An Introduction to the History of Science

by Walter Libby

REFERENCES

Matthew Arnold, Essays in Criticism, and Culture and Anarchy.

Matthew Arnold, Civilization in the United States.

Friedrich Nietzsche, On the Future of our Educational Institutions, vol. VI. of the Complete Works; translation edited by Dr. Oscar Levy.

Friedrich Nietzsche, Beyond Good and Evil, vol. V, chap. VI. of the Complete Works.

Plato, Republic, Book VIII; vol. III. of Benjamin Jowett's translation of the Dialogues of Plato, 1875.

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[INDEX]

• Académie des Sciences, [111], [112].
• Academy, at Athens, [19];
• Milton's plan, [102];
• Defoe's, [116];
• Franklin's, [125];
• type of secondary school, [282].
• Adams, John Couch, [188] et seq.
• Aerodynamics, [233].
• Agricola, George, [129].
• Agriculture, [12], [38], [107], [126], [137].
• Air, [157].
• Air craft, [71], [126], [231] et seq.
• Air-pump, [96].
• Akademie der Wissenschaften, [113].
• Albertus Magnus, [53].
• Alchemy, [50], [252].
• Alcuin, [52].
• Alexandria, [19], [44] et seq.
• Algebra, [49].
• Alkaline earths, [179].
• American Philosophical Society, [121].
• Anatomy, [6], [8], [38], [50], [78].
• Anemometer, [107], [235].
• Anthrax, [224] et seq.
• Antipodes, [37], [48].
• Antiseptic surgery, [220], [231].
• Application, [30] et seq.
• Aqua regia, [51], [132].
• Aqueducts, [33].
• Aqueous vapor, [157] et seq.
• Arago, [184].
• Archimedes, [27].
• Architecture, [30] et seq.
• Archytas, [18].
• Aristotle, [20] et seq., [49], [51], [53], [266].
• Arithmetic, [6], [11], [48].
• Arnold, Matthew, [273].
• Astrology, [10].
• Astronomy, (Egyptian and Babylonian) [2] et seq.;
• (Greek) [16];
• (Roman) [34];
• (Alexandrian) [45];
• (Hindu) [48];
• (Arabian) [49], [50];
• (Copernican) [55];
• (Tycho Brahe and Kepler) [87] et seq.;
• (Newton) [110] et seq.;
• (nebular hypothesis) [142] et seq.;
• (discovery of Neptune) [184] et seq.
• Atmosphere, [157].
• Atomic Theory, [158] et seq., [250].
• Atoms, [17], [148], [158], [253].
• Augustus Cæsar, [36].
• Averroës, [51] et seq.
• Avicenna, [51].
• Avogadro, [165].
• Babylonia, [1] et seq.
• Bacon, Francis, [57] et seq., [80] et seq., [105];
• Baconian principles, [211].
• Bacon, Roger, [54].
• Bacteria, [93].
• Bacteriology, [213] et seq.
• Bagdad, [49].
• Barbarians, [46].
• Barometer, [94] et seq.
• Basalt, [131], [132], [136], [137], [201].
• Becquerel, [233], [246] et seq.
• Beddoes, [173].
• Beer, [223], [226].
• Berzelius, [162].
• Bessel, [187].
• Biology, [6], [7], [23] et seq., [37], [53], [78], [109], [197] et seq., [213].
• Biot, [215] et seq.
• Black, [129], [133].
• Bode's Law, [189].
• Botany, [6], [26], [37], [39], [53], [231] et seq.
• Bouvard, Alexis, [185].
• Bouvard, Eugène, [187].
• Boyle, [96], [107].
• Buffon, [130], [135].
• Building material, [32].
• Cabanis, [258].
• Cairo, [49].
• Calendar, [9], [36].
• Carbonic acid, [138], [155], [157], [217].
• Carlisle, [177].
• Cato, [35], [38].
• Challis, [189].
• Charlemagne, [52].
• Charles II, [105].
• Chemical affinity, [159], [253].
• Chemistry, [6], [8], [50], [51], [155] et seq., [170] et seq., [245] et seq.
