Footnotes:

[1]

Nativities of the Free Population

State or Country 1850 1860
Alabama 237,542 320,026
Connecticut 91 343
Florida 1,060 1,644
Georgia 58,997 83,517
Kentucky 2,694 1,966
Louisiana 628 1,149
Maine 215 272
Maryland 757 683
Massachusetts 654 753
Mississippi 2,852 4,848
New York 1,443 1,848
North Carolina 28,521 23,504
Ohio 276 265
Pennsylvania 876 989
South Carolina 48,663 45,185
Tennessee 22,541 19,139
Virginia 10,387 7,598
England 941 1,174
France 503 359
Germany 1,068 2,601
Ireland 2,639 5,664
Scotland 584 696
Spain 163 157
Switzerland 113 138
Totals 1850 1860
Native 420,032 526,769
Foreign 7,638 12,352

The total population from 1820 to 1860 was as follows:—

White Black
1820 85,451 41,879
1830 190,406 117,549
1840 335,185 253,532
1850 426,514 342,844
1860 526,271 435,080

[2] Hundly, “Social Relations”; Hodgson, “Cradle of the Confederacy,” Ch. 1; Garrett, “Reminiscences,” Ch. 1; Miller’s and Brown’s “Histories of Alabama,” passim; Saunders, “Early Settlers,” passim. From 1840 to 1860 there was a slight sectional and political division between the counties of north Alabama and those of central and south Alabama, owing to the conflicting interests of the two sections and to the lack of communication. By 1860 this was tending to become a social division between the white counties and the black counties. The division to some extent still exists.

[3] In all studies of the sectional spirit it should be remembered that the Southwest was settled somewhat in spite of the Washington government and without the protection of the United States army; the reverse is true of the Northwest.

[4] Hodgson, “Cradle of the Confederacy,” Chs. 2, 4, 6, 8; DuBose, “Life of William L. Yancey”; Phillips, “Georgia and State Rights,” Chs. 2, 3; Pickett, “Alabama,” Owen’s edition.