [612].
Lands confiscated for taxes, [578].
Lane, George W., Unionist, Federal judge, [125], [127].
Lawlessness in 1865, [262].
Legislation, by convention of 1861, [49];
of 1865, [366];
of 1867, [528];
about freedmen, [379].
Legislature during Reconstruction, [738-741], [752], [755-795].
Lewis, D. P., in secession convention, [29];
deserter, [126];
repudiates Union League, [563];
elected governor in 1872, [754].
Life, loss of, in war, [251].
Lincoln, effect of election of, [20];
his plan of Reconstruction, [336].
Lindsay, R. B., taxation under, [573-576];
action on railroad bonds, [594-600];
elected governor, 1870, [751].
Literary activity during the war, [211].
Loss of life and property, [251].
“Loyalists,” during the war, [112], [113];
after the war, [316].
McKinstry, Alexander, lieutenant-governor, assists to elect Spencer, [756-760].
McTyeire, Bishop H. N., on negro education, [457], [467].
Meade, Gen. George G., in command of Third Military District, [493];
his administration, [493-502];
installs the reconstructed government, [552].
Medicines and drugs in war time, [239].
Methodist church, separation, [22];
during Reconstruction, [637];
favors negro education, [648].
Military commissions, see [Military government].
Military government, 1865-1866, [407-420];
trials by military commissions, [413-415];
objections to, [416-417].
Military government under the Reconstruction Acts, [473-502];
Pope’s administration, [473-493];
Meade’s administration, [493-502];
control over the civil government, [477], [495];
Pope’s trouble with the newspapers, [485];
trials by military commissions, [487], [498].
Militia system during the Civil War, [88-92];
during Reconstruction, [746].
Miller, C. A., carpet-bagger, agent of the Freedmen’s Bureau, [425], [426];
in convention of 1867, [518];
elected secretary of state, [737].
Mitchell, Gen. O. M., [62-65].
Mobile Bay, battle of, [69].
Mobile riot, [481], [509].
Mobile schools during Reconstruction, [617].
Moore, A. B., governor, calls secession convention, [27];
orders forts seized, [61];
objects to blockade-running, [184];
arrested by Federal authorities, [262].
Morgan, John T., in secession convention, [29], [40], [42], [49].
Morse, Joshua, scalawag, attorney-general, [737].
Mossbacks, tories, and unionists, [112], [113];
numbers, [127].
Nashville convention of 1850, [14].
“National Guards,” a negro organization, [774].
National Union movement, [400], [401].
Negro Affairs, Department of, [421].
See also [Freedmen’s Bureau].
Negro criminality, [762], [763];
negro labor, [710-734];
family relations, [763];
church in politics, [777];
women in politics, [776].
Negro education, favored by southern whites, [457], [626], [627];
native white teachers, [463];
Freedmen’s Bureau teaching, [456-468];
opposition to, [628];
character of, [464], [465], [625-630].
Negroes during the war, [205-212];
in the army, [86], [87], [205];
on the farms, [209];
fidelity of, [210];
in the churches, [225];
home life, [243].
Negroes under the provisional government, test their freedom, [269];
suffering among them, [273];
colonies of, [421], [444];
civil status of, [383], [384];
insurrection feared, [368], [412];
not to be arrested by civil authorities, [411];
attitude of army to, [410-413];
negro suffrage in 1866, [386].
Negroes during Reconstruction, controlled by the Union League, [553-568];
first vote, [514];
in the convention of 1867, [518], [521], [530];
in the campaign of 1874, [775], [776];
negro Democrats, [777], [778];
punished by Ku Klux Klan, [682];
negro juries, [480], [745];
disfranchised, [801], [806].
Negroes, social rights of, allowed in street cars, [393];
not allowed at hotel table, [417];
demand social privileges, [522], [764], [780], [783].
Negroes and the churches, [642], [777].
Newspapers, during the war, [218];
under Pope’s administration, [485].
Nick-a-Jack, a proposed new state, [111].
Nitre making, [152].
Non-slaveholders uphold slavery, [10], [11].
Norris, B. W., carpet-bagger, agent Freedmen’s Bureau, [426];
elected to Congress, [738].
North Alabama, anti-slavery sentiment in, [10];
in secession convention, [53];
during the Civil War, [109];
during Reconstruction, [403], [404], [748], [770], [779].
Northern men, treatment of, [318], [400].
Nullification, on Indian question, [8], [9];
divides the Democratic party, [11].
Oath, “iron-clad,” [369];
prescribed for voters, [475], [527].
Ordinance of Secession, [36], [37];
declared null and void, [360].
Painted stakes sold to negroes, [448].
Pardons by President Johnson, [356], [410].
Parsons, L. E., obstructionist and “Peace Society” man, [143], [147], [343];
provisional governor, [350], [353];
elected to U. S. Senate, [374];
speaks in the North, [392], [401];
advises rejection of Fourteenth Amendment, [396];
originates “White Man’s Movement,” [536];
Radical politician, [735], [751], [755-760].