• Chicken cholera, [225].
• Chlorine, [180].
• Clocks, [89], [94].
• Collinson, [123].
• Columbus, [26], [54].
• Columella, [38].
• Comenius, [100].
• Comets, [10], [40], [149].
• Conservation of energy, [168].
• Constantine, [37].
• Copernicus, [55].
• Coral reefs, [203].
• Cordova, [50].
• Counting, [6], [11], [34], [49], [86].
• Cowley, [104] et seq.
• Cronstedt, [130].
• Curie, P. and S., [247] et seq.
• D'Alembert, [58].
• Dalton, [155], [157] et seq.
• Darwin, Charles, [198] et seq.
• Darwin, Erasmus, [199].
• Davy, [122], [163], [170] et seq.
• Deduction, [82].
• Defoe, [116].
• Democratic culture, [44], [270] et seq.
• Democritus, [17], [48], [148].
• Descartes, [57], [72], [82] et seq.
• Desmarest, [132].
• Dialogues of Plato, [19].
• Diderot, [58].
• Dioscorides, [39].
• Dyes, [24], [33], [71], [181].
• Earthquakes, [40], [137].
• Ebers papyrus, [7].
• Eclipses, [10], [16], [49].
• Education, [19], [35], [36], [40], [44], [52], [53], [100] et seq., [116], [122], [123], [171]-72, [198], [213], [214], [216], [270] et seq.
• Egypt, [1] et seq.
• Electricity, [75], [123] et seq., [177], [231].
• Electrolysis, [178].
• Elements, [17], [20], [22], [155].
• Ellipse, [20].
• Embalmers, [7].
• Empedocles, [17], [40].
• Encyclopaedia, [58].
• Ethics, [21], [40], [41].
• Euclid, [18], [19].
• Evelyn, [109].
• Experiment, [72] et seq.
• Extinction, [206].
• Faraday, [181].
• Fermentation, [216] et seq.
• Fitzroy, [198].
• Flacherie, [221].
• Flamsteed, [110], [111], [184].
• Fossils, [140].
• Franklin, [15], [114].
• Galen, [38], [79].
• Galileo, [75] et seq., [95].
• Galapagos Archipelago, [208] et seq.
• Galle, [193].
• Galton, [258].
• Galvani, [177].
• Gascoigne, [93].
• Gassendi, [99].
• Gay-Lussac, [164], [181].
• Geber, [177].
• Geology, [129] et seq.
• Geometry, [4], [15], [18], [19], [84], [264].
• Gerbert, [53].
• Gilbert, [72], [74], [76].
• Glen Tilt, [136].
• Gnomon, [13], [33].
• Granite, [131].
• Graunt, [105], [109].
• Gravity, [110] et seq.
• Greece, [15] et seq.
• Gresham College, [101], [106].
• Grew, [109].
• Guericke, [96].
• Hall, Sir James, [129], [137] et seq.
• Halley, [110], [112], [186].
• Hammurabi, [12].
• Hartley, [172], [258].
• Hartlib, [99].
• Harun Al-Rashid, [48].
• Heat, [82], [155], [156], [166], [168], [173].
• Heliacal rising, [4].
• Helmholtz, [168], [258].
• Henry, [238].
• Heraclitus, [17].
• Herschel, Sir John, [192].
• Herschel, Sir William, [152] et seq., [184].
• Hindu arithmetic and astronomy, [48], [49].
• Hipparchus, [27], [45].
• Hippocrates, [27].
• Hobbes, [99].
• Homology, [26].
• Hooke, [107], [109].
• Hope, [138].
• Horrocks, [109].
• Horse, [204].
• Horticulture, [40].
• Hugo of St. Victor, [60].
• Humboldt, [131], [201].
• Hussey, [186].
• Hutton, [132] et seq.
• Huygens, [94], [111].
• Hydrophobia, [207], [227] et seq.
• Hypatia, [46], [48].
• Hypothesis, [147], [150], [245] et seq.
• I-em-hetep, [6].
• Ilu-bani, [12].
• Induction, [81], [177].
• Industries, [8], [27], [68] et seq., [173], [182], [220], [223], [226].
• Inoculation, [126].
• Inventions, [107], [233] et seq.
• Invisible College, [103].
• Iodine, [181].
• Iron, [8], [13], [182].
• Isidore of Seville, [60].
• James, William, [258], [261], [268].
• Joule, [155], [167] et seq.
• Julius Cæsar, [36].
• Kant, [142], [145] et seq.
• Kepler, [90] et seq., [110].
• Kindergarten, [281].
• Kircher, [93].
• Lactantius, [48].
• Lambert, [142], [149] et seq.
• Langley, [231] et seq.
• Laplace, [112], [150] et seq.
• Laurium, [27].
• Lava, [138].
• Lavoisier, [156], [172].
• Leeuwenhoek, [93].
• Leibnitz, [106], [112], [277].
• Lenses, [40], [50].
• Leonardo da Vinci, [72].
• Leverrier, [190] et seq.
• Libraries, [46], [48], [121].
• Lincoln, [43] et seq.
• Linnæus, [130].
• Lippershey, [92].
• Lister, [213], [220], [223].
• Locke, [116], [172], [258].
• Logarithms, [91].
• Logic, [21], [53].
• Lucretius, [40].
• Lyell, [197], [201].
• Magnetism, [75], [127].
• Magnifiers, [40].
• Malpighi, [93], [106], [109].
• Malthus, [121], [211].
• Manchester, [157].
• Marble, [139].
• Mars, [10], [91].
• Marsh gas, [126], [163], [182].
• Materia medica, [39], [51].
• Mathematics, [4], [5], [6], [10], [11], [15], [17], [18], [19], [34], [48], [49], [55], [87] et seq., [110] et seq., [184] et seq., [264].
• Maupertuis, [145].
• Mayow, [156].
• Measuring, [5], [10], [86] et seq.
• Mechanics, [18], [77], [231] et seq.
• Medicine, [6], [11], [27], [34], [126], [173] et seq., [207], [216] et seq.
• Mensuration, [5], [92].
• Mental imagery, [263].
• Mercury, [50], [51], [156].
• Mersenne, [99], [112].
• Metallurgy, [8], [13], [23], [50].
• Meteorology, [122], [133], [158].
• Microscope, [93].
• Milky Way, [144].
• Mill, John Stuart, [256].
• Milton, [102], [213].
• Mineralogy, [130].
• Minute and second, [46].
• Monochord, [17].
• Monte Cassino, [52].
• Moray, [104], [112].
• Murex, [24], [33].
• Napier, [91].
• Napoleon I, [151], [177], [214].
• Napoleon III, [221].
• Natural history, [23], [37], [52], [61].
• Navigation, [3], [16], [26], [54], [126], [231].
• Nebular hypothesis, [147], [150].
• Neptune, [184] et seq.
• Neptunist, [131].
• New Atlantis, [71], [100], [183].
• Newton, [110], [135], [158].
• Nicholson, [177].
• Nietzsche, [277] et seq.
• Nitric oxide, [156], [161].
• Nitrous oxide, [174].
• Novum Organum, [70], [72].
• Numerals, [6], [11], [34], [49], [87], [231].
• Observatories, [4], [49].
• Occupations, [12], [51], [58], [68] et seq., [107].
• Optics, [50], [54], [93].
• Organic remains, [126], [140].
• Origin of the sciences, [1] et seq.
• Origin of Species, [201].
• Pansophy, [100].
• Pascal, [95], [117].
• Pasteur, [213] et seq.
• Pearson, Karl, [60].
• Peirce, [195].
• Pepys, [110].
• Petty, [103], [122].
• Peurbach, [55].
• Philosophical Transactions, [109].
• Philosophy, [15] et seq., [134].
• Physics, [21], [28], [31], [32], [50], [54], [74] et seq., [94] et seq., [110] et seq., [128], [155] et seq., [170] et seq., [231] et seq., [245] et seq.
• Physiology, [6], [21], [38], [78], [173] et seq., [225] et seq.
• Picard, [111].
• Plato, [18], [270] et seq.
• Playfair, [133], [137].
• Pliny, [37].
• Pneumatic Institution, [173].
• Poincaré, Henri, [255], [267].
• Port Royal, [116], [279].
• Potash, [23], [51], [179].