Parties in the Convention of 1861, [28];
of 1865, [359].
Patona, or Cross Plains, affair, [686].
Patton, R. M., mentioned, [281];
elected governor, [373];
vetoes legislation for blacks, [378], [379];
on the Fourteenth Amendment, [395-397];
advises Congressional Reconstruction, [502].
Peace Society, [137-143].
Pike County grand jury, Judge Clayton’s charge to, [384].
“Pike County Platform,” [781].
“Political bacon,” [783-785].
Political beliefs of early settlers, [7].
Politics, during the war, [130-148];
1865-1867, [398];
1868-1874, [735] et seq.
Pope, General John, in command of Third Military District, [473-475];
his administration, [473-493];
quarrel with the newspapers, [485];
removed, [492].
Population, composition of, [3], [4].
Populist movement, [799].
Presbyterian church, separation, [22], [23], [24];
during Reconstruction, [640];
attitude toward negroes, [645].
Prescript of Ku Klux Klan, [664], [665].
President’s plan of reconstruction, [333] et seq.;
rejected by Congress, [377];
fails, [405], [406].
Prices during the war, [178].
Property, lost in war, [251];
decreases in value during Reconstruction, [578].
Provisional government, [351], [376].
Pryor, Roger A., debate with Yancey, [17].
Public bonded debt, [580-586].
Publishing-houses during the war, [221].
Race question, in convention of 1867, [521];
in the campaign of 1874, [679-782].
Races, segregation of, see maps in text.
Radical party organized, [505].
See also [Republican party].
Railroad legislation and frauds, [587-606].
Railroads aided by state, counties, and towns during Reconstruction, [591-606].
Railroads, built during the war, [155];
destroyed, [259].
Randolph, Ryland, a member of Ku Klux Klan, [612], [667], [668];
expelled from legislature, [741].
Rapier, J. T., negro member of Congress, mentioned, [488], [521], [523], [524];
supports Robinson-Buckley faction, [774].
Rations issued by Freedmen’s Bureau, [442], [445].
Reconstruction, sentiment during the war, [143-148];
theories of, [333-339];
early attempts at, [341];
Reconstruction Acts, [473-475], [490];
Reconstruction Convention, [491], [517-530];
constitution rejected, [494];
completed by Congress, [531], [550-552];
its successes and failures, [801].
Reconstruction, and education, [606-632];
and the churches, [637-653].
Registration of voters, [488], [491], [493].
Regulators, see [Ku Klux Klan].
Reid, Dr. G. P. L., on Knights of the White Camelia, [684].
Religious conditions, during the war, [222-230];
in 1865, [324];
during Reconstruction, [637-653].
Republican party in Alabama, organized, [402-405];
numbers, [735], [765];
in the legislature, [738], [752], [755];
divisions in, [771], [775];
“Lily Whites” and “Black and Tans,” [799].
“Restoration,” by the President, [349] et seq.;
convention, [358];
completed, [367];
rejected, [377].
Restrictions on trade in 1865, [284].
Riot, at Eufaula, [794];
at Eutaw, [686];
at Mobile, [481], [509].
Roddy, Gen. P. D., mentioned, [62], [68].
Roman Catholic church and the negroes, [646].
Rousseau’s Raid, [68].
Salt making, [158].
Sansom, Miss Emma, guides General Forrest, [67].
Savings-bank, Freedmen’s, [451-455].
Scalawags, in convention of 1867, [518], [529], [530].
See also [Republicans].
Schools, see [Education].
Schurz’s report on the condition of the South, [312].
Secession, [14], [15], [19], [27-57];
convention called, [27], [28];
ordinance passed, [36], [37];
debate on, in 1865, [360].
Secession convention, parties in, [23], [29];
political theories of members, [34];
slave trade prohibited, [42];
sends commission to Washington, [48];
legislation, [49-53].
Secessionists, [28];
policy in secession convention, [30].
Secret societies, see [Union League] and [Ku Klux Klan].
Segregation of races, [710-734].
See also the maps in the text.
Seibels, J. J., favors coöperation, [15];
obstructionist, [143], [147], [343].
Sequestration of enemies’ property, [176].
Share system of farming, [723].
Sheets, C. C., tory, [115], [126];
in convention of 1865, [365];
visited by Ku Klux Klan, [681].
Shorter, John G., elected governor, [131];
defeated, [134];
arrested by Federal authorities, [262].
Slaveholders and non-slaveholders, location of, [6].
Slavery, and politics, [10-14];
upheld by non-slaveholders, [10-11];
abolished, [362].
Slaves, see [Negroes].
Slave trade prohibited by secession convention, [42].