• Potassium, [179].
• Precession of the equinoxes, [10], [112].
• Priestley, [126], [156].
• Primitive man, [206].
• Principia, [110], [114].
• Prism, [40].
• Protyl, [254].
• Psychology, [23], [256] et seq.
• Ptolemy, [45], [55].
• Pythagoras, [17].
• Quadrants, [50], [86].
• Quintilian, [39].
• Rabies, [227] et seq.
• Racemic acid, [215].
• Radioactivity, [245] et seq.
• Ramsay, [246].
• Ray, [110].
• Regiomontanus, [55].
• Religion, [3], [8], [10], [40], [43] et seq., [142] et seq.
• Rey, [94].
• Rhind papyrus, [6].
• Röntgen rays, [231].
• Rousseau, [270].
• Royal Institution, [176].
• Royal Society of Edinburgh, [133].
• Royal Society of London, [99] et seq.
• Rumford, [166].
• Rutherford, [247] et seq.
• St. Benedict, [52].
• St. Thomas Aquinas, [53].
• Saturn, [2], [92], [145].
• Saussure, [133].
• Scheele, [156], [180].
• Scientific apparatus, [17], [49], [86] et seq.
• Scotus Erigena, [53].
• Seneca, [40].
• Shaftesbury, [117].
• Signs of zodiac, [9], [33].
• Silkworm, [109], [221] et seq.
• Siphon, [95].
• Sirius, [4].
• Smith, Adam, [121], [133], [256].
• Smith, William, [139] et seq.
• Smithsonian Institution, [195], [233], [238].
• Socrates, [44], [117].
• Soda, [8], [51], [179].
• Soddy, [248] et seq.
• Sodium, [179].
• Sosigenes, [36].
• Sound, [33].
• Species, [24], [197] et seq.
• Specific gravity, [28], [36], [50].
• Spectrum analysis, [153], [231].
• Sphericity of the earth, [26], [37].
• Spontaneous generation, [25], [218].
• Sprat, [105], [109].
• Steel, [8], [23].
• Sundial, [13].
• Survival, [206].
• Syntaxis, [45].
• Tables, astronomical, [49], [50], [91], [185] et seq.
• Tanning, [177].
• Technology, [5], [16], [20], [27], [30] et seq., [50], [68] et seq., [86] et seq., [103], [107], [126], [129], [130], [139]-41, [156], [160], [167], [177], [182], [231].
• Thales, [15].
• Theology, [47], [62], [172].
• Theon, [46].
• Theophrastus, [26], [39].
• Theory, [30], [41]; T. of the Earth, [133].
• Tides, [38], [112].
• Torricelli, [95].
• Trade and trades, [12], [51], [68] et seq., [107], [115], [118].
• Transformation Theory, [249] et seq.
• Trigonometry, [46], [49], [55].
• Turgot, [121].
• Tycho Brahe, [87] et seq.
• Tyndall, [260]-61.
• Uranus, [184] et seq.
• Vacuum, [95].
• Varro, [38].
• Vesalius, [78].
• Vitruvius, [30] et seq.
• Viviani, [94].
• Vivisection, [38], [71], [80].
• Volcanoes, [40], [136].
• Volta, [177].
• Vulcanist, [131], [137].
• Wadham College, [104].
• Walker, [195].
• Wallace, [211], [231].
• Wallis, [103].
• War, [46], [178], [213] et seq.
• War-engines, [28], [34].
• Watch, [94].
• Water, [157], [177].
• Water-clocks, [13], [94].
• Watt, Gregory, [172].
• Watt, James, [133], [156], [157].
• Wedgwoods, [138], [173], [199].
• Weighing, [7], [10], [86].
• Werner, [129] et seq.
• Wilkins, [101], [104].
• Willis, [104].
• Willughby, [109], [110].
• Wine, [220], [226].
• Wollaston, [119].
• Wool, [226].
• Wren, [104], [107].
• Wright, [143] et seq.
• Wundt, [258], [259].
• Xenophon, [117].
• Young, [258], [279].
• Zacharias, [92].
• Zodiac, [9], [33].
• Zoölogy, [7], [12], [21], [24], [25], [37], [53], [66], [109], [110], [197] et seq.