Smith, William H., deserter, [350], [510], [534];
a registration official, [488];
first Reconstruction governor, [735];
indorses railroad bonds, [591], [595], [601];
opinion of Senator Spencer, [692].
Smith, William R., “Union” leader, [16];
coöperationist leader in secession convention, [29], [33], [43], [49];
candidate for governor, [372];
president of State University, [612].
Social and economic conditions, during the war, [149-247];
in 1865, [251] et seq.;
during Reconstruction, [710-734], [761] et passim.
Social effects of Reconstruction, on whites, [767];
on blacks, [761] et seq.;
on carpet-baggers, [766].
Social rights for negroes, [523], [772], [775].
Soldiers from Alabama, numbers, character, organization, [78-87].
Southern Aid Society, [23].
“Southern outrages,” [399], [555], [786].
“Southern theory” of Reconstruction, [334].
“Southern Unionists’” convention, 1866, [402].
Speed, Joseph H., superintendent of public instruction, [633].
Spencer, G. E., carpet-bagger, election to U. S. Senate, [737], [755], [760];
Governor Smith’s opinion of, [691].
State Rights Democrats, [11], [12];
led by Yancey, [12], [13].
“State Suicide” theory of Reconstruction, [338].
Statistics of cotton frauds, [279].
Status, of freedmen, [384];
of the provisional government, [376].
Steedman and Fullerton’s report on the Freedmen’s Bureau, [449].
Stevens’s plan of Reconstruction, [339].
Streight, Col. A. D., raids into Alabama, [67].
Strobach-Robinson division in the Radical party, [774].
Suffrage for negroes in 1866, [387].
Sumner’s plan of Reconstruction, [338].
Swayne, Gen. Wager, assistant commissioner of Freedmen’s Bureau, [424], [425];
on the temper of the people, [315];
opinion of the laws relating to freedmen, [379], [380], [384];
fears negro insurrection, [369];
in command of Alabama, [407], [476];

attitude toward civil authorities, [428], [439];
forces negro education, [459];
enters politics, [404], [511];
removed, [492].
Sykes, F. W., in Radical politics, [510];
elected to U. S. Senate, [757], [760].
Taxation during the war, [169];
during Reconstruction, [571-579];
amounts to confiscation, [578].
Temper of the people after the war, [308].
Test oath, iron-clad, [369], [370], [527].
Text-books, Confederate, [217];
Radical, [624].
Theories of Reconstruction, [333] et seq.
Third Military District, under the Reconstruction Acts, [473-502].
Thomas, Gen. G. H., mentioned, [325], [407], [408], [474].
Tories and deserters, [108-430];
in north Alabama, [109];
definition, [112], [113];
outrages by, [119];
numbers, [127].
Trade through the lines, [189].
Treasury agents prosecuted, [297].
Trials by military commission, [413], [414], [487], [498].
Tribune, of New York, investigates the “Hays-Hawley letter,” [788].
Truman, Benjamin, report on the South, [312].
Turchin, Col. J. B., allows Athens to be sacked, [63].
Underground railway in Alabama, [18].
Union League of America, [553-568];
white members, [556];
negroes admitted, [557];
ceremonies, [559];
organization and method, [561];
influence over negroes, [568];
control over elections, [514], [515];
resolutions of Alabama Council, [307].
Union troops from Alabama, [87].
Unionists, tories, mossbacks, [112], [113].
University of Alabama under the Reconstruction régime, [612].
Wages of freedmen, [422], [433], [720], [731].
Walker, L. P., in Nashville convention, [14];
at Charleston convention, [18];
on negro suffrage, [389].
Wards of the nation, [421-470].
Warner, Willard, carpet-bagger, elected to U. S. Senate, [737].
Watts, Thomas H., “Union” leader, [15];
in secession convention, [29], [35], [45], [48];
defeated for governor, [131];
elected, [134];
supports the Confederacy, [135];
troubles over militia with conscript officials, [91], [97], [104];
favors blockade-running, [185];
speech in 1865, [341];
arrested by Federal authorities, [262].
Whig party, appears, [11];
its progress on the slavery question, [12];
breaks up, [16], [17].
White Brotherhood, [708].
White Camelia, [670].
White counties, agriculture in, [727];
destitution in, [196-205];
politics in, see maps.
White labor superior to negro labor, [726].
White League, [709].
“White Man’s Government,” [364].
“White man’s party,” [536], [778], [779].
Wilmer, Bishop R. H., [24];
trouble with military authorities, [325-329];
suspended, [325].
Wilson’s Raid, [71].
Women, interest in public questions, [230].
Women’s Gunboat, [245].
Yancey, William Lowndes, leader of State Rights Democrats, [12], [13];
author of Alabama Platform of 1848, [13];
advocates secession, [14], [15];
debate with Roger A. Pryor, [17];
offered nomination for vice-presidency, [19];
in secession convention, [29], [31], [36], [39], [44], [46], [57].

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